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Burrage EN, Aboaziza E, Hare L, Reppert S, Moore J, Goldsmith WT, Kelley EE, Mills A, Dakhlallah D, Chantler PD, Olfert IM. Long-term cerebrovascular dysfunction in the offspring from maternal electronic cigarette use during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H339-H352. [PMID: 34170194 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00206.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) have been promoted as harm-free or less risky than smoking, even for women during pregnancy. These claims are made largely on E-cig aerosol having fewer number of toxic chemicals compared with cigarette smoke. Given that even low levels of smoking are found to produce adverse birth outcomes, we sought to test the hypothesis that vaping during pregnancy (with or without nicotine) would not be harm-free and would result in vascular dysfunction that would be evident in offspring during adolescent and/or adult life. Pregnant female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to E-cig aerosol (1 h/day, 5 days/wk, starting on gestational day 2 until pups were weaned) using e-liquid with 0 mg/mL (E-cig0) or 18 mg/mL nicotine (E-cig18) and compared with ambient air-exposed controls. Body mass at birth and at weaning were not different between groups. Assessment of middle cerebral artery (MCA) reactivity revealed a 51%-56% reduction in endothelial-dependent dilation response to acetylcholine (ACh) for both E-cig0 and E-cig18 in 1-mo, 3-mo (adolescent), and 7-mo-old (adult) offspring (P < 0.05 compared with air, all time points). MCA responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and myogenic tone were not different across groups, suggesting that endothelial-independent responses were not altered. The MCA vasoconstrictor response (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was also not different across treatment and age groups. These data demonstrate that maternal vaping during pregnancy is not harm-free and confers significant cerebrovascular health risk/dysfunction to offspring that persists into adult life. NEW & NOTEWORTHY These data established that vaping electronic cigarettes during pregnancy, with or without nicotine, is not safe and confers significant risk potential to the cerebrovascular health of offspring in early and adult life. A key finding is that vaping without nicotine does not protect offspring from cerebrovascular dysfunction and results in the same level of cerebrovascular dysfunction (compared with maternal vaping with nicotine), indicating that the physical and/or chemical properties from the base solution (other than nicotine) are responsible for the cerebrovascular dysfunction that we observed. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/maternal-vaping-impairs-vascular-function-in-theoffspring/.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Burrage
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - E Aboaziza
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - L Hare
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - S Reppert
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - J Moore
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - W T Goldsmith
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - E E Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - A Mills
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - D Dakhlallah
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - P D Chantler
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - I M Olfert
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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2
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Pearce K, Goldsmith WT, Greenwald R, Yang C, Mainelis G, Wright C. Characterization of an aerosol generation system to assess inhalation risks of aerosolized nano-enabled consumer products. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:357-367. [PMID: 31779509 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1685613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aerosolization of common nano-enabled consumer products such as cosmetics has significantly increased engineered nanoparticle inhalation risks. While several studies have investigated the impact of cosmetic dermal exposures, inhalation hazards of aerosolized cosmetics are much less known but could pose considerable harm to users due to potential co-exposure of nanoparticles and other product components.Materials and Methods: In this study, we developed a fully automated aerosol generation system to examine the aerosol properties of four aerosolized nano-enabled cosmetics using real-time monitoring and sampling instrumentation. Physicochemical characterization of aerosols was conducted using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Characterization and calibration of animal exposure pods coupled to the system were also performed by measuring and comparing particle concentrations between pods.Results and Discussion: Results show peak emissions are shade dependent and varied between 12,000-22,000 particles/cm3 with modal diameters ranging from 36 nm-1.3 µm. SEM-EDX analysis determined that the original products and collected aerosols have similar morphological features consisting of micron-sized particles decorated with nanoparticles and crystalline structures. Mean total particle concentration in pods at 5 and 10 mg/m3 target levels were 2.22E + 05 #/cm3 and 4.33E + 05 #/cm3, respectively, with <10% variability between pods.Conclusions: The fully automated exposure platform described herein provides reproducible aerosol generation, conforms to recommended guidelines on chemical testing, and therefore is suitable for future in vivo toxicological assessments to examine potential respiratory hazards of aerosolized nano-enabled consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pearce
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W T Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R Greenwald
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Yang
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - G Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - C Wright
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Nayak AP, Croston TL, Lemons AR, Goldsmith WT, Marshall NB, Kashon ML, Germolec DR, Beezhold DH, Green BJ. Aspergillus fumigatus viability drives allergic responses to inhaled conidia. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 121:200-210.e2. [PMID: 29660515 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus fumigatus-induced allergic airway disease has been shown to involve conidial germination in vivo, but the immunological mechanisms remain uncharacterized. OBJECTIVE A subchronic murine exposure model was used to examine the immunological mediators that are regulated in response to either culturable or nonculturable A fumigatus conidia. METHODS Female B6C3F1/N mice were repeatedly dosed via inhalation with 1 × 105 viable or heat-inactivated conidia (HIC), twice per week for 13 weeks (26 exposures). Control mice inhaled high-efficiency particulate arrestor-filtered air. The influence of A fumigatus conidial germination on the pulmonary immunopathological outcomes was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis of cellular infiltration in the airways, assessment of lung messenger RNA expression, quantitative proteomics, and histopathology of whole lung tissue. RESULTS Repeated inhalation of viable conidia, but not HIC, resulted in allergic inflammation marked by vascular remodeling, extensive eosinophilia, and accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) in the murine airways. More specifically, mice that inhaled viable conidia resulted in a mixed TH1 and TH2 (IL-13) cytokine response. Recruitment of eosinophils corresponded with increased Ccl11 transcripts. Furthermore, genes associated with M2 or alternatively activated macrophage polarization (eg, Arg1, Chil3, and Retnla) were significantly up-regulated in viable A fumigatus-exposed mice. In mice inhaling HIC, CD4+ T cells expressing IFN-γ (TH1) dominated the lymphocytic infiltration. Quantitative proteomics of the lung revealed metabolic reprogramming accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress stimulated by oxidative stress from repetitive microbial insult. CONCLUSION Our studies demonstrate that A fumigatus conidial viability in vivo is critical to the immunopathological presentation of chronic fungal allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay P Nayak
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia.
| | - Tara L Croston
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Angela R Lemons
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - W T Goldsmith
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Nikki B Marshall
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Toxicology Branch, Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Donald H Beezhold
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Brett J Green
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Croston TL, Nayak AP, Lemons AR, Goldsmith WT, Gu JK, Germolec DR, Beezhold DH, Green BJ. Influence of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia viability on murine pulmonary microRNA and mRNA expression following subchronic inhalation exposure. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1315-27. [PMID: 27473664 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal exposure to fungal bioaerosols derived from contaminated building materials or agricultural commodities may induce or exacerbate a variety of adverse health effects. The genomic mechanisms that underlie pulmonary immune responses to fungal bioaerosols have remained unclear. OBJECTIVE The impact of fungal viability on the pulmonary microRNA and messenger RNA profiles that regulate murine immune responses was evaluated following subchronic inhalation exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. METHODS Three groups of naïve B6C3F1/N mice were exposed via nose-only inhalation to A. fumigatus viable conidia, heat-inactivated conidia (HIC), or HEPA-filtered air twice a week for 13 weeks. Total RNA was isolated from whole lung 24 and 48 h postfinal exposure and was further processed for gene expression and microRNA array analysis. The molecular network pathways between viable and HIC groups were evaluated. RESULTS Comparison of data sets revealed increased Il4, Il13 and Il33 expression in mice exposed to viable vs. HIC. Of 415 microRNAs detected, approximately 50% were altered in mice exposed to viable vs. HIC 48 h postexposure. Significantly down-regulated (P ≤ 0.05) miR-29a-3p was predicted to regulate TGF-β3 and Clec7a, genes involved in innate responses to viable A. fumigatus. Also significantly down-regulated (P ≤ 0.05), miR-23b-3p regulates genes involved in pulmonary IL-13 and IL-33 responses and SMAD2, downstream of TGF-β signalling. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, a novel interaction was identified between viable conidia and SMAD2/3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Examination of the pulmonary genetic profiles revealed differentially expressed genes and microRNAs following subchronic inhalation exposure to A. fumigatus. MicroRNAs regulating genes involved in the pulmonary immune responses were those with the greatest fold change. Specifically, germinating A. fumigatus conidia were associated with Clec7a and were predicted to interact with Il13 and Il33. Furthermore, altered microRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers to evaluate fungal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Croston
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - A P Nayak
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - A R Lemons
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - W T Goldsmith
- Engineering and Control Technology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - J K Gu
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D R Germolec
- Toxicology Branch, DNTP/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - D H Beezhold
- Office of the Director, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B J Green
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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5
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Nayak AP, Green BJ, Lemons AR, Marshall NB, Goldsmith WT, Kashon ML, Anderson SE, Germolec DR, Beezhold DH. Subchronic exposures to fungal bioaerosols promotes allergic pulmonary inflammation in naïve mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:861-70. [PMID: 26892490 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological surveys indicate that occupants of mold contaminated environments are at increased risk of respiratory symptoms. The immunological mechanisms associated with these responses require further characterization. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize the immunotoxicological outcomes following repeated inhalation of dry Aspergillus fumigatus spores aerosolized at concentrations potentially encountered in contaminated indoor environments. METHODS Aspergillus fumigatus spores were delivered to the lungs of naïve BALB/cJ mice housed in a multi-animal nose-only chamber twice a week for a period of 13 weeks. Mice were evaluated at 24 and 48 h post-exposure for histopathological changes in lung architecture, recruitment of specific immune cells to the airways, and serum antibody responses. RESULT Germinating A. fumigatus spores were observed in lungs along with persistent fungal debris in the perivascular regions of the lungs. Repeated exposures promoted pleocellular infiltration with concomitant epithelial mucus hypersecretion, goblet cell metaplasia, subepithelial fibrosis and enhanced airway hyperreactivity. Cellular infiltration in airways was predominated by CD4(+) T cells expressing the pro-allergic cytokine IL-13. Furthermore, our studies show that antifungal T cell responses (IFN-γ(+) or IL-17A(+) ) co-expressed IL-13, revealing a novel mechanism for the dysregulated immune response to inhaled fungi. Total IgE production was augmented in animals repeatedly exposed to A. fumigatus. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE Repeated inhalation of fungal aerosols resulted in significant pulmonary pathology mediated by dynamic shifts in specific immune populations and their cytokines. These studies provide novel insights into the immunological mechanisms and targets that govern the health outcomes that result from repeated inhalation of fungal bioaerosols in contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Nayak
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B J Green
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - A R Lemons
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - N B Marshall
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - W T Goldsmith
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S E Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - D H Beezhold
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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6
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Frazer DG, Lindsley WG, McKinney W, Reynolds JS, Franz GN, Jackson M, Goldsmith WT. A model of the recruitment-derecruitment and volume of lung units in an excised lung as it is inflated-deflated between minimum and maximum lung volume. J Biomech Eng 2013; 135:34503. [PMID: 24231819 DOI: 10.1115/1.4023372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of the recruitment-derecruitment of small structures in the lung (lung units) as the lung increases and decreases in volume has been debated. The objective of this study was to develop a model to estimate the change in the number and volume of open lung units as an excised lung is inflated-deflated between minimum and maximum lung volume. The model was formulated based on the observation that the compliance of the slowly changing quasi-static pressure-volume (P-V) curve of an excised rat lung can differ from the compliance of a faster changing small sinusoidal pressure volume perturbations superimposed on the curve. In those regions of the curve where differences in compliance occur, the lung tissue properties exhibit nonlinear characteristics, which cannot be linearized using "incremental" or "small signal" analysis. The model attributes the differences between the perturbation and quasi-static compliance to an additional nonlinear compliance term that results from the sequential opening and closing of lung units. Using this approach, it was possible to calculate the normalized average volume and the normalized number of open units as the lung is slowly inflated-deflated. Results indicate that the normalized average volume and the normalized number of open units are not linearly related to normalized lung volume, and at equal lung volumes the normalized number of open units is greater and the normalized average lung unit volume is smaller during lung deflation when compared to lung inflation. In summary, a model was developed to describe the recruitment-derecruitment process in excised lungs based on the differences between small signal perturbation compliance and quasi-static compliance. Values of normalized lung unit volume and the normalized number of open lung units were shown to be nonlinear functions of both transpulmonary pressure and normalized lung volume.
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Huffman LJ, Frazer DG, Prugh DJ, Brumbaugh K, Platania C, Reynolds JS, Goldsmith WT. Enhanced pulmonary inflammatory response to inhaled endotoxin in pregnant rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2004; 67:125-144. [PMID: 14675902 DOI: 10.1080/15287390490264776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that pregnant animals are more sensitive than nonpregnant animals to the systemic administration of endotoxin. Studies were undertaken to assess whether an enhanced sensitivity of the pulmonary system to aerosolized endotoxin might exist during pregnancy. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley female rats (17 d of gestation) or age-matched virgin female rats were exposed to air or endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) by inhalation for 3 h. At 18 h following exposure to endotoxin, lactate dehydrogenase activity levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples from pregnant rats were 1.5-fold greater than those from endotoxin-exposed virgin rats. BAL polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) numbers were also approximately twofold greater in pregnant rats than in virgins following the inhalation of endotoxin. The increases in BAL PMNs in pregnant rats following endotoxin exposure were observed just following exposure to endotoxin as well as at 18 h following exposure. These results indicate that an increased pulmonary inflammatory response to inhaled endotoxin occurs during pregnancy in rats. Additional findings suggest that these pregnancy-linked pulmonary responses to endotoxin cannot be explained by the following potential mechanisms: changes in the inhaled dose of endotoxin, or alterations in the responsiveness of alveolar macrophages to endotoxin. To our knowledge this is the first study that has evaluated pulmonary responses to inhaled endotoxin during pregnancy. Our finding that pregnancy is associated with an increased lung inflammatory response to aerosolized endotoxin raises the possibility that there may be a generalized enhancement of pulmonary responses to inhaled toxic agents during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Huffman
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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8
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Hubbs AF, Battelli LA, Goldsmith WT, Porter DW, Frazer D, Friend S, Schwegler-Berry D, Mercer RR, Reynolds JS, Grote A, Castranova V, Kullman G, Fedan JS, Dowdy J, Jones WG. Necrosis of nasal and airway epithelium in rats inhaling vapors of artificial butter flavoring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 185:128-35. [PMID: 12490137 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2002.9525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As the result of a high prevalence of fixed airways obstruction in workers at a microwave popcorn manufacturing plant, we examined the hypothesis that vapors of butter flavoring used in the manufacture of microwave popcorn and other foods can produce airway injury in rats. Rats were exposed to vapors liberated from heated butter flavoring. Rats were exposed for 6 h by inhalation and were necropsied 1 day after exposure. The exposure was found by GC-MS analysis to be a complex mixture of various organic gases with the major peaks consisting of diacetyl (2,3-butanedione), acetic acid, acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone), butyric acid, acetoin dimers, 2-nonanone, and delta-alkyl lactones. Diacetyl was used as a marker of exposure concentration. In the lung, butter flavoring vapors containing 285-371 ppm diacetyl caused multifocal, necrotizing bronchitis, which was most consistently present in the mainstem bronchus. Alveoli were unaffected. Butter flavoring vapors containing 203-371 ppm diacetyl caused necrosuppurative rhinitis, which affected all four levels of the nose. Within the posterior two nasal levels (T3 and T4), necrosis and inflammation was principally localized to the nasopharyngeal duct. Control rats were unaffected. Therefore, concentrations of butter flavoring vapors that can occur during the manufacture of foods are associated with epithelial injury in the nasal passages and pulmonary airways of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Hubbs
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health1, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
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Huffman LJ, Judy DJ, Brumbaugh K, Frazer DG, Reynolds JS, McKinney WG, Goldsmith WT. Hyperthyroidism Increases the Risk of Ozone-Induced Lung Toxicity in Rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 173:18-26. [PMID: 11350211 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The risk of lung injury from ozone exposure has been well documented. It is also known that various factors may significantly influence the susceptibility of animals to the toxic effects of ozone. In the present study, we investigated the possibility that hyperthyroidism might be associated with increases in ozone-induced pulmonary toxicity. To create a hyperthyroid condition, mature male Sprague--Dawley rats were given injections of thyroxine (dose range: 0.1 to 1 mg/kg body wt daily for 7 days). Control rats received vehicle injections. The animals were then exposed to air or ozone (dose range: 0.5 to 3 ppm for 3 h). At 18 h postexposure, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cells were harvested. In hyperthyroid animals, ozone exposure was associated with three- to sixfold increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lactate dehydrogenase activities and albumin levels as well as the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage above levels observed in ozone-exposed control rats. Additional results from the present study suggest that these thyroid hormone-linked effects cannot be fully explained by differences in whole-body metabolic rate or changes in the inhaled dose of ozone. These findings indicate that the risk of ozone-induced lung toxicity is substantially increased in a hyperthyroid state and suggest that the susceptibility of the lung to damage from ozone exposure may be significantly influenced by individual thyroid hormone status.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Huffman
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
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Hubbs AF, Minhas NS, Jones W, Greskevitch M, Battelli LA, Porter DW, Goldsmith WT, Frazer D, Landsittel DP, Ma JY, Barger M, Hill K, Schwegler-Berry D, Robinson VA, Castranova V. Comparative pulmonary toxicity of 6 abrasive blasting agents. Toxicol Sci 2001; 61:135-43. [PMID: 11294984 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/61.1.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of silica dust is associated with pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, substitute abrasive materials have been suggested for use in abrasive blasting operations. To date, toxicological evaluation of most substitute abrasives has been incomplete. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the pulmonary toxicity of a set of substitute abrasives (garnet, staurolite, coal slag, specular hematite, and treated sand) to that of blasting sand. Rats were exposed to blasting sand or an abrasive substitute by intratracheal instillation and pulmonary responses to exposure were monitored 4 weeks postexposure. Pulmonary damage was monitored as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the acellular lavage fluid. Pulmonary inflammation was evaluated from the yield of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. The activity of alveolar macrophages was determined by measuring zymosan-stimulated chemiluminescence. Blasting sand caused lung damage and showed histologic evidence for inflammation and fibrosis. Garnet, staurolite, and treated sand exhibited toxicity and inflammation that were similar to blasting sand, while coal slag caused greater pulmonary damage and inflammation than blasting sand. In contrast, specular hematite did not significantly elevate LDH or PMN levels and did not stimulate macrophage activity 4 weeks postexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Hubbs
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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11
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Huffman LJ, Judy DJ, Rao KM, Frazer DG, Goldsmith WT. Lung responses to hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and lipopolysaccharide challenge in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2000; 61:623-639. [PMID: 11127416 DOI: 10.1080/00984100050194135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation were to study the effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on some factors involved in lung injury under basal conditions (air exposure) and during an inflammatory response induced by inhalation exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 microg/ml; 3 h) in adult rats. Thyroid status was altered by thyroidectomy or thyroxine injections for 15 d. Hyperthyroidism alone caused a greater degree of lung cell damage, an increase in the permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier, a rise in the total number of phagocytic cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and enhanced nitric oxide (NO) release by phagocytic cells relative to that in euthyroid control animals. Hypothyroidism alone was associated with opposite effects. Exposure of animals to LPS produced inflammatory responses, which included significant increases in lung cell damage, permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier, number of phagocytic cells obtained by BAL, and NO production by the phagocytic cells. In general, hyperthyroidism enhanced the effects of LPS, while hypothyroidism reduced LPS-induced responses. These results suggest that thyroid status alone can affect some of the factors involved in lung injury and also modulate some of the inflammatory effects of LPS. Hyperthyroidism tends to enhance lung injury, while hypothyroidism seems to reduce lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Huffman
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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Fedan JS, Millecchia LL, Johnston RA, Rengasamy A, Hubbs A, Dey RD, Yuan LX, Watson D, Goldsmith WT, Reynolds JS, Orsini L, Dortch-Carnes J, Cutler D, Frazer DG. Effect of ozone treatment on airway reactivity and epithelium-derived relaxing factor in guinea pigs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 293:724-34. [PMID: 10869370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O(3)) is toxic to respiratory epithelium and causes airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. To evaluate the role of the epithelium in the development of hyperreactivity, we examined in guinea pigs the effects of inhaled O(3) (3 ppm for 1 h; 0-24 h after exposure) on 1) reactivity to inhaled methacholine (MCh), 2) reactivity of the isolated, perfused trachea (IPT) to MCh, 3) epithelium-derived relaxing factor (EpDRF)-mediated relaxations of IPT induced by mucosal hyperosmolar solutions, 4) neurogenic contraction and relaxation responses, 5) transepithelial potential difference, and 6) microscopic analysis of nitrotyrosine immunofluorescence, substance P fiber density, and tracheal morphology. At 0 h, O(3) caused hyperreactivity to inhaled MCh and mucosally but not serosally applied MCh in IPT (only in the presence of the epithelium) and a decrease in transepithelial potential difference. Inhibition of EpDRF-induced relaxation responses occurred at 2 h. All of these changes returned to control by 12 to 18 h. O(3) had no effect on neurogenic responses. Nitrotyrosine immunofluorescence appeared in the trachea at 0 h in detached epithelial cell ghosts and in intrapulmonary airways by 6 h. Substance P fiber density was elevated in smooth muscle at 0 and 18 h but not in epithelium or lamina propria of intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary bronchi. Loss of cilia and mucosubstances in the mucosa occurred at 0 h; the epithelium became markedly attenuated over 12 to 24 h. A reversible increase in epithelial permeability and a decrease in EpDRF production may contribute to O(3)-induced hyperreactivity to MCh.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Fedan
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Goldsmith WT. The Pith of Dried Cornstalk as a Uterine Tent. South Med Rec 1878; 8:260-262. [PMID: 36021532 PMCID: PMC9061455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Goldsmith WT. Dysentery-Its Treatment. Ga Med Companion 1871; 1:411-427. [PMID: 36020930 PMCID: PMC8893365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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Powell TS, Goldsmith WT. Gynæcological Medicine: Report of the Committee of the Seventh Congressional District of Georgia, upon "Gynæcological Medicine," Prepared to Be Read before the Georgia Medical Association. Ga Med Companion 1871; 1:337-348. [PMID: 36020977 PMCID: PMC8893427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Powell TS, Goldsmith WT. Gynæcological Medicine: Report of the Committee of the Seventh Congressional District of Georgia, upon "Gynæcological Medicine," Prepared to Be Read before the Georgia Medical Association. Ga Med Companion 1871; 1:277-286. [PMID: 36020947 PMCID: PMC8893388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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Powell TS, Goldsmith WT. Gynæcological Medicine: Report of the Committee of the Seventh Congressional District of Georgia, upon "Gynæcological Medicine," Prepared to Be Read before the Georgia Medical Association. Ga Med Companion 1871; 1:217-226. [PMID: 36021100 PMCID: PMC8893578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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Goldsmith WT. Glycosuria-With the Report of a Case. Atlanta Med Surg J 1866; 7B:433-460. [PMID: 35823934 PMCID: PMC8823810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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