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Weile J, Ferra G, Boyle G, Pendyala S, Amorosi C, Yeh CL, Cote AG, Kishore N, Tabet D, van Loggerenberg W, Rayhan A, Fowler DM, Dunham MJ, Roth FP. Pacybara: accurate long-read sequencing for barcoded mutagenized allelic libraries. Bioinformatics 2024; 40:btae182. [PMID: 38569896 PMCID: PMC11021806 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Long-read sequencing technologies, an attractive solution for many applications, often suffer from higher error rates. Alignment of multiple reads can improve base-calling accuracy, but some applications, e.g. sequencing mutagenized libraries where multiple distinct clones differ by one or few variants, require the use of barcodes or unique molecular identifiers. Unfortunately, sequencing errors can interfere with correct barcode identification, and a given barcode sequence may be linked to multiple independent clones within a given library. RESULTS Here we focus on the target application of sequencing mutagenized libraries in the context of multiplexed assays of variant effects (MAVEs). MAVEs are increasingly used to create comprehensive genotype-phenotype maps that can aid clinical variant interpretation. Many MAVE methods use long-read sequencing of barcoded mutant libraries for accurate association of barcode with genotype. Existing long-read sequencing pipelines do not account for inaccurate sequencing or nonunique barcodes. Here, we describe Pacybara, which handles these issues by clustering long reads based on the similarities of (error-prone) barcodes while also detecting barcodes that have been associated with multiple genotypes. Pacybara also detects recombinant (chimeric) clones and reduces false positive indel calls. In three example applications, we show that Pacybara identifies and correctly resolves these issues. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Pacybara, freely available at https://github.com/rothlab/pacybara, is implemented using R, Python, and bash for Linux. It runs on GNU/Linux HPC clusters via Slurm, PBS, or GridEngine schedulers. A single-machine simplex version is also available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weile
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Ferra
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Gabriel Boyle
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Sriram Pendyala
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Clara Amorosi
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Chiann-Ling Yeh
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Atina G Cote
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Nishka Kishore
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Daniel Tabet
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Warren van Loggerenberg
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ashyad Rayhan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Douglas M Fowler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Maitreya J Dunham
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
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Weile J, Ferra G, Boyle G, Pendyala S, Amorosi C, Yeh CL, Cote AG, Kishore N, Tabet D, van Loggerenberg W, Rayhan A, Fowler DM, Dunham MJ, Roth FP. Pacybara: Accurate long-read sequencing for barcoded mutagenized allelic libraries. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.22.529427. [PMID: 36865234 PMCID: PMC9980134 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.529427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Long read sequencing technologies, an attractive solution for many applications, often suffer from higher error rates. Alignment of multiple reads can improve base-calling accuracy, but some applications, e.g. sequencing mutagenized libraries where multiple distinct clones differ by one or few variants, require the use of barcodes or unique molecular identifiers. Unfortunately, sequencing errors can interfere with correct barcode identification, and a given barcode sequence may be linked to multiple independent clones within a given library. Here we focus on the target application of sequencing mutagenized libraries in the context of multiplexed assays of variant effects (MAVEs). MAVEs are increasingly used to create comprehensive genotype-phenotype maps that can aid clinical variant interpretation. Many MAVE methods use long-read sequencing of barcoded mutant libraries for accurate association of barcode with genotype. Existing long-read sequencing pipelines do not account for inaccurate sequencing or non-unique barcodes. Here, we describe Pacybara, which handles these issues by clustering long reads based on the similarities of (error-prone) barcodes while also detecting barcodes that have been associated with multiple genotypes. Pacybara also detects recombinant (chimeric) clones and reduces false positive indel calls. In three example applications, we show that Pacybara identifies and correctly resolves these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weile
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4
| | - Gabrielle Ferra
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gabriel Boyle
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sriram Pendyala
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clara Amorosi
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chiann-Ling Yeh
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Atina G Cote
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4
| | - Nishka Kishore
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4
| | - Daniel Tabet
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4
| | - Warren van Loggerenberg
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4
| | - Ashyad Rayhan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4
| | - Douglas M Fowler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Maitreya J Dunham
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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van Loggerenberg W, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Weile J, Hamilton R, Chawla A, Sheykhkarimli D, Gebbia M, Kishore N, Frésard L, Mustajoki S, Pischik E, Di Pierro E, Barbaro M, Floderus Y, Schmitt C, Gouya L, Colavin A, Nussbaum R, Friesema ECH, Kauppinen R, To-Figueras J, Aarsand AK, Desnick RJ, Garton M, Roth FP. Systematically testing human HMBS missense variants to reveal mechanism and pathogenic variation. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1769-1786. [PMID: 37729906 PMCID: PMC10577081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) can cause acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an acute neurological disease. Although sequencing-based diagnosis can be definitive, ∼⅓ of clinical HMBS variants are missense variants, and most clinically reported HMBS missense variants are designated as "variants of uncertain significance" (VUSs). Using saturation mutagenesis, en masse selection, and sequencing, we applied a multiplexed validated assay to both the erythroid-specific and ubiquitous isoforms of HMBS, obtaining confident functional impact scores for >84% of all possible amino acid substitutions. The resulting variant effect maps generally agreed with biochemical expectations and provide further evidence that HMBS can function as a monomer. Additionally, the maps implicated specific residues as having roles in active site dynamics, which was further supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Most importantly, these maps can help discriminate pathogenic from benign HMBS variants, proactively providing evidence even for yet-to-be-observed clinical missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren van Loggerenberg
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
| | | | - Jochen Weile
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Rayna Hamilton
- Advanced Academic Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Aditya Chawla
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Dayag Sheykhkarimli
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Marinella Gebbia
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Nishka Kishore
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Sami Mustajoki
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elena Pischik
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elena Di Pierro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Unit of Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Barbaro
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Floderus
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Centre français des porphyries, hôpital Louis-Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, 92701 Colombes, France; Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, UMR1149 INSERM, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Gouya
- Centre français des porphyries, hôpital Louis-Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, 92701 Colombes, France; Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, UMR1149 INSERM, 75018 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Edith C H Friesema
- Porphyria Expertcenter Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raili Kauppinen
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jordi To-Figueras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aasne K Aarsand
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Garton
- Institute Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada.
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4
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van Loggerenberg W, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Weile J, Hamilton R, Chawla A, Gebbia M, Kishore N, Frésard L, Mustajoki S, Pischik E, Di Pierro E, Barbaro M, Floderus Y, Schmitt C, Gouya L, Colavin A, Nussbaum R, Friesema ECH, Kauppinen R, To-Figueras J, Aarsand AK, Desnick RJ, Garton M, Roth FP. Systematically testing human HMBS missense variants to reveal mechanism and pathogenic variation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.06.527353. [PMID: 36798224 PMCID: PMC9934555 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.527353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Defects in hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) can cause Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP), an acute neurological disease. Although sequencing-based diagnosis can be definitive, ~⅓ of clinical HMBS variants are missense variants, and most clinically-reported HMBS missense variants are designated as "variants of uncertain significance" (VUS). Using saturation mutagenesis, en masse selection, and sequencing, we applied a multiplexed validated assay to both the erythroid-specific and ubiquitous isoforms of HMBS, obtaining confident functional impact scores for >84% of all possible amino-acid substitutions. The resulting variant effect maps generally agreed with biochemical expectation. However, the maps showed variants at the dimerization interface to be unexpectedly well tolerated, and suggested residue roles in active site dynamics that were supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Most importantly, these HMBS variant effect maps can help discriminate pathogenic from benign variants, proactively providing evidence even for yet-to-be-observed clinical missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren van Loggerenberg
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jochen Weile
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rayna Hamilton
- Advanced Academic Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aditya Chawla
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marinella Gebbia
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nishka Kishore
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sami Mustajoki
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki
| | - Elena Pischik
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki
| | - Elena Di Pierro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Unit of Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Barbaro
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Floderus
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes and Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, UMR1149 INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Gouya
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes and Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, UMR1149 INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Edith C. H. Friesema
- Porphyria Expertcenter Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raili Kauppinen
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki
| | - Jordi To-Figueras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aasne K Aarsand
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert J. Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Garton
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frederick P. Roth
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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