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Prichard S, Larkin NS, Ottmar R, French NH, Baker K, Brown T, Clements C, Dickinson M, Hudak A, Kochanski A, Linn R, Liu Y, Potter B, Mell W, Tanzer D, Urbanski S, Watts A. The Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment-A Plan for Integrated, Large Fire-Atmosphere Field Campaigns. Atmosphere (Basel) 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 32704394 PMCID: PMC7376818 DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment (FASMEE) is designed to collect integrated observations from large wildland fires and provide evaluation datasets for new models and operational systems. Wildland fire, smoke dispersion, and atmospheric chemistry models have become more sophisticated, and next-generation operational models will require evaluation datasets that are coordinated and comprehensive for their evaluation and advancement. Integrated measurements are required, including ground-based observations of fuels and fire behavior, estimates of fire-emitted heat and emissions fluxes, and observations of near-source micrometeorology, plume properties, smoke dispersion, and atmospheric chemistry. To address these requirements the FASMEE campaign design includes a study plan to guide the suite of required measurements in forested sites representative of many prescribed burning programs in the southeastern United States and increasingly common high-intensity fires in the western United States. Here we provide an overview of the proposed experiment and recommendations for key measurements. The FASMEE study provides a template for additional large-scale experimental campaigns to advance fire science and operational fire and smoke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Prichard
- University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-509-341-4493
| | - N. Sim Larkin
- US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Roger Ottmar
- US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Nancy H.F. French
- Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Kirk Baker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Tim Brown
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Craig Clements
- San José State University Department of Meteorology and Climate Science, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0104, USA
| | - Matt Dickinson
- US Forest Service Northern Research Station, 359 Main Rd., Delaware, OH 43015, USA
| | - Andrew Hudak
- US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Moscow Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1221 S Main St., Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Adam Kochanski
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, 135 S 1460 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0110, USA
| | - Rod Linn
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- US Forest Service Southern Research Station, 320 Green St., Athens, GA 30602-2044, USA
| | - Brian Potter
- US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - William Mell
- US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Danielle Tanzer
- Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- US Forest Service Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 US Highway 10 W Missoula, MT 59808-9361, USA
| | - Adam Watts
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
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Liu Y, Kochanski A, Baker KR, Mell W, Linn R, Paugam R, Mandel J, Fournier A, Jenkins MA, Goodrick S, Achtemeier G, Zhao F, Ottmar R, French NHF, Larkin N, Brown T, Hudak A, Dickinson M, Potter B, Clements C, Urbanski S, Prichard S, Watts A, McNamara D. Fire behavior and smoke modeling: Model improvement and measurement needs for next-generation smoke research and forecasting systems. Int J Wildland Fire 2019; 28:570. [PMID: 32632343 PMCID: PMC7336523 DOI: 10.1071/wf18204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for next-generation smoke research and forecasting (SRF) systems to meet the challenges of the growing air quality, health, and safety concerns associated with wildland fire emissions. This review paper presents simulations and experiments of hypothetical prescribed burns with a suite of selected fire behavior and smoke models and identifies major issues for model improvement and the most critical observational needs. The results are used to understand the new and improved capability required for the next-generation SRF systems and to support the design of the Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment (FASMEE) and other field campaigns. The next-generation SRF systems should have more coupling of fire, smoke, and atmospheric processes to better simulate and forecast vertical smoke distributions and multiple sub-plumes, dynamical and high-resolution fire processes, and local and regional smoke chemistry during day and night. The development of the coupling capability requires comprehensive and spatially and temporally integrated measurements across the various disciplines to characterize flame and energy structure (e.g., individual cells, vertical heat profile and the height of well mixing flaming gases), smoke structure (vertical distributions and multiple sub-plumes), ambient air processes (smoke eddy, entrainment and radiative effects of smoke aerosols), fire emissions (for different fuel types and combustion conditions from flaming to residual smoldering), as well as night-time processes (smoke drainage and super-fog formation).
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