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Whitehill AR, Long RW, Urbanski S, Colón M, Habel B, Landis MS. Evaluation of Cairpol and Aeroqual Air Sensors in Biomass Burning Plumes. Atmosphere (Basel) 2022; 13:1-22. [PMID: 36926184 PMCID: PMC10013706 DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cairpol and Aeroqual air quality sensors measuring CO, CO2, NO2, and other species were tested in fresh biomass burning plumes in field and laboratory environments. We evaluated sensors by comparing 1-minute sensor measurements to collocated reference instrument measurements. Sensors were evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (r 2) between the sensor and reference measurements, by the accuracy, collocated precision, root mean square error (RMSE), and other metrics. In general, CO and CO2 sensors performed well (in terms of accuracy and r 2 values) compared to NO2 sensors. Cairpol CO and NO2 sensors had better sensor-versus-sensor agreement (e.g., collocated precision) than Aeroqual CO and NO2 sensors of the same species. Tests of other sensors (e.g., NH3, H2S, VOC, NMHC) provided more inconsistent results and need further study. Aeroqual NO2 sensors had an apparent O3 interference that was not observed in the Cairpol NO2 sensors. Although the sensor accuracy lags that of reference-level monitors, with location-specific calibrations they have the potential to provide useful data about community air quality and personal exposure to smoke impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Whitehill
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-541-4540
| | - Russell W. Long
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Maribel Colón
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bruce Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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2
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Krug J, Long R, Colón M, Habel A, Urbanski S, Landis MS. Evaluation of small form factor, filter-based PM 2.5 samplers for temporary non-regulatory monitoring during wildland fire smoke events. Atmos Environ (1994) 2021; 265:1-8. [PMID: 35153533 PMCID: PMC8832362 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fire activity and associated emission of particulate matter air pollution is increasing in the United States over the last two decades due primarily to a combination of increased temperature, drought, and historically high forest fuel loading. The regulatory monitoring networks in the Unites States are mostly concentrated in larger population centers where anthropogenic air pollution sources are concentrated. Smaller population centers in areas more likely to be impacted by wildland fire smoke in many instances lack adequate observational air quality data. Several commercially available small form factor filter-based PM2.5 samplers (SFFFS) were evaluated under typical ambient and simulated near-to mid-field wildland fire smoke conditions to evaluate their accuracy for use in temporary deployments during prescribed and wildfire events. The performance of all the SFFFS tested versus the designated federal reference methods (FRM) was acceptable in determining PM2.5 concentration in both ambient (2.7-14.0 μg m-3) and chamber smoke environments (24.6-3044.6 μg m-3) with accuracies ranging from ~92 to 98%. However, only the ARA Instruments model N-FRM Sampler was found to provide PM2.5 mass measurement accuracies that meet FRM guideline performance specifications under both typical ambient (97.3 ± 1.9%) and simulated wildland fire conditions (98.2 ± 1.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Krug
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Russell Long
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Maribel Colón
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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3
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Long RW, Whitehill A, Habel A, Urbanski S, Halliday H, Colón M, Kaushik S, Landis MS. Comparison of ozone measurement methods in biomass burning smoke: an evaluation under field and laboratory conditions. Atmos Meas Tech 2021; 14:1783-1800. [PMID: 34017362 PMCID: PMC8128704 DOI: 10.5194/amt-14-1783-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years wildland fires in the United States have had significant impacts on local and regional air quality and negative human health outcomes. Although the primary health concerns from wildland fires come from fine particulate matter (PM2.5), large increases in ozone (O3) have been observed downwind of wildland fire plumes (DeBell et al., 2004; Bytnerowicz et al., 2010; Preisler et al., 2010; Jaffe et al., 2012; Bytnerowicz et al., 2013; Jaffe et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2016; Lindaas et al., 2017; McClure and Jaffe, 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Baylon et al., 2018; Buysse et al., 2019). Conditions generated in and around wildland fire plumes, including the presence of interfering chemical species, can make the accurate measurement of O3 concentrations using the ultraviolet (UV) photometric method challenging if not impossible. UV photometric method instruments are prone to interferences by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are present at high concentrations in wildland fire smoke. Four different O3 measurement methodologies were deployed in a mobile sampling platform downwind of active prescribed grassland fire lines in Kansas and Oregon and during controlled chamber burns at the United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. We demonstrate that the Federal Reference Method (FRM) nitric oxide (NO) chemiluminescence monitors and Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) gas-phase (NO) chemical scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors are relatively interference-free, even in near-field combustion plumes. In contrast, FEM UV photometric O3 monitors using solid-phase catalytic scrubbers show positive artifacts that are positively correlated with carbon monoxide (CO) and total gas-phase hydrocarbon (THC), two indicator species of biomass burning. Of the two catalytic scrubber UV photometric methods evaluated, the instruments that included a Nafion® tube dryer in the sample introduction system had artifacts an order of magnitude smaller than the instrument with no humidity correction. We hypothesize that Nafion®-permeating VOCs (such as aromatic hydrocarbons) could be a significant source of interference for catalytic scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors and that the inclusion of a Nafion® tube dryer assists with the mitigation of these interferences. The chemiluminescence FRM method is highly recommended for accurate measurements of O3 in wildland fire plume studies and at regulatory ambient monitoring sites frequently impacted by wildland fire smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W. Long
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Whitehill
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Hannah Halliday
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maribel Colón
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Surender Kaushik
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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4
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Pastorello G, Trotta C, Canfora E, Chu H, Christianson D, Cheah YW, Poindexter C, Chen J, Elbashandy A, Humphrey M, Isaac P, Polidori D, Reichstein M, Ribeca A, van Ingen C, Vuichard N, Zhang L, Amiro B, Ammann C, Arain MA, Ardö J, Arkebauer T, Arndt SK, Arriga N, Aubinet M, Aurela M, Baldocchi D, Barr A, Beamesderfer E, Marchesini LB, Bergeron O, Beringer J, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Billesbach D, Black TA, Blanken PD, Bohrer G, Boike J, Bolstad PV, Bonal D, Bonnefond JM, Bowling DR, Bracho R, Brodeur J, Brümmer C, Buchmann N, Burban B, Burns SP, Buysse P, Cale P, Cavagna M, Cellier P, Chen S, Chini I, Christensen TR, Cleverly J, Collalti A, Consalvo C, Cook BD, Cook D, Coursolle C, Cremonese E, Curtis PS, D'Andrea E, da Rocha H, Dai X, Davis KJ, De Cinti B, de Grandcourt A, De Ligne A, De Oliveira RC, Delpierre N, Desai AR, Di Bella CM, di Tommasi P, Dolman H, Domingo F, Dong G, Dore S, Duce P, Dufrêne E, Dunn A, Dušek J, Eamus D, Eichelmann U, ElKhidir HAM, Eugster W, Ewenz CM, Ewers B, Famulari D, Fares S, Feigenwinter I, Feitz A, Fensholt R, Filippa G, Fischer M, Frank J, Galvagno M, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Gielen B, Gioli B, Gitelson A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Goldstein AH, Gough CM, Goulden ML, Graf A, Griebel A, Gruening C, Grünwald T, Hammerle A, Han S, Han X, Hansen BU, Hanson C, Hatakka J, He Y, Hehn M, Heinesch B, Hinko-Najera N, Hörtnagl L, Hutley L, Ibrom A, Ikawa H, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Janouš D, Jans W, Jassal R, Jiang S, Kato T, Khomik M, Klatt J, Knohl A, Knox S, Kobayashi H, Koerber G, Kolle O, Kosugi Y, Kotani A, Kowalski A, Kruijt B, Kurbatova J, Kutsch WL, Kwon H, Launiainen S, Laurila T, Law B, Leuning R, Li Y, Liddell M, Limousin JM, Lion M, Liska AJ, Lohila A, López-Ballesteros A, López-Blanco E, Loubet B, Loustau D, Lucas-Moffat A, Lüers J, Ma S, Macfarlane C, Magliulo V, Maier R, Mammarella I, Manca G, Marcolla B, Margolis HA, Marras S, Massman W, Mastepanov M, Matamala R, Matthes JH, Mazzenga F, McCaughey H, McHugh I, McMillan AMS, Merbold L, Meyer W, Meyers T, Miller SD, Minerbi S, Moderow U, Monson RK, Montagnani L, Moore CE, Moors E, Moreaux V, Moureaux C, Munger JW, Nakai T, Neirynck J, Nesic Z, Nicolini G, Noormets A, Northwood M, Nosetto M, Nouvellon Y, Novick K, Oechel W, Olesen JE, Ourcival JM, Papuga SA, Parmentier FJ, Paul-Limoges E, Pavelka M, Peichl M, Pendall E, Phillips RP, Pilegaard K, Pirk N, Posse G, Powell T, Prasse H, Prober SM, Rambal S, Rannik Ü, Raz-Yaseef N, Rebmann C, Reed D, de Dios VR, Restrepo-Coupe N, Reverter BR, Roland M, Sabbatini S, Sachs T, Saleska SR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Sanchez-Mejia ZM, Schmid HP, Schmidt M, Schneider K, Schrader F, Schroder I, Scott RL, Sedlák P, Serrano-Ortíz P, Shao C, Shi P, Shironya I, Siebicke L, Šigut L, Silberstein R, Sirca C, Spano D, Steinbrecher R, Stevens RM, Sturtevant C, Suyker A, Tagesson T, Takanashi S, Tang Y, Tapper N, Thom J, Tomassucci M, Tuovinen JP, Urbanski S, Valentini R, van der Molen M, van Gorsel E, van Huissteden K, Varlagin A, Verfaillie J, Vesala T, Vincke C, Vitale D, Vygodskaya N, Walker JP, Walter-Shea E, Wang H, Weber R, Westermann S, Wille C, Wofsy S, Wohlfahrt G, Wolf S, Woodgate W, Li Y, Zampedri R, Zhang J, Zhou G, Zona D, Agarwal D, Biraud S, Torn M, Papale D. Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Sci Data 2021; 8:72. [PMID: 33633116 PMCID: PMC7907353 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Pastorello
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Carlo Trotta
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Eleonora Canfora
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Housen Chu
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Danielle Christianson
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - You-Wei Cheah
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cristina Poindexter
- Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Elbashandy
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marty Humphrey
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Peter Isaac
- TERN Ecosystem Processes, Menzies Creek, VIC3159, Australia
| | - Diego Polidori
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Ribeca
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Catharine van Ingen
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Brian Amiro
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Christof Ammann
- Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope Research Institute, Zürich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonas Ardö
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Timothy Arkebauer
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Nicola Arriga
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.,Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Marc Aubinet
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alan Barr
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada.,Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada
| | - Eric Beamesderfer
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Belelli Marchesini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy.,Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Onil Bergeron
- Direction du marché du carbone, Ministère du Développement durable de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, G1R5V7, Canada
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Dave Billesbach
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Thomas Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Peter D Blanken
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Julia Boike
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14482, Germany.,Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul V Bolstad
- Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, 54000, France
| | | | - David R Bowling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rosvel Bracho
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jason Brodeur
- McMaster University Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L6, Canada
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Sean P Burns
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Pauline Buysse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Peter Cale
- Australian Landscape Trust, Renmark, SA5341, Australia
| | - Mauro Cavagna
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Pierre Cellier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Shiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Isaac Chini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Torben R Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - James Cleverly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia.,Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network TERN, University of Technology, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Alessio Collalti
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Claudia Consalvo
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Porano, 05010, Italy
| | - Bruce D Cook
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - David Cook
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Carole Coursolle
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1V4C7, Canada.,Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Peter S Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Humberto da Rocha
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kenneth J Davis
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bruno De Cinti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Montelibretti, 00010, Italy
| | | | - Anne De Ligne
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlos Marcelo Di Bella
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires, 1417, Argentina
| | - Paul di Tommasi
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Domingo
- Desertification and Geoecology Department, Experimental Station of Arid Zones, CSIC, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Gang Dong
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | | | - Pierpaolo Duce
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Eric Dufrêne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Allison Dunn
- Department of Earth, Environment, and Physics, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, 01602, USA
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Uwe Eichelmann
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Cacilia M Ewenz
- Airborne Research Australia, TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node, Parafield, 5106, Australia
| | - Brent Ewers
- Department of Botany, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. Univ. Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Daniela Famulari
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, 00100, Italy.,Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, 00166, Italy
| | - Iris Feigenwinter
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Rasmus Fensholt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Filippa
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Marc Fischer
- Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John Frank
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Marta Galvagno
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Bert Gielen
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Anatoly Gitelson
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Ignacio Goded
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | | | | | - Christopher M Gough
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Anne Griebel
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Grünwald
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Albin Hammerle
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Shijie Han
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 450000, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Birger Ulf Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Chad Hanson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Juha Hatakka
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Yongtao He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Markus Hehn
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Nina Hinko-Najera
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC3363, Australia
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Australia
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Hiroki Ikawa
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Dalibor Janouš
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Wilma Jans
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Rachhpal Jassal
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Shicheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tomomichi Kato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.,GI-Core, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Myroslava Khomik
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Geography and Environmental Management, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Janina Klatt
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Sara Knox
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z2, Canada
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokoama, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Georgia Koerber
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Olaf Kolle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 03641, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kotani
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 4648601, Japan
| | - Andrew Kowalski
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Water systems and Global Change group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Kurbatova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Werner L Kutsch
- Head Office, Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS ERIC), Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Hyojung Kwon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Tuomas Laurila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Bev Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Yingnian Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Michael Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Studies, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | | | - Marryanna Lion
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, 52109, Malaysia
| | - Adam J Liska
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland.,Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Ana López-Ballesteros
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Antje Lucas-Moffat
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany.,German Meteorological Service (DWD), Centre for Agrometeorological Research, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Johannes Lüers
- Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany.,Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Siyan Ma
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Regine Maier
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Giovanni Manca
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Barbara Marcolla
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Hank A Margolis
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Serena Marras
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - William Massman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mikhail Mastepanov
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.,Oulanka research station, University of Oulu, Kuusamo, 93900, Finland
| | - Roser Matamala
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Francesco Mazzenga
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015, Italy
| | - Harry McCaughey
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Ian McHugh
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Andrew M S McMillan
- Environmental Analytics NZ, Ltd. Raumati South, Paraparaumu, 5032, New Zealand
| | - Lutz Merbold
- Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Wayne Meyer
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Tilden Meyers
- NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Scott D Miller
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | | | - Uta Moderow
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest Department of South Tyrol, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Caitlin E Moore
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eddy Moors
- IHE Delft, Delft, 2611, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Science, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie Moreaux
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, IGE, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Christine Moureaux
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Taro Nakai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 0617, Taiwan.,International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Environment and Climate, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, 9500, Belgium
| | - Zoran Nesic
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Giacomo Nicolini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew Northwood
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, 0810, Australia
| | - Marcelo Nosetto
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (UNSL & CONICET), San Luis, D5700HHW, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (UNER), Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina
| | - Yann Nouvellon
- UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34060, France.,Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Kimberly Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Walter Oechel
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX44RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jørgen Eivind Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark.,iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | | | - Shirley A Papuga
- Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Frans-Jan Parmentier
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0315, Norway
| | | | - Marian Pavelka
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Norbert Pirk
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,CSIRO Land and Water, Wembley, 6913, Australia
| | - Gabriela Posse
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Thomas Powell
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Heiko Prasse
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Serge Rambal
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Üllar Rannik
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Naama Raz-Yaseef
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - David Reed
- Center for Global Change & Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Victor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Borja R Reverter
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | | | - Torsten Sachs
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.,Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain
| | - Zulia M Sanchez-Mejia
- Ciencias del Agua y Medioambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, 85000, Mexico
| | - Hans Peter Schmid
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Karl Schneider
- Geographical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Frederik Schrader
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Ivan Schroder
- Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Geoscience Australia, Canberra, 2609, Australia
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Pavel Sedlák
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic.,Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14100, Czech Republic
| | - Penélope Serrano-Ortíz
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain.,Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Changliang Shao
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ivan Shironya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Lukas Siebicke
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Silberstein
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia.,School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
| | - Costantino Sirca
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Donatella Spano
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Rainer Steinbrecher
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | | | - Cove Sturtevant
- National Ecological Observatory Network Program, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Andy Suyker
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Torbern Tagesson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yanhong Tang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nigel Tapper
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan Thom
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michele Tomassucci
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Terrasystem srl, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | | | - Shawn Urbanski
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA
| | - Riccardo Valentini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Michiel van der Molen
- Meteorology and Air Quality group, Wageningen University, 6500, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Gorsel
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Ko van Huissteden
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | | | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Domenico Vitale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Natalia Vygodskaya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Jeffrey P Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Walter-Shea
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Robin Weber
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastian Westermann
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Christian Wille
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Steven Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - William Woodgate
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, 2601, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Yuelin Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Roberto Zampedri
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Donatella Zona
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom
| | - Deb Agarwal
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastien Biraud
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Margaret Torn
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dario Papale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy. .,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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Pastorello G, Trotta C, Canfora E, Chu H, Christianson D, Cheah YW, Poindexter C, Chen J, Elbashandy A, Humphrey M, Isaac P, Polidori D, Reichstein M, Ribeca A, van Ingen C, Vuichard N, Zhang L, Amiro B, Ammann C, Arain MA, Ardö J, Arkebauer T, Arndt SK, Arriga N, Aubinet M, Aurela M, Baldocchi D, Barr A, Beamesderfer E, Marchesini LB, Bergeron O, Beringer J, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Billesbach D, Black TA, Blanken PD, Bohrer G, Boike J, Bolstad PV, Bonal D, Bonnefond JM, Bowling DR, Bracho R, Brodeur J, Brümmer C, Buchmann N, Burban B, Burns SP, Buysse P, Cale P, Cavagna M, Cellier P, Chen S, Chini I, Christensen TR, Cleverly J, Collalti A, Consalvo C, Cook BD, Cook D, Coursolle C, Cremonese E, Curtis PS, D'Andrea E, da Rocha H, Dai X, Davis KJ, Cinti BD, Grandcourt AD, Ligne AD, De Oliveira RC, Delpierre N, Desai AR, Di Bella CM, Tommasi PD, Dolman H, Domingo F, Dong G, Dore S, Duce P, Dufrêne E, Dunn A, Dušek J, Eamus D, Eichelmann U, ElKhidir HAM, Eugster W, Ewenz CM, Ewers B, Famulari D, Fares S, Feigenwinter I, Feitz A, Fensholt R, Filippa G, Fischer M, Frank J, Galvagno M, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Gielen B, Gioli B, Gitelson A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Goldstein AH, Gough CM, Goulden ML, Graf A, Griebel A, Gruening C, Grünwald T, Hammerle A, Han S, Han X, Hansen BU, Hanson C, Hatakka J, He Y, Hehn M, Heinesch B, Hinko-Najera N, Hörtnagl L, Hutley L, Ibrom A, Ikawa H, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Janouš D, Jans W, Jassal R, Jiang S, Kato T, Khomik M, Klatt J, Knohl A, Knox S, Kobayashi H, Koerber G, Kolle O, Kosugi Y, Kotani A, Kowalski A, Kruijt B, Kurbatova J, Kutsch WL, Kwon H, Launiainen S, Laurila T, Law B, Leuning R, Li Y, Liddell M, Limousin JM, Lion M, Liska AJ, Lohila A, López-Ballesteros A, López-Blanco E, Loubet B, Loustau D, Lucas-Moffat A, Lüers J, Ma S, Macfarlane C, Magliulo V, Maier R, Mammarella I, Manca G, Marcolla B, Margolis HA, Marras S, Massman W, Mastepanov M, Matamala R, Matthes JH, Mazzenga F, McCaughey H, McHugh I, McMillan AMS, Merbold L, Meyer W, Meyers T, Miller SD, Minerbi S, Moderow U, Monson RK, Montagnani L, Moore CE, Moors E, Moreaux V, Moureaux C, Munger JW, Nakai T, Neirynck J, Nesic Z, Nicolini G, Noormets A, Northwood M, Nosetto M, Nouvellon Y, Novick K, Oechel W, Olesen JE, Ourcival JM, Papuga SA, Parmentier FJ, Paul-Limoges E, Pavelka M, Peichl M, Pendall E, Phillips RP, Pilegaard K, Pirk N, Posse G, Powell T, Prasse H, Prober SM, Rambal S, Rannik Ü, Raz-Yaseef N, Rebmann C, Reed D, Dios VRD, Restrepo-Coupe N, Reverter BR, Roland M, Sabbatini S, Sachs T, Saleska SR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Sanchez-Mejia ZM, Schmid HP, Schmidt M, Schneider K, Schrader F, Schroder I, Scott RL, Sedlák P, Serrano-Ortíz P, Shao C, Shi P, Shironya I, Siebicke L, Šigut L, Silberstein R, Sirca C, Spano D, Steinbrecher R, Stevens RM, Sturtevant C, Suyker A, Tagesson T, Takanashi S, Tang Y, Tapper N, Thom J, Tomassucci M, Tuovinen JP, Urbanski S, Valentini R, van der Molen M, van Gorsel E, van Huissteden K, Varlagin A, Verfaillie J, Vesala T, Vincke C, Vitale D, Vygodskaya N, Walker JP, Walter-Shea E, Wang H, Weber R, Westermann S, Wille C, Wofsy S, Wohlfahrt G, Wolf S, Woodgate W, Li Y, Zampedri R, Zhang J, Zhou G, Zona D, Agarwal D, Biraud S, Torn M, Papale D. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Sci Data 2020; 7:225. [PMID: 32647314 PMCID: PMC7347557 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible. Measurement(s) | net ecosystem exchange • carbon dioxide • water • energy | Technology Type(s) | eddy covariance • measurement device | Sample Characteristic - Environment | terrestrial biome • atmosphere | Sample Characteristic - Location | Earth (planet) |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12295910
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Pastorello
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Carlo Trotta
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Eleonora Canfora
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Housen Chu
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Danielle Christianson
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - You-Wei Cheah
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cristina Poindexter
- Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Elbashandy
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marty Humphrey
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Peter Isaac
- TERN Ecosystem Processes, Menzies Creek, VIC3159, Australia
| | - Diego Polidori
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Ribeca
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Catharine van Ingen
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Brian Amiro
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Christof Ammann
- Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope Research Institute, Zürich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonas Ardö
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Timothy Arkebauer
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Nicola Arriga
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.,Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Marc Aubinet
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alan Barr
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada.,Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada
| | - Eric Beamesderfer
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Belelli Marchesini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy.,Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Onil Bergeron
- Direction du marché du carbone, Ministère du Développement durable de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, G1R5V7, Canada
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Dave Billesbach
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Thomas Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Peter D Blanken
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Julia Boike
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14482, Germany.,Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul V Bolstad
- Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, 54000, France
| | | | - David R Bowling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rosvel Bracho
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jason Brodeur
- McMaster University Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L6, Canada
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Sean P Burns
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Pauline Buysse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Peter Cale
- Australian Landscape Trust, Renmark, SA5341, Australia
| | - Mauro Cavagna
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Pierre Cellier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Shiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Isaac Chini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Torben R Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - James Cleverly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia.,Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network TERN, University of Technology, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Alessio Collalti
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Claudia Consalvo
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Porano, 05010, Italy
| | - Bruce D Cook
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - David Cook
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Carole Coursolle
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1V4C7, Canada.,Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Peter S Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Humberto da Rocha
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kenneth J Davis
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bruno De Cinti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Montelibretti, 00010, Italy
| | | | - Anne De Ligne
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlos Marcelo Di Bella
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires, 1417, Argentina
| | - Paul di Tommasi
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Domingo
- Desertification and Geoecology Department, Experimental Station of Arid Zones, CSIC, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Gang Dong
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | | | - Pierpaolo Duce
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Eric Dufrêne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Allison Dunn
- Department of Earth, Environment, and Physics, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, 01602, USA
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Uwe Eichelmann
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Cacilia M Ewenz
- Airborne Research Australia, TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node, Parafield, 5106, Australia
| | - Brent Ewers
- Department of Botany, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. Univ. Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Daniela Famulari
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, 00100, Italy.,Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, 00166, Italy
| | - Iris Feigenwinter
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Rasmus Fensholt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Filippa
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Marc Fischer
- Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John Frank
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Marta Galvagno
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Bert Gielen
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Anatoly Gitelson
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Ignacio Goded
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | | | | | - Christopher M Gough
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Anne Griebel
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Grünwald
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Albin Hammerle
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Shijie Han
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 450000, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Birger Ulf Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Chad Hanson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Juha Hatakka
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Yongtao He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Markus Hehn
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Nina Hinko-Najera
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC3363, Australia
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Australia
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Hiroki Ikawa
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Dalibor Janouš
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Wilma Jans
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Rachhpal Jassal
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Shicheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tomomichi Kato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.,GI-Core, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Myroslava Khomik
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Geography and Environmental Management, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Janina Klatt
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Sara Knox
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z2, Canada
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokoama, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Georgia Koerber
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Olaf Kolle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 03641, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kotani
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 4648601, Japan
| | - Andrew Kowalski
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Water systems and Global Change group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Kurbatova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Werner L Kutsch
- Head Office, Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS ERIC), Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Hyojung Kwon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Tuomas Laurila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Bev Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Yingnian Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Michael Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Studies, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | | | - Marryanna Lion
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, 52109, Malaysia
| | - Adam J Liska
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland.,Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Ana López-Ballesteros
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Antje Lucas-Moffat
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany.,German Meteorological Service (DWD), Centre for Agrometeorological Research, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Johannes Lüers
- Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany.,Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Siyan Ma
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Regine Maier
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Giovanni Manca
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Barbara Marcolla
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Hank A Margolis
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Serena Marras
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - William Massman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mikhail Mastepanov
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.,Oulanka research station, University of Oulu, Kuusamo, 93900, Finland
| | - Roser Matamala
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Francesco Mazzenga
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015, Italy
| | - Harry McCaughey
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Ian McHugh
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Andrew M S McMillan
- Environmental Analytics NZ, Ltd. Raumati South, Paraparaumu, 5032, New Zealand
| | - Lutz Merbold
- Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Wayne Meyer
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Tilden Meyers
- NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Scott D Miller
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | | | - Uta Moderow
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest Department of South Tyrol, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Caitlin E Moore
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eddy Moors
- IHE Delft, Delft, 2611, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Science, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie Moreaux
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, IGE, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Christine Moureaux
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Taro Nakai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 0617, Taiwan.,International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Environment and Climate, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, 9500, Belgium
| | - Zoran Nesic
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Giacomo Nicolini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew Northwood
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, 0810, Australia
| | - Marcelo Nosetto
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (UNSL & CONICET), San Luis, D5700HHW, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (UNER), Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina
| | - Yann Nouvellon
- UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34060, France.,Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Kimberly Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Walter Oechel
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX44RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jørgen Eivind Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark.,iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | | | - Shirley A Papuga
- Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Frans-Jan Parmentier
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0315, Norway
| | | | - Marian Pavelka
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Norbert Pirk
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,CSIRO Land and Water, Wembley, 6913, Australia
| | - Gabriela Posse
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Thomas Powell
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Heiko Prasse
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Serge Rambal
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Üllar Rannik
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Naama Raz-Yaseef
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - David Reed
- Center for Global Change & Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Victor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Borja R Reverter
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | | | - Torsten Sachs
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.,Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain
| | - Zulia M Sanchez-Mejia
- Ciencias del Agua y Medioambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, 85000, Mexico
| | - Hans Peter Schmid
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Karl Schneider
- Geographical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Frederik Schrader
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Ivan Schroder
- Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Geoscience Australia, Canberra, 2609, Australia
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Pavel Sedlák
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic.,Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14100, Czech Republic
| | - Penélope Serrano-Ortíz
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain.,Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Changliang Shao
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ivan Shironya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Lukas Siebicke
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Silberstein
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia.,School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
| | - Costantino Sirca
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Donatella Spano
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Rainer Steinbrecher
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | | | - Cove Sturtevant
- National Ecological Observatory Network Program, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Andy Suyker
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Torbern Tagesson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yanhong Tang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nigel Tapper
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan Thom
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michele Tomassucci
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Terrasystem srl, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | | | - Shawn Urbanski
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA
| | - Riccardo Valentini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Michiel van der Molen
- Meteorology and Air Quality group, Wageningen University, 6500, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Gorsel
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Ko van Huissteden
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | | | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, 1348, Belgium
| | - Domenico Vitale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Natalia Vygodskaya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Jeffrey P Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Walter-Shea
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Robin Weber
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastian Westermann
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Christian Wille
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Steven Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - William Woodgate
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, 2601, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Yuelin Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Roberto Zampedri
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Donatella Zona
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom
| | - Deb Agarwal
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastien Biraud
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Margaret Torn
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dario Papale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy. .,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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6
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Landguth EL, Holden ZA, Graham J, Stark B, Mokhtari EB, Kaleczyc E, Anderson S, Urbanski S, Jolly M, Semmens EO, Warren DA, Swanson A, Stone E, Noonan C. The delayed effect of wildfire season particulate matter on subsequent influenza season in a mountain west region of the USA. Environ Int 2020; 139:105668. [PMID: 32244099 PMCID: PMC7275907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Particularly in rural settings, there has been little research regarding the health impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during the wildfire season smoke exposure period on respiratory diseases, such as influenza, and their associated outbreaks months later. We examined the delayed effects of PM2.5 concentrations for the short-lag (1-4 weeks prior) and the long-lag (during the prior wildfire season months) on the following winter influenza season in Montana, a mountainous state in the western United States. We created gridded maps of surface PM2.5 for the state of Montana from 2009 to 2018 using spatial regression models fit with station observations and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical thickness data. We used a seasonal quasi-Poisson model with generalized estimating equations to estimate weekly, county-specific, influenza counts for Montana, associated with delayed PM2.5 concentration periods (short-lag and long-lag effects), adjusted for temperature and seasonal trend. We did not detect an acute, short-lag PM2.5 effect nor short-lag temperature effect on influenza in Montana. Higher daily average PM2.5 concentrations during the wildfire season was positively associated with increased influenza in the following winter influenza season (expected 16% or 22% increase in influenza rate per 1 μg/m3 increase in average daily summer PM2.5 based on two analyses, p = 0.04 or 0.008). This is one of the first observations of a relationship between PM2.5 during wildfire season and influenza months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Landguth
- Center for Population Health Research, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | | | - Jonathan Graham
- Center for Population Health Research, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Mathematical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Benjamin Stark
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Elham Bayat Mokhtari
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Emily Kaleczyc
- Montana Department of Livestock, PO Box 202001, Helena, MT 59620, USA.
| | - Stacey Anderson
- Communicable Disease Control and Prevention Bureau, Department of Health and Human Services, Helena, MT 59620, USA.
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, US Forest Service, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA.
| | - Matt Jolly
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, US Forest Service, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA.
| | - Erin O Semmens
- Center for Population Health Research, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Dyer A Warren
- Center for Population Health Research, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Alan Swanson
- Center for Population Health Research, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Emily Stone
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Curtis Noonan
- Center for Population Health Research, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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7
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Prichard S, Larkin NS, Ottmar R, French NH, Baker K, Brown T, Clements C, Dickinson M, Hudak A, Kochanski A, Linn R, Liu Y, Potter B, Mell W, Tanzer D, Urbanski S, Watts A. The Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment-A Plan for Integrated, Large Fire-Atmosphere Field Campaigns. Atmosphere (Basel) 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 32704394 PMCID: PMC7376818 DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment (FASMEE) is designed to collect integrated observations from large wildland fires and provide evaluation datasets for new models and operational systems. Wildland fire, smoke dispersion, and atmospheric chemistry models have become more sophisticated, and next-generation operational models will require evaluation datasets that are coordinated and comprehensive for their evaluation and advancement. Integrated measurements are required, including ground-based observations of fuels and fire behavior, estimates of fire-emitted heat and emissions fluxes, and observations of near-source micrometeorology, plume properties, smoke dispersion, and atmospheric chemistry. To address these requirements the FASMEE campaign design includes a study plan to guide the suite of required measurements in forested sites representative of many prescribed burning programs in the southeastern United States and increasingly common high-intensity fires in the western United States. Here we provide an overview of the proposed experiment and recommendations for key measurements. The FASMEE study provides a template for additional large-scale experimental campaigns to advance fire science and operational fire and smoke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Prichard
- University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-509-341-4493
| | - N. Sim Larkin
- US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Roger Ottmar
- US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Nancy H.F. French
- Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Kirk Baker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Tim Brown
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Craig Clements
- San José State University Department of Meteorology and Climate Science, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0104, USA
| | - Matt Dickinson
- US Forest Service Northern Research Station, 359 Main Rd., Delaware, OH 43015, USA
| | - Andrew Hudak
- US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Moscow Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1221 S Main St., Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Adam Kochanski
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, 135 S 1460 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0110, USA
| | - Rod Linn
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- US Forest Service Southern Research Station, 320 Green St., Athens, GA 30602-2044, USA
| | - Brian Potter
- US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - William Mell
- US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Danielle Tanzer
- Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- US Forest Service Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 US Highway 10 W Missoula, MT 59808-9361, USA
| | - Adam Watts
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
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8
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Liu Y, Kochanski A, Baker KR, Mell W, Linn R, Paugam R, Mandel J, Fournier A, Jenkins MA, Goodrick S, Achtemeier G, Zhao F, Ottmar R, French NHF, Larkin N, Brown T, Hudak A, Dickinson M, Potter B, Clements C, Urbanski S, Prichard S, Watts A, McNamara D. Fire behavior and smoke modeling: Model improvement and measurement needs for next-generation smoke research and forecasting systems. Int J Wildland Fire 2019; 28:570. [PMID: 32632343 PMCID: PMC7336523 DOI: 10.1071/wf18204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for next-generation smoke research and forecasting (SRF) systems to meet the challenges of the growing air quality, health, and safety concerns associated with wildland fire emissions. This review paper presents simulations and experiments of hypothetical prescribed burns with a suite of selected fire behavior and smoke models and identifies major issues for model improvement and the most critical observational needs. The results are used to understand the new and improved capability required for the next-generation SRF systems and to support the design of the Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment (FASMEE) and other field campaigns. The next-generation SRF systems should have more coupling of fire, smoke, and atmospheric processes to better simulate and forecast vertical smoke distributions and multiple sub-plumes, dynamical and high-resolution fire processes, and local and regional smoke chemistry during day and night. The development of the coupling capability requires comprehensive and spatially and temporally integrated measurements across the various disciplines to characterize flame and energy structure (e.g., individual cells, vertical heat profile and the height of well mixing flaming gases), smoke structure (vertical distributions and multiple sub-plumes), ambient air processes (smoke eddy, entrainment and radiative effects of smoke aerosols), fire emissions (for different fuel types and combustion conditions from flaming to residual smoldering), as well as night-time processes (smoke drainage and super-fog formation).
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9
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Nguyen HH, Shaheen AM, Urbanski S, Fritzler MJ, Mason AL, Swain M. A194 CAN NOVEL SEROLOGICAL MARKERS BE USED TO BETTER DEFINE PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS (PBC)-AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS (AIH) OVERLAP SYNDROME. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwy008.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H H Nguyen
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - S Urbanski
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - A L Mason
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M Swain
- Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Kovalev V, Petkov A, Wold C, Urbanski S, Hao WM. Determination of the smoke-plume heights and their dynamics with ground-based scanning lidar. Appl Opt 2015; 54:2011-2017. [PMID: 25968377 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.002011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lidar-data processing techniques are analyzed, which allow determining smoke-plume heights and their dynamics and can be helpful for the improvement of smoke dispersion and air quality models. The data processing algorithms considered in the paper are based on the analysis of two alternative characteristics related to the smoke dispersion process: the regularized intercept function, extracted directly from the recorded lidar signal, and the square-range corrected backscatter signal, obtained after determining and subtracting the constant offset in the recorded signal. The analysis is performed using experimental data of the scanning lidar obtained in the area of prescribed fires.
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between microscopic colitis and coeliac disease (CD) has been suggested in literature; however, population-based data are limited. AIMS To estimate the degree of association between these two diseases and to identify possible risk factors for disease concomitance. METHODS A population-based review of all patients diagnosed with CD and microscopic colitis in a large Canadian centre over a 5-year period. Endoscopy and pathology databases were searched to identify all cases of CD and microscopic colitis diagnosed within the Calgary Health Region between 2004 and 2008. Incidence rates were age-standardised and gender-standardised to 2006 Canadian Census data. standardised incidence ratios (SIR) were used to assess disease concomitance. RESULTS Over 5 years, 763 patients were diagnosed with CD, and 1106 were diagnosed with microscopic colitis. The standardised incidence of CD ranged from 10.4 to 15.7 per 100,000 population. The standardised incidence of microscopic colitis ranged from 16.9 to 26.2 per 100,000 population. Forty patients were diagnosed with both CD and microscopic colitis, 21 of whom were middle aged (40-60 years) females. Within the CD cohort, microscopic colitis occurred at an annual rate of 11.4 per 1000 cases of CD with an overall SIR of 52.7. CONCLUSIONS There exists a strong association between microscopic colitis and CD with disease concomitance being approximately 50-times that expected in the general population. The concomitant diagnosis of CD and microscopic colitis largely occurs in middle-aged women. Therefore, middle-aged women with CD and diarrhoea as a presenting or persistent symptom should undergo lower endoscopy with biopsies to rule out microscopic colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stewart
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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12
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Scherneck S, Vogel H, Nestler M, Blüher M, Urbanski S, Schulz N, Kluge R, Schürmann A, Joost HG. Identifizierung des Transkriptionsfaktors Zfp69 als potentielles Kandidatengen für Typ-2-Diabetes. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1253729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Kovalev VA, Petkov A, Wold C, Urbanski S, Min Hao W. Determination of smoke plume and layer heights using scanning lidar data. Appl Opt 2009; 48:5287-5294. [PMID: 19798367 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.005287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The methodology of using mobile scanning lidar data for investigation of smoke plume rise and high-resolution smoke dispersion is considered. The methodology is based on the lidar-signal transformation proposed recently [Appl. Opt. 48, 2559 (2009)]. In this study, similar methodology is used to create the atmospheric heterogeneity height indicator (HHI), which shows all heights at which the smoke plume heterogeneity was detected by a scanning lidar. The methodology is simple and robust. Subtraction of the initial lidar signal offset from the measured lidar signal is not required. HHI examples derived from lidar scans obtained with the U.S. Forest Service, Fire Sciences Laboratory mobile lidar in areas polluted by wildfires are presented, and the basic details of the methodology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Kovalev
- United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 Highway 10 West, Missoula, Montana 59808, USA.
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Urbanski S, Barford C, Wofsy S, Kucharik C, Pyle E, Budney J, McKain K, Fitzjarrald D, Czikowsky M, Munger JW. Factors controlling CO2exchange on timescales from hourly to decadal at Harvard Forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Alain T, Kim M, Johnston RN, Urbanski S, Kossakowska AE, Forsyth PA, Lee PWK. The oncolytic effect in vivo of reovirus on tumour cells that have survived reovirus cell killing in vitro. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1020-7. [PMID: 17047650 PMCID: PMC2360720 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of oncolytic viruses has received considerable attention in recent years and many viruses have proved to be effective against a variety of cancer models and a few are currently being used in clinical trials. However, the possible emergence and outcome of virus-resistant tumour cells has not been addressed. We previously reported the effective use of reovirus against lymphoid malignancies, including the Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Raji. Here we isolated in vitro persistently infected (PI) Raji cells, and cells ‘cured’ of persistent reovirus infection (‘cured’ cells). Both PI and cured Raji cells resisted reovirus infection and cell killing in vitro. In vivo, the PI cells were non-tumorigenic in SCID mice, but cured cells regained the parental cells' ability to form tumours. Tumour xenografts from the cured cells, however, were highly susceptible to reovirus oncolysis in vivo. This susceptibility was due to the proteolytic environment within tumours that facilitates reovirus infection and cell killing. Our results show that persistent infection by reovirus impedes tumour development and that although PI cells cleared of reovirus are tumorigenic, they are killed upon rechallenge with reovirus. Both the PI and cured states are therefore not likely to be significant barriers to reovirus oncolytic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R N Johnston
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Urbanski
- Department of Pathology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A E Kossakowska
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - P A Forsyth
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - P W K Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 7/F Sir Charles Tupper Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
- E-mail:
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16
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Nelson DD, McManus B, Urbanski S, Herndon S, Zahniser MS. High precision measurements of atmospheric nitrous oxide and methane using thermoelectrically cooled mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers and detectors. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2004; 60:3325-3335. [PMID: 15561616 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A compact, fast response, mid-infrared absorption spectrometer using thermoelectrically (TE) cooled pulsed quantum cascade (QC) lasers and TE detectors has been developed to demonstrate the applicability of QC lasers for high precision measurements of nitrous oxide and methane in the earth's atmosphere. Reduced pressure extractive sampling with a 56 m path length, 0.5 l volume, multiple pass absorption cell allows a time response of <0.1s which is suitable for eddy correlation flux measurements for these gases. Precision of 0.3 ppb (rms, 1s averaging time) or 0.1% of the ambient concentration for N(2)O (4 ppb or 0.2% of ambient for CH(4)), has been demonstrated using QC lasers at 4.5 microm (7.9 microm for CH(4)), corresponding to an absorbance precision of 4 x 10(-5) Hz(-1/2) (8 x 10(-5) Hz(-1/2) for CH(4)). Stabilization of the temperature of the optical bench and the pulse electronics results in a minimum Allan variance corresponding to 0.06 ppb for N(2)O with an averaging time of 100 s (0.7 ppb with an averaging time of 200 s for CH(4)). The instrument is capable of long-term, unattended, continuous operation without cryogenic cooling of either laser or detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Nelson
- Aerodyne Research Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 10821, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Pearson
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Abbitt
- University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Department of Radiology, Charlottesville 22908
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Urbanski S, Jensen HM, Cooke G, McFarlane D, Shannon P, Kruikov V, Boyd NF. The association of histological and radiological indicators of breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 1988; 58:474-9. [PMID: 2849977 PMCID: PMC2246805 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that extensive mammographic dysplasia in women aged less than 50 was strongly associated with breast cancer but that the radiological appearance of ductal prominence was not associated with risk. In the present paper we examine the association between these mammographic signs in the breast and histological patterns in the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU), the region of the breast where breast cancer is believed to originate. Surgical biopsies from a consecutive series of women aged less than 50 were reviewed and classified according to the histopathology of the epithelium in the TDLU. Mammograms from the same subjects were independently classified according to the extent of the radiological signs of dysplasia and ductal prominence. Degree of histopathology and the extent of mammographic dysplasia were associated and atypia of the ductal type was found more frequently in patients with extensive dysplasia. However, the strength and statistical significance of the association varied according to the radiologist who classified the mammograms. No association was found between degree of histopathology and ductal prominence. These results add to the evidence that extensive mammographic dysplasia in women aged less than 50 is a risk factor for breast cancer. They do not indicate that the radiological signs of dysplasia are caused by histological changes in the TDLU.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Urbanski
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
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