Discovery of a Fungal P450 with an Unusual Two-Step Mechanism for Constructing a Bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane Skeleton

The successful biomimetic or chemoenzymatic synthesis of target natural products (NPs) and their derivatives relies on enzyme discovery. Herein, we discover a fungal P450 BTG5 that can catalyze the formation of a bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane structure through an unusual two-step mechanism of dimerization and cyclization in the biosynthesis of beticolin 1, whose bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane skeleton connects an anthraquinone moiety and a xanthone moiety. Further investigation reveals that BTG5-T318 not only determines the substrate selectivity but also alters the catalytic reactions, which allows the separation of the reaction to two individual steps, thereby understanding its catalytic mechanism. It reveals that the first heterodimerization undergoes the common oxidation process for P450s, while the second uncommon formal redox-neutral cyclization step is proved as a redox-mediated reaction, which has never been reported. Therefore, this work advances our understanding of P450-catalyzed reactions and paves the way for expansion of the diversity of this class of NPs through synthetic biology.

[Analysis of healthy life expectancy and related socioeconomic influencing factors among the middle-aged and elderly in China, the United States, and the European Union]

Objective: To calculate and compare the healthy life expectancy (HLE) of the middle-aged and elderly in China, the United States, and developing and developed countries in the European Union(EU) and analyze the impact of socioeconomic factors on HLE in different countries or regions. Methods: Four surveys from 2010 to 2019 were brought into the research. The data were collected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, Health and Retirement Study, and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Developed and developing countries in the EU were divided into two groups for calculation. Education level, total family wealth, and work retirement status were selected to measure socioeconomic status, and activities of daily living were used as health status indicators. We used the multi-state life cycle table method to calculate the transition probability between different health states and estimate life expectancy and HLE. Results: A total of 69 544 samples were included in the study. In terms of age, the middle-aged and elderly in the United States and developed countries of the EU have higher HLE in all age groups. In terms of gender, only Chinese women have lower HLE than men. Regarding socioeconomic factors, the middle-aged and elderly with higher education levels and total family wealth level have higher HLE. In China, working seniors have higher HLE, while for USA women and developed countries of the EU, retired or unemployed seniors have higher HLE. Conclusions: Demographic and socioeconomic factors impact HLE in different countries or regions. China should pay more attention to the health of women and the middle-aged and elderly retired with lower education and less total family wealth.

Different interventions for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in children: a protocol for a network meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases. Once the PDA is diagnosed, it needs to be dealt with in time. At present, main methods include pharmacological treatment, surgical closure, and interventional closure for treatment of PDA. However, the effect of different interventions in PDA management is still controversial. Thus, our study aims to assess the effectiveness of different interventions together and estimate the sequence of these therapies for PDA children. Meanwhile, it is necessary to conduct a Bayesian network meta-analysis to compare the safety of different interventions comprehensively.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Bayesian network meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of different interventions for the treatment of PDA. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, gray literature, and trial registry databases were searched from inception to December 2022. We will extract and report data according to methodological guidelines for Bayesian network meta-analysis by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P). Primary PDA closure, overall PDA closure, technical success, surgical success rate, mortality during hospital stay, operation time, intensive care unit stay, intraoperative radiation dose, radiation exposure time, total postoperative complication rate, and postoperative major complication rate will be defined as the outcomes. The quality of all random studies will be assessed using ROB, and quality of evidence for all outcomes will be judged by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication. Since no private and confidential patient data will be contained in the reporting, there are no ethical considerations associated with this protocol.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

INPLASY2020110067.

O-Arm-Navigated, Robot-Assisted Versus Conventional CT Guided Radiofrequency Ablation in Treatment of Osteoid Osteoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background

Osteoid osteoma is a common benign bone tumor, and clinically there is severe local pain that typically worsens at night. The conventional CT-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was widely used in the treatment of osteoid osteoma (OO), which could result in some radiation-related and imprecise complications due to the overdose of radiation exposure. This study aimed to compare the surgical effect of robot-assisted RFA with O-arm navigation and conventional CT-guided RFA in the treatment of OO.

Methods

Sixty-two patients who underwent robot-assisted RFA with O-arm navigation (Robot-RFA, n = 24) or CT-guided RFA (CT-RFA, n = 38) were included in this retrospective cohort study. The mean follow-up time was 23.3 months. The intra-operative data, primary technical success rate, visual analog scale (VAS), and post-operative complications were analyzed.

Results

Primary technical success was obtained in 23 patients who had robot-assisted RFA, and 35 patients who had conventional CT-guided RFA. One patient in Robot-RFA group and three patients in CT-RFA group with pain recurrence received repeat-RFA and had a secondary success. Mean operation time and dose of radiation exposure were lower in Robot-RFA group than that in CT-RFA group. The Robot-RFA group took fewer K-wire adjustment times for each patient than the CT-RFA group. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean operation time, dose of radiation exposure, and K-wire adjustment times between the groups (p < 0.05). No complications associated with the procedure were reported in the two groups during the follow-up period.

Conclusion

Robot-assisted RFA with O-arm navigation is a safer and more precise strategy in the treatment of osteoid osteoma with less operation time and radiation exposure compared with the conventional CT-guided radiofrequency ablation.

Structure-Guided Regulation in the Enantioselectivity of an Epoxide Hydrolase to Produce Enantiomeric Monosubstituted Epoxides and Vicinal Diols via Kinetic Resolution

Structure-guided microtuning of an Aspergillus usamii epoxide hydrolase was executed. One mutant, A214C/A250I, displayed a 12.6-fold enhanced enantiomeric ratio (E = 202) toward rac-styrene oxide, achieving its nearly perfect kinetic resolution at 0.8 M in pure water or 1.6 M in n-hexanol/water. Several other beneficial mutants also displayed significantly improved E values, offering promising biocatalysts to access 19 structurally diverse chiral monosubstituted epoxides (97.1 - ≥ 99% ee_s) and vicinal diols (56.2-98.0% ee_p) with high yields.

Transcatheter closure of multiple paravalvular leaks by a transapical approach under echocardiographic guidance: A case report

CASE SUMMARY

A patient who underwent mechanical aortic and mitral valve replacement developed three paravalvular leaks 10 months later. We located the tracks by puncturing the apex cordis under transoesophageal echocardiography guidance alone and puncturing the femoral artery guided by fluoroscopy. Three paravalvular leaks were occluded with a hybridization method simultaneously. The patient was followed up for 24 months and maintained a good condition.

CONCLUSION

Multiple paravalvular leaks after double valve replacement can be occluded in patients by the use of different approaches under echocardiographic guidance alone.

Donut-like MOFs of copper/nicotinic acid and composite hydrogels with superior bioactivity for rh-bFGF delivering and skin wound healing

Background

Skin injury and the resultant defects are common clinical problems, and usually lead to chronic skin ulcers and even life-threatening diseases. Copper, an essential trace element of human body, has been reported to promote the regeneration of skin by stimulating proliferation of endothelial cell and enhance angiogenesis.

Results

Herein, we have prepared a new donut-like metal–organic frameworks (MOF) of copper-nicotinic acid (CuNA) by a simple solvothermal reaction. The rough surface of CuNA is beneficial for loading/release basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The CuNAs with/without bFGF are easily processed into a light-responsive composite hydrogel with GelMA, which not only show excellent mechanical properties, but also display superior biocompatibility, antibacterial ability and bioactivity. Moreover, in the in vivo full-thickness defect model of skin wound, the resultant CuNA-bFGF@GelMA hydrogels significantly accelerate the wound healing, by simultaneously inhibiting the inflammatory response, promoting the new blood vessels formation and the deposition of collagen and elastic fibers.

Conclusions

Considering the superior biocompatibility, antibacterial ability and bioactivity, the CuNA and its composite light-responsive hydrogel system will be promising in the applications of skin and even other tissue regeneration.

Graphic abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01014-z.

Hybrid locked medial plating in dual plate fixation optimizes the healing of comminuted distal femur fractures: A retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

Dual plate fixation has been reported to be effective in the treatment of comminuted distal femur fractures (DFFs). However, optimized use of the medial plate and screws is less studied. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a hybrid configuration of the medial plate in dual plate fixation of comminuted DFFs in promoting fracture healing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 62 patients with comminuted DFFs (AO/OTA 33-A3/33-C2/33-C3) from January 2015 to March 2020, who were either fixed with lateral locked plating augmented with hybrid locked medial plating (LP-HLMP, n = 32) or lateral locked plating (LLP, n = 30) alone. Specifically, compression screws were applied in the middle of the medial plate and flanked by locking ones at both ends. Baseline characteristics, radiological and clinical outcomes were reviewed and analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictive factors for early fracture healing, and risk factors for delayed union/nonunion.

RESULTS

Demographics including age, gender, smoking, diabetes, and injury mechanism were comparable between the two groups. Reduction quality was better in the LP-HLMP group (p < 0.001). Although the LP-HLMP group experienced longer duration of surgery (125 min vs. 100 min, p < 0.001), sign of healing at 3 months was more obvious in this group (75%, 24/32 vs. 30%, 9/30; p < 0.001). The LP-HLMP group also presented with higher union rate (93.8%, 30/32 vs. 56.7%, 17/30; p = 0.001) and lower reoperation rate (0%, 0/32 vs. 13.3%, 4/30; p = 0.049). Kolment score showed no statistical significance between the two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that younger age (< 60 years) (OR 5.99, 95%CI 1.16 - 31.03; p = 0.001) and LP-HLMP fixation (OR 45.90, 95% CI 4.78 - 440.56; p = 0.001) predict early healing; while smoking (OR 17.80, 95% CI 2.41 - 131.49; p = 0.01) and fracture translation (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.46 - 8.32; p = 0.01) were identified as risk factors for delayed union/nonunion.

CONCLUSION

Hybrid locked medial plating in this study favors the healing of comminuted DFFs and reduces reoperation. Additionally, smoking and suboptimal reduction (translation) predict delayed union/nonunion.

[Effect of continuous blood purification for acute renal injury after acute Stanford type A aortic dissection]

Objective: To investigate the effect of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on acute kidney injury (AKI) after acute Stanford type A aortic dissection (ATTAD). Methods: In this study, 120 patients with AKI after ATTAD surgery treat in Gansu Provincial People's Hospital were selected as research objects. Among them, there were 86 males (71.7%) and 34 females (28.3%) with a mean age of (55±5) years. These patients were randomly divided into experimental group (n=60) and control group (n=60) with stratified random sampling. CRRT and intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) were performed in the experimental group and the control group respectively. The therapeutic effect of CRRT on ATTAD patients with AKI was evaluated by blood purification index, renal function index, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, inflammatory level, hemodynamic index and fluid infusion volume. Results: The two treatment schemes both had considerable therapeutic effects on the condition of patients, but the therapeutic effect of CRRT was more superior. In the patients treated with CRRT, the levels of serium creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood lactic acid (Lac) were all lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The time of staying in intensive care units (ICU), the period of oliguria, the times of renal replacement therapy, the time from the first dialysis to the last dialysis and the total hospital stay in the experimental group were all shorter than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The volume of fluid infusion was less and the hemodynamic index was better than that in the control group, but there was no significant difference in hospital mortality between the two groups (P>0.05). The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the experimental group were (21.9±1.8) ng/L, (18.6±1.4) ng/L and (22.7±2.2) mg/L, respectively, which were all significantly lower than those in control group ((27.9±3.2) ng/L, (28.3±1.4) ng/L, (60.1±2.5)mg/L, respectively; t=14.527, 13.255, 11.247, all P<0.05). The scores of SOFA at all time points in the experimental group were all lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with IHD, CRRT brings no significant reduction in hospital mortality in patients with AKI after ATTAD, but shows better prognosis.

Transcriptome Profiling and Cytological Assessments for Identifying Regulatory Pathways Associated With Diorcinol N-Induced Autophagy in A3 Cells

Fungal secondary metabolites serve as a rich resource for exploring lead compounds with medicinal importance. Diorcinol N (DN), a fungal secondary metabolite isolated from an endophytic fungus, Arthrinium arundinis, exhibits robust anticancer activity. However, the anticancer mechanism of DN remains unclear. In this study, we examined the growth-inhibitory effect of DN on different human cancer cell lines. We found that DN decreased the viability of A3 T-cell leukemia cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis indicated that DN modulated the transcriptome of A3 cells. In total, 9,340 differentially expressed genes were found, among which 4,378 downregulated genes and 4,962 upregulated genes were mainly involved in autophagy, cell cycle, and DNA replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that DN induced autophagy, cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase, and downregulated the expression of autophagy- and cell cycle-related genes in A3 cells. By labeling A3 cells with acridine orange/ethidium bromide, Hoechst 33,258, and monodansylcadaverine and via transmission electron microscopy, we found that DN increased plasma membrane permeability, structural disorganization, vacuolation, and autophagosome formation. Our study provides evidence for the mechanism of anticancer activity of DN in T-cell leukemia (A3) cells and demonstrates the promise of DN as a lead or even candidate molecule for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Consumption of Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia) Prevents Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease through the Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Mice Model

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) due to excess weight and obesity threatens public health worldwide. Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to obesity and related diseases. The cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of wild rice have been reported in several studies; however, whether it has beneficial effects on the gut microbiota is unknown. Here, we show that wild rice reduces body weight, liver steatosis, and low-grade inflammation, and improves insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. High-throughput 16S rRNA pyrosequencing demonstrated that wild rice treatment significantly changed the gut microbiota composition in mice fed an HFD. The richness and diversity of the gut microbiota were notably decreased upon wild rice consumption. Compared with a normal chow diet (NCD), HFD feeding altered 117 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and wild rice supplementation reversed 90 OTUs to the configuration in the NCD group. Overall, our results suggest that wild rice may be used as a probiotic agent to reverse HFD-induced MAFLD through the modulation of the gut microbiota.

Anti-Tumor Activity of Cembranoid-Type Diterpenes Isolated from Nicotiana tabacum L

Recently, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has increased worldwide. Cembranoid-type diterpenes (CBDs) from tobacco exhibit good antimicrobial, antitumor, and neuroprotective activities. Therefore, in this study, we isolated CBDs from Nicotiana tabacum L. and evaluated their antitumor activity against hepatoma cell lines. Particularly, the anti-tumor activity of α-2,7,11-cyprotermine-4,6-diol (α-CBD) was investigated against HepG2, SMMC-7721, and HL-7702 cells. The MTT assay revealed that α-CBD reduced the formation of cell clones and inhibited the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Morphological observations showed that α-CBD altered cell morphology and membrane permeability before inducing apoptosis. To further explore the antitumor mechanism of α-CBD, flow cytometry and transcriptome analysis were performed using HepG2 cells. The results showed that the number of HepG2 cells increased from 10.4% to 29.8%, indicating that α-CBD inhibits the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in the S phase. The gene expression analysis of HepG2 cells treated with α-CBD showed 3068 genes with altered expression, among which 1289 were upregulated and 1779 were downregulated. Apoptosis induced by these differentially expressed genes might be mediated by the p53-PUMA, PI3K-Akt, and IL-1-NF-κB-IAP pathways. Comprehensively, our study shows that α-CBD isolated from N. tabacum L. can be potentially used as a natural antitumor agent.

[Effect of Graphene Oxide on Algal Toxicity of Dibutyl Phthalate]

Marine microalgae, Platymonas helgolondica var. tsingtaoensis, were used as experimental subjects to study the acute toxic effects of graphene oxide (GO) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), both individually and together. The growth of algae cells, production of photosynthetic pigments, cell permeability, and oxidative stress were investigated. The effects of GO on the algal toxicity of DBP were evaluated. The results showed that low concentrations of GO (0.1-10 mg·L^-1) had no significant effect on algae density and chlorophyll production of Platymonas helgolondica var. tsingtaoensis (P<0.05). However, the algae cell permeability increased significantly with GO concentration (P<0.05) and reached 2.2 times that of the control group at 10 mg·L^-1. The EC_{50, 96 h} value of DBP for Platymonas helgolondica var. tsingtaoensis was (11.14±0. 80) mg·L^-1, which, in terms of toxicity, was much higher than that of GO (EC_{50, 96 h}>100 mg·L^-1). At a GO concentration of 1 mg·L^-1, the EC_{50, 96 h} value of DBP decreased to (4.93±2.14) mg·L^-1, showing that low concentrations of GO enhanced the algae toxicity of DBP. When 1 mg·L^-1 of GO was added, low concentrations of DBP (0.1-2 mg·L^-1) did not have any significant effect on algae density, chlorophyll production, cell permeability, ROS, and SOD. However, the inhibitory effects of high concentrations of DPB (4 mg·L^-1) on algae density and chlorophyll production were enhanced by GO, thereby increasing the average ROS and SOD in algae cells by 21% and 7%, respectively. SEM images showed that GO was the primary factor responsible for increasing the coverage and packing of, and the aggregation effect on, algae cells, which could be the reasons for the increased toxicity of DBP. The results of our study can provide data to reveal the risk of novel carbon nanomaterial pollutants to marine organisms.

[Revision of Schatzker type Ⅵ tibial plateau fracture failure focus on the recovery of lower limb alignment]

Objective: To explore the influence of the lower extremity abnormal alignment and the joint surface, and to explore the surgical skills. Methods: Twenty-two cases of tibial plateau Schatzker Ⅵ fracture internal fixation failure revision from January 2012 to January 2017 in Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai 10(th) Hospital.One year follow-up after initial surgery to make sure of failure.Three-dimensional CT scan, radiography, infection index, gait analysis, knee joint ROM, femur tibia angle, tibial plateau tibial shaft angle and posterior slope if tibial plateau were observed. The medial approach and bi-planer osteotoma were used.Autogenous iliac bone graft, postoperative fast recovery channel were used.Follow-up point included preoperative and postoperative 7 days, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months.Obvervational index included double lower limbs radiography, knee society score(KSS), complications such as infection, skin necrosis, joint main passive activity, double lower limbs alignment the last follow-up SF-36 scale.Rate was compared by χ(2) test, measurement data using paired sample t test.Correlation was analyzed by Pearson correlation regression testing. Results: Twenty-two patients received follow-up.KSS, more than 21 cases were benign, with good gait.One case was poor, with claudication gait.Not skin necrosis, no deep infection cases, 1 case get blisters 2 days postoperatively, and disappear after 5 days with detumescence and cold therapy.Whether restoring force line affect the KSS significantly(χ(2)=22.000, P=0.000). Knee joint ROM, SF-36 score, KSS and lower limb alignment were improved significantly. In different individual the articular surface and anatomical angle recovered greatly but the posterior slope angle was quite difference which has no correlation with KSS and SF-36 scale(P>0.01). Conclusions: Revision of Schatzker type Ⅵ tibial plateau fracture failure should focus on the recovery of lower limb alignment.moderate overcorrect bone cutting and joint surface height can bring benefits to the postoperative knee function.Revision surgery patients have greater psychological pressure, more early psychological intervention is necessary.

Preparation of porous calcium phosphate microspheres with phosphate-containing molecules at room temperature for drug delivery and osteogenic differentiation

Calcium phosphate (CaP) has similar chemical properties to those of the inorganic component of human bone tissue, for potential application in drug delivery for the chemotherapy of osteosarcoma. In this work, CaP with a porous microsphere structure has been synthesized using fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) as the phosphorus source by a simple wet-chemical strategy at room temperature. The CaP porous microspheres, as an organic–inorganic hybrid nano-platform, exhibit good doxorubicin (Dox) loading capacity, and Dox-loading CaP, enhancing the in vitro chemotherapy of osteosarcoma cells. The CaP porous microspheres show high biocompatibility, and induce the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1. These results indicate that the CaP porous microspheres reported in this study are promising for application as an anti-osteosarcoma drug carrier and osteoinductive material for bone regeneration in the treatment of osteosarcoma.

Porous calcium phosphate microspheres were prepared at room temperature, and displayed potential for application in the chemotherapy of osteosarcoma and osteogenic differentiation.

Cytological Assessments and Transcriptome Profiling Demonstrate that Evodiamine Inhibits Growth and Induces Apoptosis in a Renal Carcinoma Cell Line

Chinese medicines are an important source of secondary metabolites with excellent antitumour activity. Evodia rutaecarpa, from the family Rutaceae, exhibits antitumour activity. Evodiamine (EVO), which was isolated from the fruit of E. rutaecarpa, exhibits robust antitumour activity. However, the antitumour mechanism of EVO remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the growth-inhibiting effect of EVO on two renal carcinoma cell lines. We found that EVO could change the morphology and decrease the viability and proliferation of cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in vitro. In addition, transcriptome analysis indicated that EVO can modulate the transcriptome of Caki-1 cells. In total, 7,243 differentially expressed genes were found, among which 3,347 downregulated genes and 3,896 upregulated genes were mainly involved in cell migration, apoptosis, cell cycle, and DNA replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that EVO can cause apoptosis, arrest cells in the G2/M phase, and regulate the expression of apoptosis- and cell cycle-related genes in Caki-1 cells. Our study reveals the anticancer effects of EVO using cellular and molecular data, and indicates the potential uses of this compound as a resource to characterize the antitumour mechanisms of E. rutaecarpa.

Effect of statins on blood pressure: Analysis on adverse events released by FDA

OBJECTIVE

As a class of cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins have been reported to cause unexpected decrease in blood pressure (BP). However, most studies in this issue were subject to inadequate study design or very small sample size. The present study was designed to examine the BP-lowering effect of various statins.

METHODS

Here we retrieved 5.9 million clinical reports submitted to FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 2004 to 2015. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the overall reporting odds ratio (ROR) of hypotension adverse events concurrent with various statins (i.e., atorvastatin, simvastatin, and rosuvastatin).

RESULTS

Comparing the reporting rate of hypotension event between statins and other drugs found that atorvastatin (pooled ROR = 1.26, adjusted p-value = 8.60 × 10^-4) and simvastatin (pooled ROR = 1.94, adjusted p-value = 4.16 × 10^-45) were significantly associated with reduction in BP. On the other hand, the association between rosuvastatin and hypotension was observed to be nonsignificant (adjusted p-value = 0.65).

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge, this is the first pooled analysis on large-scale data of adverse events to identify the BP-lowering effect of statins. The results will contribute to the development of novel statin-based antihypertensive therapies. In addition, the differential effects of individual statins can warrant subsequent research on the underlying mechanisms of BP control.

[The association between the prognosis and the localization and expressionof heparanase in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma]

Objective:The aim of this study is to explore the expression of heparanase(HPA) in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with the clinical pathologic features, such as clinical stage, T grade, lymph node metastasis and cellular differentiation. At the same time, to evaluate the relationship between heparanse localization and expression in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HLSCC) and tumor prognosis and patients survival. Method: The expression levels of HPA in HLSCC tissues of 73 cases and benign lesions of 38 cases(control) were detected via immunohistochemistry. The correlation of HPA expression with various clinical pathologic features was evaluated with single factor analysis.The Fisher exact test and chisquare tests were used to compare categorical data. Univariate survival was evaluated by KaplanMeier curves and tested using logrank test. Multivariate Cox proportionalhazards regression was used to evaluate independent prognostic factors associated with survival. Result: The positive expression rate of HPA in 73 HLSCC patients and benign lesions of 38 cases were 76.71%（56/73）and 21.05%（8/38）respectively（P<0.05）. The clinical pathologic analysis showed that HPA level had a relationship with the clinical stage, T grade, cellular differentiation and lymph node metastasis(P<0.05), while not with gender, age and clinical types(P>0.05). Survival analysis showed that the patients with high HPA expression had significantly poorer outcome as compared with the patients with low HPA expression. The medium survival time and the 5year survival rate were 24 months and 43.33% in highheparanase group, 56 months and 61.54% in the lowheparanase group and 65 months and 70.59% in the noneheparanse group(P=0.010). The survival was related to clinical stage, T grade, lymph node metastasis, and cellular differentiation(P<0.05), but not with age, sex and clinical types(P>0.05).In multivariate Cox proportionalhazards regression analysis, the results suggested that lymph node metastasis, hepanranase expression level and heparanase localization were independent prognosis factor for HLSCC. Moreover, hepanranase localization correlated with patient outcome. Kaplan Meier analysis demonstrated statistically significantly difference for 5-years overall survival rate between the patients with HPA nuclear staining and the patients with HPA cytoplasmic staining(P<0.05).Conclusion:HPA was related with worse overall survival and could be considered as a potential marker of poor prognosis. Cytoplasmic staining of heparanase inversely correlated with patients survival and predicts poor prognosis, whereas nuclear heparanase predicts a favourable outcome.

Mitochondrial genome analysis of Mylochromis lateristriga

Mylochromis lateristriga is a species of cichlid endemic and prefers sheltered bays or vegetated substrates. In this study, the mitochondrial genome of M. lateristriga was completed using PCR and Sanger sequencing method. The genome is a circular molecule with the length of 16 576 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer tRNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes. Except COX1 gene, the other protein-coding genes are started with ATG. The average A + T content is 54.1%. Gene overlaps have been found at four junctions and have involved a total of 26 bp. Compared with other cichlid species, the genome exhibits high similarity in both the genome size and the genome structure. ML phylogenetic analysis was implemented with other 20 related species to verity the genetic relationship of M. lateristriga.

Micromechanical testing with microstrain resolution

Simple test equipment has been developed for studying the elastic limit and plastic deformation of thin metal wires and thin foils (down to 10 μm) under torsion, tension, and bending. Using load-unload methods and gauge lengths up to 1 m, plastic strain as low as 10(-6) can be measured accurately.