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Teixeira NB, Sant'Anna MB, Giardini AC, Araujo LP, Fonseca LA, Basso AS, Cury Y, Picolo G. Crotoxin down-modulates pro-inflammatory cells and alleviates pain on the MOG 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 84:253-268. [PMID: 31843645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a Central Nervous System inflammatory demyelinating disease that has as primary symptoms losses of sensory and motor functions, including chronic pain. To date, however, few studies have investigated the mechanisms of chronic pain in animal models of MS since locomotor impairments render difficult its evaluation. It was previously demonstrated that in the MOG35-55-induced EAE, an animal model of MS, the hypernociception appears before the onset of motor disability, allowing for the study of these two phenomena separately. Here, we evaluated the effect of crotoxin (CTX), a neurotoxin isolated from the Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom that displays, at non-toxic dose, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, in the pain and in symptoms progression of EAE. The pain threshold of female C57BL/6 mice decreased at the 4th day after immunization, while the first sign of disease appeared around the 11st-12nd days, coinciding with the onset of motor abnormalities. CTX (40 µg/kg, s.c.) administered in a single dose on the 5th day after immunization, induced a long-lasting analgesic effect (5 days), without interfering with the clinical signs of the disease. On the other hand, when crotoxin was administered for 5 consecutive days, from 5th-9th day after immunization, it induced analgesia and also reduced EAE progression. The antinociceptive effect of crotoxin was blocked by Boc-2 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective antagonist of formyl peptide receptors, by NDGA (30 μg/kg, i.p.), a lipoxygenase inhibitor and by atropine sulfate (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an antagonist of muscarinic receptors, administered 30 min before CTX. CTX was also effective in decreasing EAE clinical signs even when administered after its onset. Regarding the interactions between neurons and immunocompetent cells, CTX, in vitro, was able to reduce T cell proliferation, decreasing Th1 and Th17 and increasing Treg cell differentiation. Furthermore, in EAE model, the treatment with 5 consecutive doses of CTX inhibited IFN-γ-producing T cells, GM-CSF-producing T cells, reduced the frequency of activated microglia/macrophages within the CNS and decreased the number of migrating cell to spinal cord and cerebellum at the peak of the disease. These results suggest that CTX is a potential treatment not only for pain alteration but also for clinical progression induced by the disease as well as an useful tool for the development of new therapeutic approaches for the multiple sclerosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M B Sant'Anna
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C Giardini
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - L P Araujo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - L A Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A S Basso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Y Cury
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Souza F, Roque F, Oliveira E, Picollo G, Cury Y, Tanaka C, Mello S. AB0057 Swimming Exercise Can Alter The Pattern of Plasma Cytokines in Hemarthrosis: An Experimental Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cury Y, Picolo G, Machado F, Heimann A, Remuzgo C, Sampaio S. Peripheral interactions between cannabinoid and opioid systems contribute to the antinociceptive effect of crotalphine. Toxicon 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Machado FC, Zambelli VO, Fernandes ACO, Heimann AS, Cury Y, Picolo G. Peripheral interactions between cannabinoid and opioid systems contribute to the antinociceptive effect of crotalphine. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:961-72. [PMID: 24460677 PMCID: PMC3925035 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Crotalphine is an antinociceptive peptide that, despite its opioid-like activity, does not induce some of the characteristic side effects of opioids, and its amino acid sequence has no homology to any known opioid peptide. Here, we evaluated the involvement of the peripheral cannabinoid system in the crotalphine effect and its interaction with the opioid system. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Hyperalgesia was evaluated using the rat paw pressure test. Involvement of the cannabinoid system was determined using a selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist. Cannabinoid and opioid receptor activation were evaluated in paw slices by immunofluorescence assays using conformation state-sensitive antibodies. The release of endogenous opioid peptides from skin tissue was measured using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA). KEY RESULTS Both p.o. (0.008-1.0 μg·kg(-1) ) and intraplantar (0.0006 μg per paw) administration of crotalphine induced antinociception in PGE2 -induced hyperalgesia. Antinociception by p.o. crotalphine (1 μg·kg(-1) ) was blocked by AM630 (50 μg per paw), a CB2 receptor antagonist, and by antiserum anti-dynorphin A (1 μg per paw). Immunoassay studies confirmed that crotalphine increased the activation of both κ-opioid (51.7%) and CB2 (28.5%) receptors in paw tissue. The local release of dynorphin A from paw skin was confirmed by in vitro EIA and blocked by AM630. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Crotalphine-induced antinociception involves peripheral CB2 cannabinoid receptors and local release of dynorphin A, which is dependent on CB2 receptor activation. These results enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the peripheral effect of crotalphine, as well as the interaction between the opioid and cannabinoid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Machado
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - V O Zambelli
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C O Fernandes
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Y Cury
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Picolo
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
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Costa E, Faiad O, Landgraf R, Ferreira A, Brigatte P, Curi R, Cury Y, Sampaio S. Involvement of formyl peptide receptors in the stimulatory effect of crotoxin on macrophages co-cultivated with tumour cells. Toxicon 2013; 74:167-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chacur M, Matos R, Alves A, Rodrigues A, Gutierrez V, Cury Y, Britto L. Participation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in experimental neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve transection. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:367-76. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Chacur
- Universidade de São Paulo; Universidade de São Paulo
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Brigatte P, Cury Y, de Souza BM, Baptista-Saidemberg NB, Saidemberg DM, Gutierrez VP, Palma MS. Hyperalgesic and edematogenic effects of peptides isolated from the venoms of honeybee (Apis mellifera) and neotropical social wasps (Polybia paulista and Protonectarina sylveirae). Amino Acids 2010; 40:101-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gutierrez V, Brigatte P, Picolo G, Radin A, Marques F, Okamoto M, Cury Y. 372 A RAT MODEL OF BONE CANCER PAIN INDUCED BY INTRAFEMORAL INOCULATION OF WALKER 256 CARCINOMA CELLS — ANALGESIC EFFECT OF CROTALPHINE. Eur J Pain 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1090-3801(09)60375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. Picolo
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. Radin
- Radiology Institute/HC‐FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F. Marques
- Radiology Institute/HC‐FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Okamoto
- Radiology Institute/HC‐FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Y. Cury
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sampaio SC, Santos MF, Costa EP, Rangel-Santos AC, Carneiro SM, Curi R, Cury Y. Crotoxin induces actin reorganization and inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of small GTPases in rat macrophages. Toxicon 2006; 47:909-19. [PMID: 16737726 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Crotoxin is the main neurotoxic component of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. Previous work of our group demonstrated that this toxin or its phospholipase A(2) subunit inhibits macrophage spreading and phagocytosis. The phagocytic activity of macrophages is controlled by the rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton and activity of the small Rho GTPases. The effect of crotoxin and its subunit on actin reorganization and tyrosine phosphorylation in rat peritoneal macrophages, during phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan, was presently investigated. The crude venom was used as positive control. In addition, the effect of crotoxin on the activity of Rho and Rac1 small GTPases was examined. Transmission electron studies showed that the venom or crotoxin decreased the extent of spread cells and increased microprojections often extended from macrophage surface. Immunocytochemical assays demosntrated that the venom or toxins increased F-actin content in the cytoplasm of these cells, but induced a marked decrease of phosphotyrosine. These effects were abolished by treatment with zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Furthermore, crotoxin decreased membrane-associated RhoA and Rac1 in translocation assays. The present results indicate that the crotalid venom and crotoxin are able to induce cytoskeleton rearrangement in macrophages. This effect is associated with inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation and of the activity of proteins involved in intracellular signalling pathways important for the complete phagocytic activity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Sampaio SC, Alba-Loureiro TC, Brigatte P, Landgraf RG, Dos Santos EC, Curi R, Cury Y. Lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids are involved in the inhibitory effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom or crotoxin on rat macrophage phagocytosis. Toxicon 2006; 47:313-21. [PMID: 16373074 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom and its major toxin, crotoxin or type II PLA2 subunit of this toxin, induce an inhibitory effect on spreading and phagocytosis in 2h incubated macrophages. The involvement of arachidonate-derived mediators on the inhibitory action of the venom or toxins on rat peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis was presently investigated. Peritoneal cells harvested from naive rats and incubated with the venom or toxins or harvested from the peritoneal cavity of rats pre-treated with the toxins were used. Zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor but not indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, given in vivo and in vitro abolished the inhibitory effect of venom or toxins on phagocytosis. Resident peritoneal macrophages incubated with the venom or toxins showed increased levels of prostaglandin E2 and lipoxin A4, with no change in leukotriene B4. These results suggest that lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids are involved in the inhibitory effect of C.d. terrificus venom, crotoxin or PLA2 on macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Avenue Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Ferreira DM, Zângaro RA, Villaverde AB, Cury Y, Frigo L, Picolo G, Piccolo G, Longo I, Barbosa DG. Analgesic Effect of He-Ne (632.8 nm) Low-Level Laser Therapy on Acute Inflammatory Pain. Photomed Laser Surg 2005; 23:177-81. [PMID: 15910182 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2005.23.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of the low level laser therapy (LLLT) with a He-Ne laser on acute inflammatory pain, verifying the contribution of the peripheral opioid receptors and the action of LLLT on the hyperalgesia produced by the release of hyperalgesic mediators of inflammation. BACKGROUND DATA All analgesic drugs have undesired effects. Because of that, other therapies are being investigated for treatment of the inflammatory pain. Among those, LLLT seems to be very promising. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were used. Three complementary experiments were done. (1) The inflammatory reaction was induced by the injection of carrageenin into one of the hind paws. Pain threshold and volume increase of the edema were measured by a pressure gauge and plethysmography, respectively. (2) The involvement of peripheral opioid receptors on the analgesic effect of the laser was evaluated by simultaneous injection of carrageenin and naloxone into one hind paw. (3) Hyperalgesia was induced by injecting PGE2 for the study of the effect of the laser on the sensitization increase of nociceptors. A He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) of 2.5 J/cm2 was used for irradiation. RESULTS We found that He-Ne stimulation increased the pain threshold by a factor between 68% and 95% depending on the injected drug. We also observed a 54% reduction on the volume increase of the edema when it was irradiated. CONCLUSION He-Ne LLLT inhibits the sensitization increase of nociceptors on the inflammatory process. The analgesic effect seems to involve hyperalgesic mediators instead of peripheral opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ferreira
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sampaio SC, Rangel-Santos AC, Peres CM, Curi R, Cury Y. Inhibitory effect of phospholipase A2 isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom on macrophage function. Toxicon 2005; 45:671-6. [PMID: 15777963 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent work demonstrated that crotoxin, the main toxin of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, inhibits macrophage spreading and phagocytic activities. The crotoxin molecule is composed of two subunits, an acidic non-toxic and non-enzymatic polypeptide named crotapotin and a weakly toxic basic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). In the present work, the active subunit responsible for the inhibitory effect of crotoxin on macrophage function was investigated. Peritoneal macrophages harvested from naive rats were used. Crotapotin (2.12, 3.75, or 8.37nM/ml), added for 2h to the medium of peritoneal cell incubation, did not modify the spreading and phagocytic activities of these cells. On the other hand, the PLA(2) (1.43, 2.86, or 6.43nM/ml) subunit caused a significant reduction (30, 33, and 35%, respectively) of the spreading activity. The PLA(2) also inhibited the phagocytosis of opsonised zymosan, opsonised sheep erythrocytes, and Candida albicans, indicating that this inhibitory effect is not dependent on the type of receptor involved in the phagocytosis process. The inhibitory effect of PLA(2) was not due to loss of cell membrane integrity, since macrophage viability was higher than 95%. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of crotoxin on macrophage spreading and phagocytic activities is caused by the phospholipase A(2) subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Snake venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2) show a remarkable functional diversity. Among their toxic activities, some display the ability to cause rapid necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers, thus being myotoxic PLA2s. Besides myotoxicity, these enzymes evoke conspicuous inflammatory and nociceptive events in experimental models. Local inflammation and pain are important characteristics of snakebite envenomations inflicted by viperid and crotalid species, whose venoms are rich sources of myotoxic PLA2s. Since the discovery that mammalian PLA2 is a key enzyme in the release of arachidonic acid, the substrate for the synthesis of several lipid inflammatory mediators, much interest has been focused on this enzyme in the context of inflammation. The mechanisms involved in the proinflammatory action of secretory PLA2s are being actively investigated, and part of the knowledge on secretory PLA2 effects has been gained by using snake venom PLA2s as tools, due to their high structural homology with human secretory PLA2s. The inflammatory events evoked by PLA2s are primarily associated with enzymatic activity and to the release of arachidonic acid metabolites. However, catalytically inactive Lys49 PLA2s trigger inflammatory and nociceptive responses comparable to those of their catalytically active counterparts, thereby evidencing that these proteins promote inflammation and pain by mechanisms not related to phospholipid hydrolysis nor to mobilization of arachidonic acid. These studies have provided a boost to the research in this field and various approaches have been used to identify the amino acid residues and the specific sites of interaction of myotoxic PLA2s with cell membranes potentially involved in the PLA2-induced inflammatory and nociceptive effects. This work reviews the proinflammatory and nociceptive effects evoked by myotoxic PLA2s and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F P Teixeira
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Sampaio SC, Brigatte P, Sousa-e-Silva MCC, dos-Santos EC, Rangel-Santos AC, Curi R, Cury Y. Contribution of crotoxin for the inhibitory effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom on macrophage function. Toxicon 2003; 41:899-907. [PMID: 12782091 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous work of our group demonstrated that Crotalus durissus terrificus venom has a dual effect on macrophage function: it inhibits spreading and phagocytosis and stimulates hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide production, antimicrobial activity and glucose and glutamine metabolism of these cells. Crotalid venom also induces analgesia and this effect is mediated by opioid receptors. The involvement of opioidergic mechanism and the determination of the active component responsible for the inhibitory effect of crotalid venom on macrophage function were investigated. The venom reduced the spreading and phagocytic activities of peritoneal macrophages. This effect was observed in vitro, 2 h after incubation of resident peritoneal macrophages with the venom, and in vivo, 2 h after subcutaneous injection of the venom. The inhibition of phagocytosis was not modified by naloxone, an antagonist of opioid receptors. Venom neutralization with crotalid antivenom abolished the inhibitory effect of the venom, indicating that venom toxins are involved in this effect. Crotoxin, the main toxin of crotalid venom, s.c. injected to rats or added to the medium of peritoneal cell incubation, inhibited macrophage function in a similar manner to that observed for crude venom. The present results suggest that crotoxin causes a direct inhibition of macrophage spreading and phagocytic activities and may contribute to the inhibitory effect of crotalid venom on macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The incorporation and oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) by rat lymphocytes (LY), the transfer of AA from LY to rat macrophages (Mphi) in co-culture, and the subsequent functional impact on Mphi phagocytosis were investigated. The rate of incorporation of [1-14C]AA by untreated-LY and TG (thioglycolate treated)-LY (TG-LY) was 158 +/- 8 nmol/10(10) LY per h for both untreated-LY and TG-LY. The oxidation of AA was 3.4-fold higher in TG-LY as compared with untreated cells. LY from TG-injected rats had a 2.5-fold increase in the oxidation of palmitic (PA), oleic (OA), and linoleic (LA) acids. After 6 h of incubation, [14C] from AA was distributed mainly into phospholipids. The rate of incorporation into total lipids was 1071 nmol/10(10) cells in untreated-LY and 636 nmol/10(10) cells in TG-LY. [14C]AA was transferred from LY to co-cultured Mphi in substantial amounts (8.7 nmol for untreated and 15 nmol per 10(10) for TG cells). Exogenously added AA, PA, OA, and LA caused a significant reduction of phagocytosis by resident cells. Mphi co-cultured with AA-preloaded LY showed a significant reduction of the phagocytic capacity (about 40% at 35 microM). LY preloaded with PA, LA, and OA also induced a reduction in phagocytic capacity of co-cultured Mphi. TG treatment abolished the AA-induced inhibition of phagocytosis in Mphi co-cultured with TG-LY. Therefore, the transfer of AA between leukocytes is a modulated process and may play an important role in controlling inflammatory and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Peres
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Chacur M, Longo I, Picolo G, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B, Guerra JL, Teixeira CFP, Cury Y. Hyperalgesia induced by Asp49 and Lys49 phospholipases A2 from Bothrops asper snake venom: pharmacological mediation and molecular determinants. Toxicon 2003; 41:667-78. [PMID: 12727271 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Lys49 and Asp49 phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)), from Bothrops asper snake venom, to cause hyperalgesia was investigated in rats, using the paw pressure test. Intraplantar injection of both toxins (5-20 micro g/paw) caused hyperalgesia, which peaked 1h after injections. Incubation of both proteins with heparin, prior to their injection, partially reduced this response. Chemical modification of Asp49 PLA(2) with p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), which abrogates its PLA(2) activity, also abolished hyperalgesia. Intraplantar injection of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence 115-129 of Lys49 PLA(2), caused hyperalgesia of similar time course, but varying magnitude, than that induced by the native protein. In contrast, a homologous peptide derived from the Asp49 PLA(2) did not show any nociceptive effect. Hyperalgesia induced by both PLA(2)s was blocked by the histamine and serotonin receptor antagonists promethazine and methysergide, respectively, by the bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist HOE 140 and by antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNFalpha) and interleukin 1 (IL-1). Pretreatment with guanethidine, atenolol, prazosin and yohimbine, inhibitors of sympathomimetic amines, or with indomethacin, inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, reduced Lys49 PLA(2)-induced hyperalgesia without interfering with the nociceptive activity of Asp49 PLA(2). The hyperalgesic response to both myotoxins was not modified by pretreatment with celecoxib, an inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase type II, by zileuton, an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway or by N(g)-methyl-L-arginine (LNMMA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. These results suggest that Asp49 and Lys49 PLA(2)s are important hyperalgesic components of B. asper venom, and that Lys49 and Asp49 PLA(2)s exert their algogenic actions through different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chacur
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Picolo G, Chacur M, Gutiérrez JM, Teixeira CFP, Cury Y. Evaluation of antivenoms in the neutralization of hyperalgesia and edema induced by Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops asper snake venoms. Braz J Med Biol Res 2002; 35:1221-8. [PMID: 12424496 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2002001000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralization of hyperalgesia induced by Bothrops jararaca and B. asper venoms was studied in rats using bothropic antivenom produced at Instituto Butantan (AVIB, 1 ml neutralizes 5 mg B. jararaca venom) and polyvalent antivenom produced at Instituto Clodomiro Picado (AVCP, 1 ml neutralizes 2.5 mg B. aspar venom). The intraplantar injection of B. jararaca and B. asper venoms caused hyperalgesia, which peaked 1 and 2 h after injection, respectively. Both venoms also induced edema with a similar time course. When neutralization assays involving the independent injection of venom and antivenom were performed, the hyperalgesia induced by B. jararaca venom was neutralized only when bothropic antivenom was administered iv 15 min before venom injection, whereas edema was neutralized when antivenom was injected 15 min or immediately before venom injection. On the other hand, polyvalent antivenom did not interfere with hyperalgesia or edema induced by B. asper venom, even when administered prior to envenomation. The lack of neutralization of hyperalgesia and edema induced by B. asper venom is not attributable to the absence of neutralizing antibodies in the antivenom, since neutralization was achieved in assays involving preincubation of venom and antivenom. Cross-neutralization of AVCP or AVIB against B. jararaca and B. asper venoms, respectively, was also evaluated. Only bothropic antivenom partially neutralized hyperalgesia induced by B. asper venom in preincubation experiments. The present data suggest that hyperalgesia and edema induced by Bothrops venoms are poorly neutralized by commercial antivenoms even when antibodies are administered immediately after envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Picolo
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
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18
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Abstract
Bradykinin is involved in hyperalgesia (pain hypersensitivity) induced by Bothrops jararaca venom-intraplantar injection of B. jararaca venom (5microg/paw) in rats caused hyperalgesia, which peaked 1h after venom injection. This phenomenon was not modified by promethazine (H(1) receptor antagonist), methysergide (5-HT receptor antagonist), guanethidine (sympathetic function inhibitor), anti-TNF-alpha or anti-interleukin-1 antibodies or by the chelating agent CaNa(2)EDTA. Venom-induced hyperalgesia was blocked by the bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist HOE 140. On the other hand, des-Arg(9), [Leu(8)]-bradykinin, a bradykinin B(1) receptor antagonist, did not modify the hyperalgesic response. These results suggest that bradykinin, acting on B(2) receptor, is a mediator of hyperalgesia induced by B. jararaca venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chacur
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Brigatte P, Hoffmann F, Bernardi M, Giorgi R, Fernandes I, Takehara H, Barros S, Almeida M, Cury Y. Erratum to “Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom in mice is mediated by pharmacodynamic mechanisms”. Toxicon 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Sampaio SC, Sousa-e-Silva MC, Borelli P, Curi R, Cury Y. Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom regulates macrophage metabolism and function. J Leukoc Biol 2001; 70:551-8. [PMID: 11590191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom on rat macrophage metabolism and function. Two hours after subcutaneous injection of the venom, peritoneal resident (unstimulated), elicited (thioglycollate-stimulated), and activated Mycobacterium bovis strain bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) macrophages were collected, and their functional and metabolic parameters were analyzed. The venom inhibited spreading and phagocytosis of macrophages. On the other hand, this treatment increased H(2)O(2) and NO production, candidacidal activity, and the activities of key enzymes of glycolysis and glutaminolysis. We also investigated whether the venom could affect macrophage activation by thioglycollate or BCG. The administration of venom 2 h before injection of thioglycollate and BCG or 2 or 3 days after injection of the thioglycollate or BCG, respectively, did not modify the previous observations. These findings suggest that crotalic venom leads the macrophage to an activated state, with high production of oxygen- and nitrogen-reactive species. This cell activation state does not include inflammatory properties of spreading and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Sampaio SC, Sousa‐e‐Silva MCC, Borelli P, Curi R, Cury Y. Crotalus durissus terrificus
snake venom regulates macrophage metabolism and function. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.4.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute; University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - P. Borelli
- Laboratory of Haematology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutics Science; and University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Y. Cury
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute; University of São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Brigatte P, Hoffmann FA, Bernardi MM, Giorgi R, Fernandes I, Takehara HA, Barros SB, Almeida MG, Cury Y. Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom in mice is mediated by pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Toxicon 2001; 39:1399-410. [PMID: 11384730 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Crotalus durissus terrificus venom exerts central and peripheral antinociceptive effect mediated by opioid receptors. The present work investigated the tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of the venom and characterised the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. The hot plate test, applied in mice, was used for pain threshold determination. The venom (200 microg/kg) was administered by oral route, daily, for 14 days, and the nociceptive test was applied before and on days 1, 7 and 14 of the treatment. Prolonged treatment with venom lead to the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect. Tolerant animals exhibited increased sodium pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, although total hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 was not altered. The antinociceptive effect of a single dose of venom (200 microg/kg) is mediated by kappa opioid receptors. Mice long-term-treated with venom showed cross-tolerance to U-TRANS, an agonist of kappa-opioid receptor, but not to morphine or DAMGO, two mu-opioid receptor agonists. Prolonged administration of venom did not cause symptoms of abstinence syndrome. These data indicate that prolonged treatment with C. durissus terrificus venom induces tolerance to the antinociceptive effect and that pharmacodynamic mechanisms are involved in the genesis of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brigatte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Abstract
The ability of Bothrops asper snake venom to cause hyperalgesia was investigated in rats, using the paw pressure test. Intraplantar injection of the venom (5-15 microg/paw) caused a dose and time-related hyperalgesia, which peaked 2h after venom injection. Bothrops asper venom-induced hyperalgesia was blocked by the bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist HOE 140 and attenuated by dexamethasone, an inhibitor of phospholipase A(2). Inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway by NDGA abrogated the algogenic phenomenon. The hyperalgesic response was not modified by pretreatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, by meloxicam, an inhibitor of the type 2 cyclo-oxygenase pathway, by the PAF receptor antagonist BN52021 or by anti-TNF-alpha or anti-interleukin 1 antibodies. Intraplantar injection of the venom also caused an oedematogenic response which was not modified by any of these pharmacological treatments. These results suggest that hyperalgesia induced by Bothrops asper venom is, at least partially, mediated by bradykinin, phospholipase A(2) activity and leukotrienes. Distinct mechanisms are involved in the development of hyperalgesia and oedema induced by the venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chacur
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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24
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Rucavado A, Gutiérrez JM, Chaves F, León G, Franceschi A, Ovadia M, Escalante T, Cury Y. Inhibition of local hemorrhage and dermonecrosis induced by Bothrops asper snake venom: effectiveness of early in situ administration of the peptidomimetic metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat and the chelating agent CaNa2EDTA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2000.63.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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25
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Rucavado A, Escalante T, Franceschi A, Chaves F, León G, Cury Y, Ovadia M, Gutiérrez JM. Inhibition of local hemorrhage and dermonecrosis induced by Bothrops asper snake venom: effectiveness of early in situ administration of the peptidomimetic metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat and the chelating agent CaNa2EDTA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 63:313-9. [PMID: 11421384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of the chelating agent CaNa2EDTA and the peptidomimetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat (BB-94) to inhibit local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom was studied in mice. Both compounds totally inhibited proteolytic, hemorrhagic, and dermonecrotic effects, and partially reduced edema-forming activity, when incubated with venom prior to injection. Much lower concentrations of batimastat than of CaNa2EDTA were required to inhibit these effects. In addition, batimastat, but not CaNa2EDTA, partially reduced myotoxic activity of the venom. When the inhibitors were administered at various time intervals after envenomation at the same site of venom injection, both compounds were effective in neutralizing local hemorrhage and dermonecrosis if administered rapidly after venom. Inhibition was not as effective as the time lapse between venom and inhibitor injections increased. Owing to the relevance of metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of local tissue damage induced by B. asper and other pit viper venoms, it is suggested that administration of peptidomimetic metalloproteinase inhibitors or CaNa2EDTA at the site of venom injection may represent a useful alternative to complement antivenoms in the neutralization of venom-induced local tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José
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26
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Abstract
The antinociceptive effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom was investigated in a model of inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by carrageenin. The rat paw pressure test was applied before and 3 h after the intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of carrageenin. The venom administered per os before and 1 or 2 h after carrageenin blocked hyperalgesia. When carrageenin was injected in both hind paws and naloxone into one hind paw, antinociception was abolished only in the paw injected with naloxone. D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr amide (CTOP) and nor-binaltorphimine, antagonists of micro- and kappa-opioid receptors, respectively, did not alter the effect of the venom. N,N-diallyl-Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-Leu (ICI 174,864), an antagonist of delta-opioid receptors, antagonised this effect. Prolonged administration of the venom did not induce tolerance to this antinociceptive effect. N(G)-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and methylene blue, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase, respectively, injected i.pl., antagonised antinociception. These data indicate that both delta-opioid receptors and nitric oxide participate in the mediation of the peripheral antinociceptive effect of C. durissus terrificus venom.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arginine/metabolism
- Carrageenan
- Crotalid Venoms/pharmacology
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Edema/chemically induced
- Edema/prevention & control
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/prevention & control
- Male
- Methylene Blue/pharmacology
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- omega-N-Methylarginine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- G Picolo
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Farsky SH, Gonçalves LR, Cury Y. Characterization of local tissue damage evoked by Bothrops jararaca venom in the rat connective tissue microcirculation: an intravital microscopic study. Toxicon 1999; 37:1079-83. [PMID: 10484742 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic of the effects after topical application of Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) on the microcirculation of the internal spermatic fascia of Wistar rats. The administration of 1 microg of BjV induced marked disturbances in capillaries and postcapillary venules, characterized by vasodilatation, fibrin clot formation, hemorrhagic lesions and alterations in the leukocyte-endothelial interactions. The installation and development of these effects occurred simultaneously. The application of higher dose of venom (10 microg) induced more intense effects, observed by the time-course of the beginning, evolution and intensity of the effects. The time-course of events suggests that an interaction of different effects occurs during the development of local symptoms following the exposure of tissues to BjV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Farsky
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
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28
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Picolo G, Giorgi R, Bernardi MM, Cury Y. The antinociceptive effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom is mainly due to a supraspinally integrated response. Toxicon 1998; 36:223-7. [PMID: 9604296 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antinociceptive effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, previously demonstrated in the hot-plate test, was investigated in mice using the tail-flick model. The venom, administered by the intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or oral route, did not modify the basal latency time to the noxious stimulus and the association of the venom with morphine did not alter the opioid analgesic effect of this drug. These data indicate that the antinociceptive effect of the venom is mainly due to a supraspinally integrated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Picolo
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Cury Y, Teixeira CF, Farsky SH. Lack of effect of endogenous corticosteroids on the acute inflammatory reaction (edema) induced by Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) in rats. Toxicon 1997; 35:773-6. [PMID: 9203302 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intraplantar injection of 5 or 10 micrograms of BjV caused local edema in rats that was not affected by ablation of adrenal glands. In addition, no changes in plasma corticosterone levels were observed. Simultaneous injections of the venom into both hindpaws of normal animals, or injections made at varying intervals, resulted in local inflammatory reactions of comparable time-course development and analogous magnitude. These data might be related to an inability of the venom to evoke secretion of corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cury
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Abstract
The effect of Bothrops jararaca crude venom (BjV) on the cellular component of inflammatory responses was investigated in vivo and in vitro. In vivo leukocyte accumulation and release of eicosanoids (thromboxane A2, TXA2, and leukotriene B4, LTB4) at the site of injection of the venom were assessed using the air pouch method in rats. Administration of BjV caused a significant cell accumulation, maximal values being obtained after 6-8 hr. Neutrophils were the predominant cell type in the inflammatory exudate. High concentrations of LTB4 were detected 1-4 hr after the injection of the venom. TXA2 concentrations were significantly increased only at the early stages of the response to the venom. In vitro chemotaxis assays were performed and showed that the venom per se was not able to induce oriented neutrophil migration because varying concentrations of the venom dissolved in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) evoked a response equivalent to that of HBSS alone. Furthermore, the venom did not affect cellular intrinsic mechanisms involved with neutrophil locomotion because previous incubation of the cells with BjV produced no effect. However, high concentrations of the venom were able to generate serum chemotactic factor(s). Incubation of serum with the venom evoked a neutrophil migration similar to that observed with serum activated by lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli. Participation of chemotactic factors derived from the complement system is suggested by data showing loss of this activity when serum was heated (56 degrees C) before the addition of BjV. The present results suggest that leukocyte accumulation in the locality of a lesion induced by BjV is dependent on secretion or activation of endogenous components responsible for several steps in leukocyte recruitment instead of a direct effect of the venom on leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Farsky
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institut Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Abstract
This study examined the effect of insulin on rat macrophage metabolism and function. The following parameters were studied: cell migration in response to thioglycollate and BCG stimuli, macrophage phagocytic capacity, H2O2 production, glucose and glutamine metabolism as indicated by the measurement of enzyme activities, the utilization of metabolites and production and oxidation of substrates. The results indicate that insulin: (1) did not affect cell migration in response to thioglycollate and BCG; (2) enhanced the phagocytic capacity of macrophages and the production of H2O2 by macrophages; (3) increased the metabolism of glucose and reduced that of glutaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Costa Rosa
- Cellular Physiology Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Teixeira C, Costa-Cruz J, Cury Y. Study of inflammatory events induced by Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) in the rat air pouch. Toxicon 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(96)80953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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Cury Y, Farsky S, Teixeira C. Participation of endogenous corticosteroids in acute inflammation (edema) induced by Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV). Toxicon 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(96)80965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Abstract
The intraplantar injection of Bothrops jararaca venom (Bjv) caused an edematogenic response in the rat which was of rapid onset, and reached a peak in about 60 min. The response was markedly attenuated in animals rendered leucopenic by the administration of amethopterin. This inhibition was partially reverted when leucopenic rats were given i.v. suspensions of lymphocytes. Suspensions of neutrophils were ineffective. If the animals were submitted to an experimental obstruction of the thoracic duct, which leads to specific lymphocytopenia, similar inhibition of the edematogenic response was observed. These results suggest that lymphocytes can directly influence the development of the edema induced by Bothrops jararaca venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cury
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Abstract
In this study we investigated the ability of Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) to induce hyperalgesia and the modulation of this effect by lipid mediators. It was found that intraplantar injection of BjV (1 to 25 micrograms) caused a dose and time-related hyperalgesia. The peak of the hyperalgesic response was 1 hr after injection of the venom and persisted for 24 hr with the higher dose. The BjV-induced hyperalgesia was markedly attenuated by dexamethasone. Dexamethasone blocks the generation of biologically active metabolites from arachidonic acid by inhibiting PLA2 activation. Inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway by indomethacin, or inhibition of lipoxygenases by NDGA both significantly inhibited BjV-induced hyperalgesia. Two antagonists of PAF, WEB2170 and BN52021, also significantly inhibited the initial phase of the hyperalgesia. These results suggest that hyperalgesia induced by BjV is, at least partially, mediated by lipid mediators such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Abstract
Crude venom obtained from Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) was tested for its possible analgesic effect in mice. Subcutaneous (s.c.), intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral (p.o.) administration of the venom caused an antinociceptive effect in mice as measured by the acetic acid-induced writhing method and the hot plate test. The antinociceptive activity was dose and time dependent and persisted after neutralization of the venom with a specific antivenin. It was demonstrated that the factor(s) has an apparent mol. wt of less than 3000 and that its antinociceptive effect is abolished by trypsin treatment. The demonstration that morphine enhances the analgesic effect of Cdt venom and naloxone antagonizes this effect suggests an endorphin-like activity for the factor(s) herein described.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Giorgi
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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37
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Abstract
The effects of epinephrine on glucose metabolism and hydrogen peroxide content were examined in incubated rat macrophages. An increase in the activities of hexokinase and citrate synthase and a reduction in that of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was found in resident, inflammatory and activated macrophages incubated for 1 hr in the presence of epinephrine. Glucose utilization by incubated resident, inflammatory and activated macrophages was augmented markedly by the addition of epinephrine, whereas lactate formation was depressed. Under the same conditions, there was a 2.6-fold increment of hydrogen peroxide content and of [U-14C]glucose decarboxylation in activated macrophages incubated for 40 min. Similar results were obtained when pyruvate and oxoglutarate was substituted for glucose. These findings suggest that epinephrine may increase hydrogen peroxide production in activated macrophages possibly through a mitochondrial mechanism other than the pentose-phosphate pathway. Between 40 and 90 min of incubation, the content of hydrogen peroxide decreased markedly, and there was no detectable glucose utilization in the presence of epinephrine. These observations are consistent with the idea that this catecholamine stimulates both hydrogen peroxide production and metabolism, the first process being dependent on mitochondrial fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Costa Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, Brasil
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38
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Rosa LF, Cury Y, Curi R. Effects of insulin, glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones on the activities of key enzymes of glycolysis, glutaminolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway and the Krebs cycle in rat macrophages. J Endocrinol 1992; 135:213-9. [PMID: 1474328 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1350213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the effects of insulin, glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones on macrophage metabolism and function were investigated. The maximum activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutaminase and citrate synthase were determined in macrophages obtained from hormone-treated rats and those cultured for a period of 48 h in the presence of hormones. Macrophage phagocytosis was markedly inhibited by dexamethasone and thyroid hormones, remaining unchanged when insulin was added to the culture medium, however. The changes in the enzyme activities caused by hormone treatments of the rats were very similar to those found in culture. Insulin enhanced citrate synthase and hexokinase activities and diminished those of glutaminase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Dexamethasone had a similar effect except on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The addition of thyroid hormones to the culture medium raised the activities of glutaminase and hexokinase and reduced that of citrate synthase. The results presented support the suggestion that the effects of insulin, glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones on immune and inflammatory responses could well be mediated through changes in macrophage metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Rosa
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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39
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dos-Santos MC, Gonçalves LR, Fortes-Dias CL, Cury Y, Gutiérrez JM, Furtado MDF. [The efficacy of the bothropic-crotalic antivenom in the neutralization of the main Bothrops jararacussu venom effects]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1992; 34:77-83. [PMID: 1340035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myonecrosis is one of the effects of Bothrops jararacussu venom, from which a myotoxin was isolated showing structural homology to phospholipase A2 (PLA2), but without enzymatic activity. Such myotoxic activity is also present in the Crotalus durissus terrifucus venom, and is attributed to crotoxin and to PLA2 (crotoxin B), the basic component of the crotoxin complex. The Bothrops jararacussu venom showed three proteins with immunologic identity to PLA2 from crotoxin. The bothropic (AB) and the bothropic/crotalic (AB/C) anti-venoms, two commercial polyvalent anti-venoms produced at Instituto Butantan, were compared in order to assess their capacity for neutralization of the lethal, hemorrhagic, coagulant and myotoxic activities of Bothrops jararacussu venom. Both anti-venoms showed the same level of hemorrhagic activity neutralization. However, AB/C was about three times more efficient than AB in neutralizing the myotoxic activity, and two times more potent for neutralization of lethality and coagulant activity of Bothrops jararacussu venom. These data suggest that the use of AB/C could be of value in the treatment of patients bitten by snakes of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C dos-Santos
- Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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40
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Abstract
Murine macrophages have been reported to utilize glutamine at high rates. However, the role of glutamine in macrophage function is still unknown. In the present study, the maximum glutaminase activity of macrophages was investigated under several endocrine dysfunctions that are known to cause alterations in macrophage function. The results obtained suggest that glutamine might play an important role in the onset of phagocytosis in inflammatory macrophages. Moreover, the studies show that insulin, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones may be responsible for the regulation of glutamine metabolism and, consequently, of macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Costa Rosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
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41
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Cury Y, Garcia-Leme J. The inflammatory response of hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats. Role of adrenocortical steroids. Agents Actions 1984; 15:377-85. [PMID: 6524527 DOI: 10.1007/bf01972375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to respond to inflammatory stimuli was tested in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats when thyroid defects, induced by hormone administration or thyroparathyroidectomy, respectively, were fully established. Whereas hyperthyroid rats presented consistently depressed inflammatory responses, hypothyroid rats responded in a normal fashion. Decreased reactions to intracutaneously injected histamine and serotonin, inhibited swelling reaction to carrageenin, injected into one of the hind paws, and depressed primary and secondary reactions to adjuvant (heat-killed M. tuberculosis), only occurred in the hyperthyroid group. In addition, only in this group of animals enlargement of the adrenal glands, reduced content of adrenal ascorbic acid, and decreased number of circulating eosinophils, which characterize a circumstance of adrenal cortical hyperactivity, were observed. A spontaneous reversal of the acute inflammatory response of hyperthyroid animals to carrageenin occurred 3-4 days after interruption of hormone administration, and this was coincidental with the return to normal of the previously enlarged adrenal glands. Similarly, specific inhibition of adrenal cortical steroid biosynthesis in hyperthyroid rats with aminoglutethimide, restored the previously depressed response to carrageenin, without interference with the increased levels of seric thyroxin, thus suggesting that the inhibitory effects of thyroid hormones on inflammatory responses are likely to be indirect. It is concluded that an excess of circulating thyroid hormones, but not their deficiency, can impair the development of inflammatory reactions, and that this effect, at least partially, depends on an increased secretion of adrenal corticosteroids.
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Rossi MA, Pissaia O, Cury Y, Oliveira JS. Noradrenaline levels and morphologic alterations of myocardium in experimental protein-calorie malnutrition. J Pathol 1980; 131:83-93. [PMID: 6780672 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711310108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Experimental protein-calorie malnutrition was produced in rats by giving them a low-protein diet for 6 weeks. Control animals were fed a high-protein diet. The deficient rats showed severe restriction of body weight gain, fatty liver and hypoproteinaemia. In addition the present study demonstrates that the experimentally induced protein-calorie malnutrition brings about marked pathological changes and increased catecholamine levels in the hearts of rats. Based on this demonstration, and considering the synchronism of morphological and biochemical data, we postulate that the nutritional stress to the heart raises the myocardium noradrenaline concentration and the continued exposure to high levels of catecholamines may play a role in the development of cardiac changes in protein-energy malnutrition.
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