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Chou SH, Chuang YK, Lee CM, Chang YS, Jhang YJ, Yeh CW, Wu TS, Chuang CY, Hsiao IL. Visualization and (Semi-)quantification of submicrometer plastics through scanning electron microscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Environ Pollut 2022; 300:118964. [PMID: 35134427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated the existence of nanoplastics (1-999 nm) in the environment and commercial products, but the current technologies for detecting and quantifying nanoplastics are still developing. Herein, we present a combination of two techniques, e.g., scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), to analyze submicron-sized plastics. A drop-casting of a 20-nL particle suspension on a Piranha solution-cleaned silicon wafer with dry ice incubation and subsequent freeze-drying was used to suppress the coffee-ring effect. SEM images were used to quantify particles, and this technique is applicable for 0.195-1.04-μm polystyrene (PS), 0.311-μm polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and 0.344-μm polyethylene (PE) at a minimum concentration of 2.49 × 109 particles/mL. ToF-SIMS could not quantify the particle number, while it could semi-quantitatively estimate number ratios of submicron PE, PET, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and PS particles in the mixture. Analysis of submicron plastics released from three hot water-steeped teabags (respectively made of PET/PE, polylactic acid (PLA), and PET) was revisited. The SEM-derived sizes and particle numbers were comparable to those measured by a nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) regardless of whether or not the hydro-soluble oligomers were removed. ToF-SIMS further confirmed the number ratios of different particles from a PET/PE composite teabag leachate. This method shows potential for application in analyzing more-complex plastic particles released from food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsuan Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 10031, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kun Chuang
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 10031, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Lee
- Core Facility Center, Office of Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 10031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chang
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 10031, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jhu Jhang
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Yeh
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 10031, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Sing Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - I-Lun Hsiao
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 10031, Taiwan; School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Chang YS, Chou SH, Jhang YJ, Wu TS, Lin LX, Soo YL, Hsiao IL. Extraction method development for nanoplastics from oyster and fish tissues. Sci Total Environ 2022; 814:152675. [PMID: 34968609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics are now found in some environmental media and consumer products. However, very limited data on nanoplastics are available for one of the main human consumption sources of microplastics: seafood. Unlike microplastics, a method for extracting nanoplastics from seafood is still lacking. Herein, a combination of common extraction techniques including enzymatic digestion, sequential membrane filtration, centrifugal concentration, and purification (dialysis and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) incubation), was developed to extract nanoplastics from oyster and fish tissues. Corolase with subsequent lipase treatment achieved the highest digestion efficiencies (88- 89%) for non-homogenized tissues compared to other proteases and additional cellulase or H2O2 treatment. With the exception of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), enzymatic digestion did not change the morphology or structure of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), or polystyrene (PS) nanoplastic particles, and the subsequent extraction procedures had good recoveries of 71- 110% for fluorescence-labeled 76-nm PVC and 100- and 750-nm PS, as validated by a Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Few of the 1011 digested residual particles of 150- 300 nm in diameter per oyster or per serving of fish tissue were left in the method blank. Consequently, this efficient approach could be used as a pretreatment protocol for current potential nanoplastic detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Chang
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10031, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jhu Jhang
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Sing Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Li-Xin Lin
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Liang Soo
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University 30013, Taiwan
| | - I-Lun Hsiao
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10031, Taiwan; School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Huang CC, Lee TJ, Chang PH, Lee YS, Chuang CC, Jhang YJ, Chen YW, Chen CW, Fu CH, Tsai CN. Expression of cathepsin S and its inhibitor stefin A in sinonasal inverted papilloma. Rhinology 2010. [DOI: 10.4193/rhin09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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