Insight into land cover dynamics and water challenges under anthropogenic and climatic changes in the eastern Nile Delta: Inference from remote sensing and GIS data

The destabilization of delta's worldwide due to climate change and human activities presents challenges in meeting the growing demands for freshwater and food. The Nile Delta in Egypt is a prime example of a vulnerable region facing various stressors. In order to preserve land and water resources, it is crucial to monitor the spatial and temporal changes in Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), shoreline, and Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) in these vulnerable regions This study comprehensively investigates the dynamic changes in LULC and their associated water and soil responses in the Eastern Nile Delta under these combined impacts. To achieve this goal, a combination of remote sensing techniques utilizing Landsat (5, 8, and 9), and GRACE datasets, along with field observations and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, was employed. Accordingly, shoreline changes show coastal erosion rates ranging from 5.28 to 34.92 m/year due to climate change-induced SLR, with continued inland movement predicted for the next 20 years. Moreover, the dynamic changes in urbanization and alterations in agricultural cover have considerable penalties for water demand. Analysis of GRACE data indicates a notable reduction in average TWS by 77.89 mm between 2002 and 2017, with an annual rate, estimated at -5.821 mm/year. Soil sampling in highly vulnerable areas confirms agricultural degradation attributed to elevated salinity levels, with EC values ranging from 3.60 to 190 ds/m. These finds provide valuable insights for stakeholders and policymakers, to make reliable strategies regarding water allocation, land use regulations, and climate change adaptation in the worldwide vulnerable deltas.

Synthesis and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity of some pyrazole-based heterocycles using a 2(3H)-furanone derivative

Some pyrazole-based heterocycles such as pyrrolone, pyridazinone, and imidazole derivatives were synthesized utilizing the pyrazolyl-2(3H )-furanone derivative 3 , which was obtained in a good yield via Perkin condensation of 5-chloro-4-formyl-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole with 3-(4-methylbenzoyl)propionic acid in the presence of cyclo-dehydrating agent (sodium acetate and acetic anhydride). Also, the acid hydrazide obtained was reacted with some carbonyl reagents such as acetic anhydride, benzoyl chloride, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, and 1,3-diphenyl-4-formylpyrazole, aiming to achieve new pyrrolone derivatives. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity screening of some synthesized compounds demonstrated that some of them offered strong potencies. An experimental trial was undertaken to explore the effect of different substances and applied against avian influenza HPAI-H5N1 (AIV) to evaluate the antiviral replication in specific pathogen-free chicken embryos. All the compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities, and most of tested compounds showed potent inhibition growth activity toward Haemophilus (Gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), and Candida albicans fungus. Upon antimicrobial screening, it was observed that the majority of the compounds were found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus , and Candida albicans as compared to standard drugs. This experiment shows the potential usage of these compounds as antiviral agents and can be considered as a viable means to control the economically important avian influenza of poultry. These compounds can thus be recommended for their antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal property and can very well be used as immunostimulants.

The miRNA-kallikrein axis of interaction: a new dimension in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer

Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a family of serine proteases that were shown to be useful cancer biomarkers. KLKs have been shown to be dysregulated in prostate cancer (PCa). microRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA nucleotides that negatively regulate gene expression and have been reportedly dysregulated in PCa. We compiled a comprehensive list of 55 miRNAs that are differentially expressed in PCa from previous microarray analysis and published literature. Target prediction analyses showed that 29 of these miRNAs are predicted to target 10 KLKs. Eight of these miRNAs were predicted to target more than one KLK. Quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR demonstrated that there was an inverse correlation pattern in the expression (normal vs. cancer) between dysregulated miRNAs and their target KLKs. In addition, we experientially validated the miRNA-KLK interaction by transfecting miR-331-3p and miR-143 into a PCa cell line. Decreased expression of targets KLK4 and KLK10, respectively, and decreased cellular growth were observed. In addition to KLKs, dysregulated miRNAs were predicted to target other genes involved in the pathogenesis of PCa. These data show that miRNAs can contribute to KLK regulation in PCa. The miRNA-KLK axis of interaction projects a new element in the pathogenesis of PCa that may have therapeutic implications.

Use of miRNA profiling in metastatic renal cell carcinoma to reveal a tumor suppressor effect for mir-215

4633

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common neoplasm of the adult kidney. Metastatic RCC is difficult to treat. The five-year survival rate for metastatic RCC is <10%. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to have a role in cancer metastasis and potential as prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Methods: We performed a miRNA microarray to identify a miRNA signature characteristic of metastatic compared to primary RCC. Results were validated by quantitative real time PCR. Target prediction analysis and gene expression profiling identified many of the dysregulated miRNAs could target genes involved in tumor metastasis. The effect of miR-215 on cellular migration and invasion was shown in a RCC cell line model. Results: We identified 65 miRNAs that were significantly altered in metastatic when compared to primary RCC. Nine (14%) miRNAs had increased expression while 56 (86%) miRNAs showed decreased expression. miR-10b, miR-196a, and miR-27b were the most downregulated while miR-638, miR-1915, and miR-149* were the most upregulated. A non-supervised 2D-cluster analysis showed that a sub-group of the primary tumors clustered under the metastatic arm with a group of miRNAs that follow the same pattern of expression suggesting they have an inherited aggressive signature. We validated our results by examining the expressions of miR-10b, miR-126, miR-196a, miR-204, and miR-215, in two independent cohorts of patients. We also showed that overexpression of miR-215 decreased cellular migration and invasion in a RCC cell line model. In addition, through gene expression profiling, we identified direct and indirect targets of miR-215 that can contribute to tumor metastasis. Conclusions: Our analysis showed that miRNAs are altered in metastatic RCC and can contribute to kidney cancer metastasis through different biological processes. Dysregulated miRNAs represent potential prognostic biomarkers and may have therapeutic applications in kidney cancer.

Pleotrophic action of renal cell carcinoma: Dysregulated microRNAs on hypoxia-related signaling pathways

428

Background: The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene is lost in 70% of clear cell Renal Cell Carcinomas (ccRCC); however, additional mechanisms are proposed to regulate VHL expression, including suppression by microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of naturally occurring, small non-coding RNA molecules that downregulate gene expression of target mRNAs. We demonstrate that ccRCC-dysregulated miRNAs can target multiple members of the ccRCC-related signaling pathways.

Methods: miR-17 and miR-224 mimics and inhibitors were transfected into ccRCC cell lines using siPORT (Ambion). PicTar and TargetScan were used for target prediction. Target expression and miRNA expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR (Ambion). Western blot antibodies were purchased from Millipore or Cell Signaling. Cell lines were purchased from ATCC. All methods followed the manufacturer’s protocol.

Results: According to our preliminary results, the miRNAs that are dysregulated in ccRCC specimens are predicted to target multiple members of the hypoxia-related pathways. To confirm the in silico analysis, miR-17 and miR-224 were selected for experimental target validation, as they were among the most up-regulated miRNAs in ccRCC. We experimentally validated VHL and HIF1α as likely direct targets of miR-17 and miR-224. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-17 directly downregulates VHL. Moreover, VHL protein level decreased upon miR-17 and miR-224 transfection. We also established a negative correlation between the expression of miR-17 and two predicted targets VEGF-A, EGLN3 in RCC specimens, and miR-224 and its predicted targets SMAD4 and SMAD5. This suggests that downstream signaling pathways are also modulated by miR-17 and miR-224. These results confirm the most important findings of the bioinformatics analysis: miR-17 targets different molecules along the same signaling pathway and that multiple ccRCC-dysregulated miRNAs can synergistically suppress a single target, which functions in the pathogenesis.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that miRNAs possibly regulate hypoxia-related pathways at multiple points. This is of special interest as miRNAs may serve as potential therapeutic targets.

Tumor suppressor effects for miR-215 identified through use of miRNA profiling in metastatic renal cell carcinoma

392

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common neoplasm of the adult kidney. Metastatic RCC is difficult to treat. The five-year survival rate for metastatic RCC is <10%. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to have a role in cancer metastasis and potential as prognostic biomarkers in cancer.

Methods: We preformed a miRNA microarray to identify a miRNA signature characteristic of metastatic compared to primary RCC. Results were validated by quantitative real time PCR. Target prediction analysis and gene expression profiling identified many of the dysregulated miRNAs could target genes involved in tumor metastasis. The effect of miR-215 on cellular migration and invasion was shown in a RCC cell line model.

Results: We identified 65 miRNAs that were significantly altered in metastatic when compared to primary RCC. Nine (14%) miRNAs had increased expression while 56 (86%) miRNAs showed decreased expression. miR-10b, miR-196a, and miR-27b were the most downregulated while miR-638, miR-1915, and miR-149* were the most upregulated. A non-supervised 2D-cluster analysis showed that a sub-group of the primary tumors clustered under the metastatic arm with a group of miRNAs that follow the same pattern of expression suggesting they have an inherited aggressive signature. We validated our results by examining the expressions of miR-10b, miR-126, miR-196a, miR-204, and miR-215, in two independent cohorts of patients. We also showed that overexpression of miR-215 decreased cellular migration and invasion in a RCC cell line model. In addition, through gene expression profiling, we identified direct and indirect targets of miR-215 that can contribute to tumor metastasis.

Conclusions: Our analysis showed that miRNAs are altered in metastatic RCC and can contribute to kidney cancer metastasis through different biological processes. Dysregulated miRNAs represent potential prognostic biomarkers and may have therapeutic applications in kidney cancer.

Microvascular density as an independent predictor of clinical outcome in renal cell carcinoma: an automated image analysis study

Tumor microvascular density (MVD) has been shown to correlate with the aggressiveness of several cancers. With the introduction of targeted anti-angiogenic therapy, assessment of MVD has the potential not only as a prognostic but also as a therapeutic marker. The significance of tumor vascularity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has been debated, with studies showing contradictory results. Previous studies were limited by manual quantification of MVD within a small area of tumor. Since then, the validity of this method has been questioned. To avoid the inaccuracies of manual quantification, we employed a computerized image analysis, which allowed assessment of large areas of tumor and adjacent normal tissue. The latter was used as an internal reference for normalization. MVD and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed in 57 cases of ccRCC. Sections were immunostained for CD34 and VEGF. Areas of ccRCC and normal kidney medulla were analyzed within scanned images using software that counted CD34-positive vessels and measured the intensity of VEGF staining. We obtained unadjusted values from tumoral areas and calculated adjusted values as tumor/normal ratios. Unadjusted MVD had no association with clinical outcome. However, similarly to tumor stage, higher adjusted MVD was associated with shorter disease-free survival (log-rank P=0.037, Cox P=0.02). This was significant in univariate and multivariate analyses. MVD did not correlate with tumor stage, pointing to its independent prognostic value. As expected due to the known molecular abnormalities in ccRCC, most tumors showed higher VEGF expression than normal tissue. Higher adjusted VEGF was associated with high tumor grade (P=0.049). The finding of increased MVD as an independent marker of tumor aggressiveness may prove useful in the development of new tests for prognostic and therapeutic guidance. Digital techniques can provide more accurate assessment of immunomarkers and may reveal less obvious associations.

Assessment of the prognostic significance of endoglin (CD105) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma using automated image analysis

The behavior of clear cell renal cell carcinoma can be difficult to predict. Angiogenesis has proven to be a useful prognostic indicator in different malignancies. Endoglin (CD105) is a new marker of angiogenesis found to have prognostic utility in various tumors. Here, we provide the first automated digital assessment of intratumoral microvascular density in clear cell renal cell carcinoma using endoglin and CD31 and assess their utility as predictors of clinical outcome. Both endoglin and CD31 expression showed association with advanced tumor stage (P = .025 and P = .011, respectively). There was a significant correlation between CD31 and tumor grade (P = .034). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients with higher endoglin expression had significantly shorter progression-free survival (P = .010). Patients with higher CD31 expression tended to have a worse prognosis, although this was not statistically significant (P = .082). In univariate analysis using endoglin as a continuous variable, increased endoglin was strongly associated with reduced survival (hazard ratio, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.39-2.18; P = <.001). CD31 also correlated with poor outcomes (hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.24-1.86; P = .001). There was no correlation between CD31 and endoglin expression (r = -0.090, P = .541). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed the area under the curve to be 0.749 for endoglin and 0.550 for CD31. In conclusion, increased endoglin and CD31 expression are associated with a higher tumor stage and decreased progression-free survival. Our automated approach overcomes many limitations of manual quantification. Advances in digital assessment of immunohistochemical markers can be helpful in standardizing the evaluation of tumor biomarkers.

miRNA profiling in metastatic renal cell carcinoma reveals a tumour-suppressor effect for miR-215

Background:

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common neoplasm of the adult kidney. Metastatic RCC is difficult to treat. The 5-year survival rate for metastatic RCC is ⩽10%. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to have a role in cancer metastasis and potential as prognostic biomarkers in cancer.

Method:

We performed a miRNA microarray to identify a miRNA signature characteristic of metastatic compared with primary RCCs. We validated our results by quantitative real-time PCR. We performed experimental and bioinformatic analyses to explore the involvement of miR-215 in RCC progression and metastasis.

Results:

We identified 65 miRNAs that were significantly altered in metastatic compared with primary RCCs. We validated our results by examining the expression of miR-10b, miR-126, miR-196a, miR-204 and miR-215, in two independent cohorts of patients. We showed that overexpression of miR-215 decreased cellular migration and invasion in an RCC cell line model. In addition, through gene expression profiling, we identified direct and indirect targets of miR-215 that can contribute to tumour metastasis.

Conclusion:

Our analysis showed that miRNAs are altered in metastatic RCCs and can contribute to kidney cancer metastasis through different biological processes. Dysregulated miRNAs represent potential prognostic biomarkers and may have therapeutic applications in kidney cancer.

Differential expression profiling of microRNAs and their potential involvement in renal cell carcinoma pathogenesis

OBJECTIVE

We seek to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs in the clear cell subtype (ccRCC) of kidney cancer.

DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed a miRNA microarray analysis to compare the miRNA expression levels between ccRCC tissues and their normal counterpart. The top dysregulated miRNAs were validated by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Bioinformatics analysis was also performed.

RESULTS

A total of 33 dysregulated miRNAs were identified in ccRCC, including 21 upregulated miRNAs and many of these miRNAs have been reported to be dysregulated in other malignancies and have a potential role in cancer pathogenesis. The miRNAs showed a significant correlation with reported chromosomal aberration sites. We also utilized target prediction algorithms to identify gene targets. Preliminary analyses showed these targets can be directly involved in RCC pathogenesis.

CONCLUSION

We identified miRNAs that are dysregulated in ccRCC and bioinformatics analysis suggests that these miRNAs may be involved in cancer pathogenesis and have the potential to be biomarkers.

Involved-field radiotherapy alone for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer

PURPOSE

To describe the outcome of involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS AND MATERIALS

A written policy for the radical treatment of early-stage NSCLC with involved-field radiotherapy was adopted at our center in 1986. The sites of known disease were treated to a dose of 52.5 Gy in 20 daily fractions over 4 weeks without elective irradiation of radiologically uninvolved regional nodes. We have reviewed the outcome of this policy in 102 patients treated with radiotherapy alone between 1986 and 1995.

RESULTS

The patients' median age was 71.5 years. The stage distribution was as follows: T1, 33.3%; T2, 56.9%; T3, 8.8%; and T4, 1.0%. Only 5 cases were N1; the remainder were N0. Most patients (76.5%) were not surgical candidates because of co-morbidity. Ninety-three percent had a CT of the thorax as part of their initial staging, while mediastinoscopy was performed in only 16.7%. Overall survival was 35% at 3 years and 16% at 5 years. Recurrence free survival was 23.9% at 3 years and 13. 9% at 5 years. Cause-specific survival was 43.5% at 3 years and 26. 8% at 5 years. Of those who recurred, 68.9% had a local component of failure at initial relapse, and 49.2% failed locally without evidence of regional or distant metastases. Isolated regional nodal relapse at initial failure occurred in only 6.6% of recurrences. There were no treatment interruptions due to acute toxicity and no treatment-related deaths.

CONCLUSION

Involved-field radiotherapy alone cures a small but significant number of patients with early-stage NSCLC. This approach is recommended in patients who are unfit for surgery and who have severely compromised pulmonary function that would preclude the use of wide-field radiotherapy. The dose used in this study was well tolerated, but produced suboptimal local control rates.

A prospective trial of short-course radiotherapy plus chemotherapy for palliation of dysphagia from advanced esophageal cancer

PURPOSE

Between 1994 and 1997, 22 patients with dysphagia from advanced incurable esophageal cancer were enrolled in a phase I/II prospective study to assess the palliative benefit and toxicity of a short course of radiotherapy with chemotherapy.

METHODS

The study population included 17 men and five women with a median age of 69 (range 43-84). Patients were treated with 30 Gy in ten fractions to the mediastinum with a concurrent single course of chemotherapy (5-FU, 1000 mg/m(2), days 1-4 and mitomycin-C 10 mg/m(2), day 1). Swallowing ability was recorded each day on a self-administered diary card using the five point dysphagia index of the MRC (UK). The median baseline MRC swallowing score was 4 (cannot swallow solids).

RESULTS

Treatment was generally well tolerated, but seven (32%) patients had transient worsening of dysphagia scores immediately following treatment because of esophagitis; fifteen (68%) achieved a complete response (score 1: no difficulty on swallowing) with a median time to normalization of swallowing of 5 weeks. For these patients, the median dysphagia-free interval from time of onset of improvement was 11 weeks (range 1-131 weeks) and 11 (73%) remained dysphagia-free until death. The remaining patients had no or marginal improvement. Univariate analysis showed no difference between responders and non-responders with respect to age, gender, or histology. Median survival for the entire study population was 20 weeks (range 3-135 weeks).

CONCLUSIONS

This prospective trial shows that a short course of radiotherapy plus chemotherapy may produce complete relief of swallowing difficulties in a substantial proportion of patients with acceptable toxicity.

A real-time audit of radiation therapy in a regional cancer center

PURPOSE

To report the development, structure, and implementation of a real-time clinical radiotherapy audit of the practice of radiation oncology in a regional cancer center.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Radiotherapy treatment plans were audited by a real-time peer-review process over an 8-year period (1989-1996). The overall goal of the audit was to establish a process for quality assurance (QA) of radiotherapy planning and prescription for individual patients. A parallel process was developed to audit the implementation of intervention-specific radiotherapy treatment policies.

RESULTS

A total of 3052 treatment plans were audited. Of these, 124 (4.1%) were not approved by the audit due to apparent errors in radiation planning. The majority of the nonapproved plans (79%) were modified prior to initiating treatment; the audit provided important clinical feedback about individual patient care in these instances. Most of the remaining nonapproved plans were deviations from normal practice due to patient-specific considerations. A further 110 (3.6% of all audited plans) were not approved by the audit due to deviations from radiotherapy treatment policy. A minority of these plans (22%) were modified prior to initiating treatment and the remainder provided important feedback for continuous quality improvement of treatment policies.

CONCLUSION

A real-time audit of radiotherapy practice in a regional cancer center setting proved feasible and provided important direct and indirect patient benefits.

Heterosis, maternal and direct effects for postweaning growth traits and carcass performance in rabbit crosses

SUMMARY

A crossbreeding experiment was carried out in Egypt using a local breed (Baladi Red, BR) and New Zealand White (NZ) to estimate direct heterosis, maternal additive effects and direct sire effects on some growth and carcass traits in rabbits. Data of body weight (at 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 weeks) and daily gains (at intervals of 5-6, 6-8, 8-10, and 10-12 weeks) on 2153 weaned rabbits were collected. Carcass performance at 12 weeks of age (weight and percentages of carcass, giblets, head, fur, blood and viscera) on 213 male rabbits was evaluated. Estimates of coefficients of variation (CV) for most growth and carcass traits were high and ranged from 10.0 to 40.2%. Sire-breed was of considerable importance in the variation of growth traits and some carcass traits, while dam-breed contributed little. Sire-breed × dam-breed interaction affected (P<0.01 or P<0.001) most body weights and gains studied, while it contributed little to the variation of carcass traits. The purebred NZ resulted in rabbits with heavier weights and carcass and with lighter non-edible carcass (blood and viscera) compared to the BR. Heterosis percentages for most growth traits were significant and ranged from 2.5% to 5.0% for body weights and from 0.7% to 9.5% for daily gains. Insignificant positive direct heterosis was observed for most carcass traits. Crossbred rabbits from NZ sires with BR dams were superior to from the reciprocals. Maternal-breed effects on most weights and gains were insignificant, while sire-breed contrasts for some weights and gains proved significant. Postweaning growth and carcass performances of BR-mothered rabbits generally surpassed the NZ mothered, while NZ-sired rabbits were superior at later ages. High edible carcass was observed for BR-sired rabbits, while more non-edible carcass wastes (blood and viscera) for NZ-sired rabbits. Maternal-breed effects appeared to be less important than paternal-breed effects in influencing most weights, gains and carcass traits studied. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Heterosis, maternale und direkte Wirkungen bei Wachstums- und Schlachtkörpermerkmalen in Kaninchenkreuzungen Der Kreuzungsversuch wurde mit lokalen ägyptischen Rassen (BR) und Neuseeland Weißen (NZ) zur Schätzung direkter Heterosis, maternaler additiver Wirkungen, direkter Vater-Wirkung auf einige Wachstums- und Schlachtkörpermerkmale von Kaninchen durchgeführt. Angaben über Körpergewicht (5, 6, 8, 10, 12 Wochen) und Zuwachs (Intervalle 5 bis 6, 6 bis 8, 8 bis 10, 10 bis 12 Wochen) wurden von 2153 abgesetzten Kaninchen gewonnen. Die Schlachtkörperleistungen bei 12 Wochen Alter (Gewicht und Anteil von Schlachtkörper, Kopf, Pelz, Blut und Innereien) stammen von 213 männlichen Kaninchen. Schätzungen der Variationskoeffizenten (CV) für meiste Wachstums- und Schlachtkörpermerkmale waren hoch und bewegten sich zwischen 10 und 40,2%. Vaterrasse hatte erheblichen Einfluß auf Unterschiede in Wachstumsrate und einige Schlachtkörpermerkmale, während die Mutterrasse weniger beigetragen hat. Interaktion zwischen beiden beeinflußte die meisten Körpergewichts- und Zuwacnsleistungen, während sie wenig zur Variabilität der Schlachtkörpermerkmale beigetragen hat. Reinrassige NZ waren schwerer und hatten weniger nicht nutzbare Schlachtkörperteile (Blut und Eingeweide) verglichen mit BR. Heterosis-Prozente für die meisten Wachstumsmerkmale waren signifikant und schwankten zwischen 2,5 und 5% für Körpergewicht, 0,7 bis 9,5% für Zuwachs. Insignifikante positive direkte Heterosis wurde für die meisten Schlachtkörpermerkmale beobachtet. Kreuzungskaninchen von NZ Vätern waren den reziproken überlegen. Maternale Wirkungen auf meiste Gewichtsmerkmale waren insignifikant, während Vaterrassenkontraste hierfür signifikant waren. Zuwachs- und Schlachtkörperleistung von BR gesäugten Kaninchen haben im allgemeinen die von NZ gesäugten übertroffen, während von NZ Böcken gezeugte in späteren Altersabschnitten überlegen waren. Hohe Werte für Schlachtkörper wurden für BR gesäugte Kaninchen gefunden, während mehr nicht verzehrbare Abfälle (Blut und Eingeweide) bei NZ gezeugten vorhanden war. Maternale Rassenwirkungen schienen weniger wichtig als paternale zu sein.