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Ogawa T, Kobayashi K, Taniguchi YY, Shikanai T, Nakamura N, Yokota A, Munekage YN. Two cyclic electron flows around photosystem I differentially participate in C4 photosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:2288-2300. [PMID: 36703198 PMCID: PMC10069883 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
C4 plants assimilate CO2 more efficiently than C3 plants because of their C4 cycle that concentrates CO2. However, the C4 cycle requires additional ATP molecules, which may be supplied by cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I. One CEF route, which depends on a chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex, is suggested to be crucial for C4 plants despite the low activity in C3 plants. The other route depends on proton gradient regulation 5 (PGR5) and PGR5-like photosynthetic phenotype 1 (PGRL1) and is considered a major CEF route to generate the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane in C3 plants. However, its contribution to C4 photosynthesis is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the two CEF routes to the NADP-malic enzyme subtype of C4 photosynthesis in Flaveria bidentis. We observed that suppressing the NDH-dependent route drastically delayed growth and decreased the CO2 assimilation rate to approximately 30% of the wild-type rate. On the other hand, suppressing the PGR5/PGRL1-dependent route did not affect plant growth and resulted in a CO2 assimilation rate that was approximately 80% of the wild-type rate. Our data indicate that the NDH-dependent CEF substantially contributes to the NADP-malic enzyme subtype of C4 photosynthesis and that the PGR5/PGRL1-dependent route cannot complement the NDH-dependent route in F. bidentis. These findings support the fact that during C4 evolution, photosynthetic electron flow may have been optimized to provide the energy required for C4 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ogawa
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kana Kobayashi
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yukimi Y Taniguchi
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Shikanai
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Akiho Yokota
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuri N Munekage
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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Munekage YN, Taniguchi YY. A scheme for C 4 evolution derived from a comparative analysis of the closely related C 3, C 3-C 4 intermediate, C 4-like, and C 4 species in the genus Flaveria. Plant Mol Biol 2022; 110:445-454. [PMID: 35119574 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of the genus Flaveria showed a C4 evolutionary process in which the anatomical and metabolic features of C4 photosynthesis were gradually acquired through C3-C4 intermediate stages. C4 photosynthesis has been acquired in multiple lineages of angiosperms during evolution to suppress photorespiration. Crops that perform C4 photosynthesis exhibit high rates of CO2 assimilation and high grain production even under high-temperature in semiarid environments; therefore, engineering C4 photosynthesis in C3 plants is of great importance in the application field. The genus Flaveria contains a large number of C3, C3-C4 intermediate, C4-like, and C4 species, making it a good model genus to study the evolution of C4 photosynthesis, and these studies indicate the direction for C4 engineering. C4 photosynthesis was acquired gradually through the C3-C4 intermediate stage. First, a two-celled C2 cycle called C2 photosynthesis was acquired by localizing glycine decarboxylase activity in the mitochondria of bundle sheath cells. With the development of two-cell metabolism, anatomical features also changed. Next, the replacement of the two-celled C2 cycle by the two-celled C4 cycle was induced by the acquisition of cell-selective expression in addition to the upregulation of enzymes in the C4 cycle during the C3-C4 intermediate stage. This was supported by an increase in cyclic electron transport activity in response to an increase in the ATP/NADPH demand for metabolism. Suppression of the C3 cycle in mesophyll cells was induced after the functional establishment of the C4 cycle, and optimization of electron transport by suppressing the activity of photosystem II also occurred during the final phase of C4 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N Munekage
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
| | - Yukimi Y Taniguchi
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
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Tanaka M, Ishikawa Y, Suzuki S, Ogawa T, Taniguchi YY, Miyagi A, Ishikawa T, Yamaguchi M, Munekage YN, Kawai-Yamada M. Change in expression levels of NAD kinase-encoding genes in Flaveria species. J Plant Physiol 2021; 265:153495. [PMID: 34411985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD(H)) and NAD phosphates (NADP(H)) are electron carriers involved in redox reactions and metabolic processes in all organisms. NAD kinase (NADK) is the only enzyme that phosphorylates NAD+ into NADP+, using ATP as a phosphate donor. In NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME)-type C4 photosynthesis, NADP(H) are required for dehydrogenation by NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) in mesophyll cells, and decarboxylation by NADP-ME in bundle sheath cells. In this study, we identified five NADK genes (FbNADK1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, and 3) from the C4 model species Flaveria bidentis. RNA-Seq database analysis revealed higher transcript abundance in one of the chloroplast-type NADK2 genes of C4F. bidentis (FbNADK2a). Comparative analysis of NADK activity in leaves of C3, C3-C4, and C4Flaveria showed that C4Flaveria (F. bidentis and F. trinervia) had higher NADK activity than the other photosynthetic-types of Flaveria. Taken together, our results suggest that chloroplastic NAD kinase appeared to increase in importance as C3 plants evolved into C4 plants in the genus Flaveria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yuuma Ishikawa
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sayaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takako Ogawa
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yukimi Y Taniguchi
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yuri N Munekage
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Taniguchi YY, Gowik U, Kinoshita Y, Kishizaki R, Ono N, Yokota A, Westhoff P, Munekage YN. Dynamic changes of genome sizes and gradual gain of cell-specific distribution of C 4 enzymes during C 4 evolution in genus Flaveria. Plant Genome 2021; 14:e20095. [PMID: 33913619 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
C4 plants are believed to have evolved from C3 plants through various C3 -C4 intermediate stages in which a photorespiration-dependent CO2 concentration system known as C2 photosynthesis operates. Genes involved in the C4 cycle were thought to be recruited from orthologs present in C3 species and developed cell-specific expression during C4 evolution. To understand the process of establishing C4 photosynthesis, we performed whole-genome sequencing and investigated expression and mesophyll- or bundle-sheath-cell-specific localization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) in C3 , C3 -C4 intermediate, C4 -like, and C4 Flaveria species. While genome sizes vary greatly, the number of predicted protein-coding genes was similar among C3 , C3 -C4 intermediate, C4 -like, and C4 Flaveria species. Cell-specific localization of the PEPC, NADP-ME, and PPDK transcripts was insignificant or weak in C3 -C4 intermediate species, whereas these transcripts were expressed cell-type specific in C4 -like species. These results showed that elevation of gene expression and cell-specific control of pre-existing C4 cycle genes in C3 species was involved in C4 evolution. Gene expression was gradually enhanced during C4 evolution, whereas cell-specific control was gained independently of quantitative transcriptional activation during evolution from C3 -C4 intermediate to C4 photosynthesis in genus Flaveria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimi Y Taniguchi
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Udo Gowik
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Dusseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Yuto Kinoshita
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Risa Kishizaki
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoaki Ono
- Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Akiho Yokota
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Dusseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Yuri N Munekage
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
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