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Abad N, Bonner KE, Huang Q, Baack B, Petrin R, Das D, Hendrich MA, Gosz MS, Lewis Z, Lintern DJ, Fisun H, Brewer NT. Behavioral and social drivers of COVID-19 vaccination initiation in the US: a longitudinal study March─ October 2021. J Behav Med 2024; 47:422-433. [PMID: 38587765 PMCID: PMC11026250 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-024-00487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Many studies have examined behavioral and social drivers of COVID-19 vaccination initiation, but few have examined these drivers longitudinally. We sought to identify the drivers of COVID-19 vaccination initiation using the Behavioral and Social Drivers of Vaccination (BeSD) Framework. Participants were a nationally-representative sample of 1,563 US adults who had not received a COVID-19 vaccine by baseline. Participants took surveys online at baseline (spring 2021) and follow-up (fall 2021). The surveys assessed variables from BeSD Framework domains (i.e., thinking and feeling, social processes, and practical issues), COVID-19 vaccination initiation, and demographics at baseline and follow-up. Between baseline and follow-up, 65% of respondents reported initiating COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccination intent increased from baseline to follow-up (p < .01). Higher vaccine confidence, more positive social norms towards vaccination, and receiving vaccine recommendations at baseline predicted subsequent COVID-19 vaccine initiation (all p < .01). Among factors assessed at follow-up, social responsibility and vaccine requirements had the greatest associations with vaccine initiation (all p < .01). Baseline vaccine confidence, social norms, and vaccination recommendations were associated with subsequent vaccine initiation, all of which could be useful targets for behavioral interventions. Furthermore, interventions that highlight social responsibility to vaccinate or promote vaccination requirements could also be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Abad
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Qian Huang
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brittney Baack
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Dhiman Das
- Ipsos US Public Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Helen Fisun
- Ipsos US Public Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Noel T Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Stirrup N, Jones G, Arthur J, Lewis Z. Droperidol undermining gastroparesis symptoms (DRUGS) in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 75:42-45. [PMID: 37897920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Gastroparesis is a syndrome of delayed gastric emptying without obstruction. There are high rates of Emergency Department (ED) visits due to gastroparesis, and this chronic disease is difficult to treat which often leads to hospital admissions. This study aimed to evaluate the impact droperidol administration has on opioid therapy, symptom relief, co-administration of antiemetic and prokinetic medications, disposition, cost, and length of stay (LOS) of patients presenting to the ED. RESULTS A total of 431 patients were identified and 233 met the inclusion criteria. Droperidol administration reduced the number of patients requiring opioid therapy (108/233 [46%] vs 139/233 [60%], P-value 0.0040), reduced patient-reported pain scales by 4 points, and reduced antiemetic therapy requirement (140/233 [60%] vs 169/233 [73%], P-value 0.0045). No differences were found in terms of ED LOS (Median 6 h [IQR 4-8] vs 5 h [IQR 4-9], P-value 0.3638), hospital LOS (Median 6 h [IQR 4-30 vs 7 h [IQR 4-40], P-value 0.8888), hospital admission rates (67/233 [29%] vs 71/233 [31%], P-value 0.6101), ED cost to the facility (Median $1462 [IQR $1114 - $1986] vs $1481 [IQR $1034 - $2235], P-value 0.0943), or hospital cost (Median $4412 [IQR $2359 - $9826] vs $4672 [IQR $2075 - $9911], P-value 0.3136). CONCLUSION In patients with gastroparesis presenting to the ED, droperidol reduced opioid use, improved pain control, and decreased antiemetic use without any differences in MME per dose, length of stay, hospital admission rate, or cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Stirrup
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Slot # 571, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America.
| | - Gavin Jones
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Slot # 571, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America.
| | - Jason Arthur
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Slot # 584, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America.
| | - Zachary Lewis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Slot # 584, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America.
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Phan-Everson T, Lewis Z, Ong G, Liang Y, Brown E, Pan L, Wardhani A, Korukonda M, Brown C, Dunaway D, Zhao E, McGuire D, Woo S, Rosenbloom A, Filanoski B, Meredith R, Chantranuvatana K, Birditt B, Yi HS, Piazza E, Reeves J, Lyssand J, Devgan V, Rhodes M, Geiss G, Beechem J. Abstract 4617: A complete pipeline for high-plex spatial proteomic profiling and analysis on the cosmxtm spatial molecular imager and atomtm spatial informatics platform. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Detecting and analyzing large numbers of proteins using whole-slide imaging is critical for a comprehensive picture of immune response to cancer. Many existing approaches for high-plex proteomics face issues around simplicity, speed, scalability, and big data analysis. Here, we present an integrated workflow from sample preparation through downstream analysis that addresses many key concerns around high plex proteomics. The CosMx Spatial Molecular Imager (SMI) and AtoMx Spatial Informatics Platform (SIP) comprise of a turnkey, end-to-end workflow that efficiently handles highly multiplex protein analysis at plex sizes exceeding 110 targets. We demonstrate an extension of our commercially available 64-plex human immuno-oncology panel to higher numbers of targets and show how the cloud computing-enabled AtoMx SIP allows flexible construction of analytic pipelines for cell typing and spatial analyses.
The CosMx protein assay uses antibodies conjugated with oligonucleotides, which are detected using universal, multi-analyte CosMx readout reagents. The CosMx Human Immuno-oncology panel was optimized to comprehensively profile lymphoid and stromal lineages within the tumor microenvironment as well as markers of cancer signaling and progression. Each CosMx SMI antibody was validated on multi-organ FFPE tissue microarrays covering prevalent solid tumor types with matched controls, and 52 human FFPE cell lines, including overexpression lines for key targets such as GITR, CD278, PD-L1, and PD-1. CosMx SMI uses a deep learning algorithm to segment whole cells and a semi-supervised algorithm to classify cell types. The AtoMx SIP provides full analysis support, including a whole-slide image viewer, and methods for performing built-in or fully customizable analyses for cell typing, ligand-receptor analysis, neighborhood analysis and spatial differential expression.
Within the cancer sample profiled, we performed in-depth single-cell proteomic profiling across different cell populations. We detected TLS, characterized TLS maturation, and identified immune interactions with the tumor microenvironment. The CosMx SMI assay profiled the composition and spatial organization of infiltrating immune cells within and around the tumor microenvironment. We found that markers of T cell activation and exhaustion varied across the tumor landscape.
CosMx SMI is a high-plex spatial multi-omics platform that enables detection of more than 110 proteins at subcellular resolution in real-world FFPE tissues. The extensibility of the CosMx protein assay to large numbers of protein targets and our flexible, scalable bioinformatic platform provides a straightforward and robust solution for comprehensive immune phenotyping with full spatial context.
FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.
Citation Format: Tien Phan-Everson, Zachary Lewis, Giang Ong, Yan Liang, Emily Brown, Liuliu Pan, Aster Wardhani, Mithra Korukonda, Carl Brown, Dwayne Dunaway, Edward Zhao, Dan McGuire, Sangsoon Woo, Alyssa Rosenbloom, Brian Filanoski, Rhonda Meredith, Kan Chantranuvatana, Brian Birditt, Hye Son Yi, Erin Piazza, Jason Reeves, John Lyssand, Vik Devgan, Michael Rhodes, Gary Geiss, Joseph Beechem. A complete pipeline for high-plex spatial proteomic profiling and analysis on the cosmxtm spatial molecular imager and atomtm spatial informatics platform. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4617.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giang Ong
- 1NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
| | - Yan Liang
- 1NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
| | | | - Liuliu Pan
- 1NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Carl Brown
- 1NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hye Son Yi
- 1NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Vik Devgan
- 1NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
| | | | - Gary Geiss
- 1NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
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4
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Abad N, Messinger SD, Huang Q, Hendrich MA, Johanson N, Fisun H, Lewis Z, Wilhelm E, Baack B, Bonner KE, Kobau R, Brewer NT. A qualitative study of behavioral and social drivers of COVID-19 vaccine confidence and uptake among unvaccinated Americans in the US April-May 2021. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281497. [PMID: 36763680 PMCID: PMC9917274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Around one-third of Americans reported they were unwilling to get a COVID-19 vaccine in April 2021. This focus group study aimed to provide insights on the factors contributing to unvaccinated adults' hesitancy or refusal to get vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines. METHOD Ipsos recruited 59 unvaccinated US adults who were vaccine hesitant (i.e., conflicted about or opposed to receiving a COVID-19 vaccination) using the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. Trained facilitators led a total of 10 focus groups via video-conference in March and April 2021. Two coders manually coded the data from each group using a coding frame based on the focus group discussion guide. The coding team collaborated in analyzing the data for key themes. RESULTS Data analysis of transcripts from the focus groups illuminated four main themes associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: lack of trust in experts and institutions; concern about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines; resistance towards prescriptive guidance and restrictions; and, despite personal reluctance or unwillingness to get vaccinated, acceptance of others getting vaccinated. DISCUSSION Vaccine confidence communication strategies should address individual concerns, describe the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination, and highlight evolving science using factural and neutral presentations of information to foster trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Abad
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Qian Huang
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Nataly Johanson
- Ipsos US Public Affairs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Helen Fisun
- Ipsos US Public Affairs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Zachary Lewis
- Ipsos US Public Affairs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Wilhelm
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Brittney Baack
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly E. Bonner
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie Kobau
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Noel T. Brewer
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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Huang Q, Abad N, Bonner KE, Baack B, Petrin R, Hendrich MA, Lewis Z, Brewer NT. Explaining demographic differences in COVID-19 vaccination stage in the United States - April-May 2021. Prev Med 2023; 166:107341. [PMID: 36372280 PMCID: PMC9650505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine coverage in the US has marked demographic and geographical disparities, but few explanations exist for them. Our paper aimed to identify behavioral and social drivers that explain these vaccination disparities. Participants were a national probability sample of 3562 American adults, recruited from the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. Participants completed an online survey in spring 2021, when COVD-19 vaccination was available for higher-risk groups but not yet available to all US adults. The survey assessed COVID-19 vaccination stage (intentions and vaccine uptake), constructs from the Increasing Vaccination Model (IVM) domains (thinking and feeling, social processes, and direct behavior change), self-reported exposure to COVID-19 vaccine information, and demographic characteristics. Analyses used multiple imputation to address item nonresponse and linear regressions to conduct mediation analyses. Higher COVID-19 vaccination stage was strongly associated with older age, liberal political ideology, and higher income in adjusted analyses (all p < .001). Vaccination stage was more modestly associated with urbanicity, white race, and Hispanic ethnicity (all p < .05). Some key mediators that explained more than one-third of demographic differences in vaccination stage were perceived vaccine effectiveness, social norms, and recommendations from family and friends across most demographic characteristics (all p < .05). Other mediators included safety concerns, trust, altruism, provider recommendation, and information seeking. Access to vaccination, barriers to vaccination, and self-efficacy explained few demographic differences. One of the most reliable explanations for demographic differences in COVID-19 vaccination stage is social processes, including social norms, recommendations, and altruism. Interventions to promote COVID-19 vaccination should address social processes and other domains in the IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Neetu Abad
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Brittney Baack
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Noel T Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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6
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Russ B, Arthur J, Lewis Z, Snead G. A REVIEW OF LAWSUITS RELATED TO POINT-OF-CARE EMERGENCY ULTRASOUND APPLICATIONS. J Emerg Med 2022; 63:661-672. [PMID: 35953324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous investigators have assessed United States Case Law to evaluate the medicolegal risk surrounding point-of-care ultrasound applications. These studies have suggested that nonperformance is the primary source of an allegation of medical malpractice. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to update the literature regarding medical malpractice cases involving ultrasound applications that could be used at the point of care, and assess the risk conveyed to advanced practice providers and by application of emerging applications of ultrasound. METHODS Authors reviewed the Westlaw database for medical malpractice cases involving point-of-care ultrasound applications between December 2012 and January 2021. Cases were included if there was an allegation of misconduct by an emergency provider and if an ultrasound included in the American College of Emergency Physicians investigators core, extended, emerging, or adjunct applications was discussed to any degree. Investigators independently reviewed the cases for inclusion. Authors abstracted the case information, type of ultrasound performed, and the specific allegation of misconduct. RESULTS Nineteen cases met inclusion criteria. Seven cases involved core applications of emergency ultrasound and 13 involved extended, emerging, or adjunct applications. One case was included in both categories as it included elements of both core and extended applications. The most common primary allegation was failure to perform an ultrasound. No cases clearly alleged misinterpretation of a point-of-care ultrasound. CONCLUSION As previous studies have suggested, nonperformance of ultrasound seems to convey the greatest medicolegal risk. Extended, emerging, or adjunct applications of ultrasound may convey a slightly higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Russ
- Division of Emergency Ultrasound, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
| | - Jason Arthur
- Division of Emergency Ultrasound, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
| | - Zachary Lewis
- Division of Emergency Ultrasound, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Gregory Snead
- Division of Emergency Ultrasound, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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7
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Diao L, Badkhshan S, VanDyke M, Lewis Z, Dropkin B, Joice G, Sanders S, Hudak S, Morey A. Penile Extra-Tunical Graft Reconstruction of Peyronie's Disease Concavity Deformities. J Sex Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Whittaker R, Lewis Z, Plymale MA, Nisiewicz M, Ebunoluwa A, Davenport DL, Reynolds JK, Roth JS. Emergent and urgent ventral hernia repair: comparing recurrence rates amongst procedures utilizing mesh versus no mesh. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:7731-7737. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Arthur J, Lewis Z, Russ B, Plumley MP, Patel A, Bradshaw J, Spencer H, Snead G. Sensitivity and specificity of Point-of-Care ocular ultrasound for optic neuritis: a hypothesis generating study. Journal of Emergency Medicine, Trauma and Acute Care 2021. [DOI: 10.5339/jemtac.2021.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This retrospective study compares point-of-care ocular ultrasound to MRI in order to establish preliminary data for and identify challenges to a multicenter study into the utility of ocular ultrasound for diagnosing optic neuritis. Methods: Our ultrasound archive was queried to identify subjects suspected of having optic neuritis who underwent ocular ultrasound and MRI of the brain or orbit. Blinded ultrasounds were reviewed by ultrasound faculty. The presence of optic disc elevation, optic nerve, or sheath dilation, and overall impression were recorded and compared to MRI results. Sensitivity and specificity of each ultrasound finding and the overall impression, as well as agreement between the raters, were calculated. Results: Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for MRI confirmed optic neuritis was 100 % (95 % CI 54.1-100) and 58.3 % (95 % CI 27.7-84.8). Optic nerve sheath diameter had nearly perfect agreement (κ = 0.8828), however agreement on optic disc elevation (κ = 0.5641), nerve diameter (κ = 0.2174), and overall agreement (κ = 0.1818) were moderate, fair, and poor, respectively. Conclusions: This preliminary study estimates test characteristics of ocular ultrasound for the diagnosis of optic neuritis for the purposes of power analysis and to identify potential pitfalls in preparation for a larger prospective investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Arthur
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Zachary Lewis
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Brian Russ
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Melissa P. Plumley
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Anjali Patel
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Jace Bradshaw
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Horace Spencer
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Gregory Snead
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Li Y, Mao P, Basenko EY, Lewis Z, Smerdon MJ, Czaja W. Versatile cell-based assay for measuring DNA alkylation damage and its repair. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18393. [PMID: 34526526 PMCID: PMC8443546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97523-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA alkylation damage induced by environmental carcinogens, chemotherapy drugs, or endogenous metabolites plays a central role in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and cancer therapy. Base excision repair (BER) is a conserved, front line DNA repair pathway that removes alkylation damage from DNA. The capacity of BER to repair DNA alkylation varies markedly between different cell types and tissues, which correlates with cancer risk and cellular responses to alkylation chemotherapy. The ability to measure cellular rates of alkylation damage repair by the BER pathway is critically important for better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in carcinogenesis, and also to advance development of new therapeutic strategies. Methods for assessing the rates of alkylation damage and repair, especially in human cells, are limited, prone to significant variability due to the unstable nature of some of the alkyl adducts, and often rely on indirect measurements of BER activity. Here, we report a highly reproducible and quantitative, cell-based assay, named alk-BER (alkylation Base Excision Repair) for measuring rates of BER following alkylation DNA damage. The alk-BER assay involves specific detection of methyl DNA adducts (7-methyl guanine and 3-methyl adenine) directly in genomic DNA. The assay has been developed and adapted to measure the activity of BER in fungal model systems and human cell lines. Considering the specificity and conserved nature of BER enzymes, the assay can be adapted to virtually any type of cultured cells. Alk-BER offers a cost efficient and reliable method that can effectively complement existing approaches to advance integrative research on mechanisms of alkylation DNA damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Peng Mao
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Evelina Y Basenko
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Zachary Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael J Smerdon
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Wioletta Czaja
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
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11
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Heys C, Fisher AM, Dewhurst AD, Lewis Z, Lizé A. Exposure to foreign gut microbiota can facilitate rapid dietary shifts. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16791. [PMID: 34408232 PMCID: PMC8373899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary niche is fundamental for determining species ecology; thus, a detailed understanding of what drives variation in dietary niche is vital for predicting ecological shifts and could have implications for species management. Gut microbiota can be important for determining an organism’s dietary preference, and therefore which food resources they are likely to exploit. Evidence for whether the composition of the gut microbiota is plastic in response to changes in diet is mixed. Also, the extent to which dietary preference can be changed following colonisation by new gut microbiota from different species is unknown. Here, we use Drosophila spp. to show that: (1) the composition of an individual’s gut microbiota can change in response to dietary changes, and (2) ingestion of foreign gut microbes can cause individuals to be attracted to food types they previously had a strong aversion to. Thus, we expose a mechanism for facilitating rapid shifts in dietary niche over short evolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Heys
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.,School of Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2RU, UK
| | - A M Fisher
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK. .,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - A D Dewhurst
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Z Lewis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - A Lizé
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.,Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre de Recherche et d'Enseignement sur les Systèmes Côtiers (CRESCO), Station Marine de Dinard, Dinard, France.,UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, University of Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes, France
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12
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Ma Y, Zhang X, Alsaidan OA, Yang X, Sulejmani E, Zha J, Beharry Z, Huang H, Bartlett M, Lewis Z, Cai H. Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase 4-Mediated Fatty Acid Metabolism Sustains Androgen Receptor Pathway-Independent Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:124-135. [PMID: 33077484 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy has led to elevated cases of androgen receptor (AR) pathway-independent prostate cancer with dysregulated fatty acid metabolism. However, it is unclear how prostate cancer cells sustain dysregulated fatty acid metabolism to drive AR-independent prostate cancer. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSL) catalyze the conversion of fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoAs that are required for fatty acid metabolism. In this study, we demonstrate that expression levels of ACSL3 and 4 were oppositely regulated by androgen-AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. AR served as a transcription suppressor to bind at the ACSL4 promoter region and inhibited its transcription. Inhibition of androgen-AR signaling significantly downregulated ACSL3 and PSA, but elevated ACSL4 levels. ACSL4 regulated a broad spectrum of fatty acyl-CoA levels, and its catalytic efficiency in fatty acyl-CoAs biosynthesis was about 1.9- to 4.3-fold higher than ACSL3. In addition, in contrast to ACSL3, ACSL4 significantly regulated global protein myristoylation or myristoylation of Src kinase in prostate cancer cells. Knockdown of ACSL4 inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and xenograft growth of AR-independent prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest that the surge of ACSL4 levels by targeting AR signaling increases fatty acyl-CoAs biosynthesis and protein myristoylation, indicating the opposite, yet complementary or Yin-Yang regulation of ACSL3 and 4 levels in sustaining fatty acid metabolism when targeting androgen-AR signaling. This study reveals a mechanistic understanding of ACSL4 as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of AR-independent prostate cancer. IMPLICATIONS: AR coordinately regulates the expression of ACSL3 and ACSL4, such that AR pathway-independent prostate tumors become dependent on ACSL4-mediated fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Essilvo Sulejmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Junyi Zha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Zanna Beharry
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands
| | - Hanwen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Michael Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Zachary Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia.
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Hanken J, Lewis Z. Developmental Basis and Consequences of a Key Innovation in Lungless Salamanders. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Smith D, Arthur J, Lewis Z, Snead G. Ultrasound-Assisted Diagnosis of Optic Neuritis in the Emergency Department: A Case Report. J Emerg Med 2019; 57:212-215. [PMID: 31253461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic neuritis is a common cause of subacute unilateral vision loss, occurring in 1-5 per 100,000 persons per year. It is more common in Caucasians, women, and those from countries with northern latitudes. Those aged 20-49 years are at greatest risk. The condition arises due to inflammation of the optic nerve. Inflammation may occur due to systemic inflammatory disorders, most commonly multiple sclerosis. CASE REPORT A 21-year-old African-American male presented to our emergency department with a complaint of painful unilateral vision loss. On examination he was found to have a relative afferent pupillary defect and red desaturation. A bedside ultrasound suggested pseudopapilledema suggestive of optic neuritis. He was admitted to Neurology for confirmation of and treatment for optic neuritis. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed optic neuritis. The patient was treated with i.v. steroids and discharged after improvement in visual function. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Optic neuritis is a clinical diagnosis. The subtle historical components and examination findings make it a diagnostic challenge for the busy emergency physician. Early diagnosis may improve visual outcomes. Discovery of pseudopapilledema on bedside ultrasound may be seen in optic neuritis, and is another finding that emergency physicians may assess for in patient presenting with unilateral vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jason Arthur
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Zachary Lewis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Gregory Snead
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Abstract
Synchronization of behavior has repeatedly been shown to increase pain threshold, which is understood to be an indicator of endorphin activity. Although Weinstein et al. found that large and small groups showed the same effect, to date no study has manipulated group size to determine if it has an effect on change in pain threshold. Thirty-three participants rowed two 20-min time trials under two counterbalanced conditions—paired and large group. Pain threshold was assessed before, immediately post, 5-min post, and 10-min post each session. A repeated-measures (3 × 2) factorial ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between condition and time. Specifically, there was a significantly higher pain threshold in the large group than in the paired condition after 10 min of exercise.
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Lewis Z, Hanken J. A salamander model for atrial septal defects and cardiopulmonary evolution. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.552.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Lewis
- Dept. of Organismic and EvolutionaryBiology Harvard UniversityCambridgeMAUnited States
| | - James Hanken
- Dept. of Organismic and EvolutionaryBiology Harvard UniversityCambridgeMAUnited States
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Munson TA, Valyi-Nagy T, Utset M, Lewis Z, Amin-Hanjani S. Intramedullary hobnail hemangioendothelioma of the conus. J Neurosurg Spine 2013; 18:515-8. [PMID: 23521687 DOI: 10.3171/2013.2.spine12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hemangioendotheliomas have only rarely been encountered in the neuraxis. Here, the authors present a case of an intramedullary hobnail hemangioendothelioma of the spinal cord, the first case described of this particular pathological entity in the neuraxis. The authors discuss their treatment and review the pertinent literature regarding management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Munson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 South Wood Street, MC-799, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Best A, Lewis Z, Hurst G, Lizé A. Thermal environment during and outside courtship jointly determine female remating rate in Drosophila melanogaster. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lewis Z, Takeuchi T. Position and momentum uncertainties of the normal and inverted harmonic oscillators under the minimal length uncertainty relation. Int J Clin Exp Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.84.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis manipulates host reproduction by rendering infected males reproductively incompatible with uninfected females (cytoplasmic incompatibility; CI). CI is believed to occur as a result of Wolbachia-induced modifications to sperm during maturation, which prevent infected sperm from initiating successful zygote development when fertilizing uninfected females' eggs. However, the mechanism by which CI occurs has been little studied outside the genus Drosophila. Here, we show that in the sperm heteromorphic Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, infected males transfer fewer fertile sperm at mating than uninfected males. In contrast, non-fertile apyrene sperm are not affected. This indicates that Wolbachia may only affect fertile sperm production and highlights the potential of the Lepidoptera as a model for examining the mechanism by which Wolbachia induces CI in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lewis
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
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Abstract
It is unknown why females mate with multiple males when mating is frequently costly and a single copulation often provides enough sperm to fertilize all a female's eggs. One possibility is that remating increases the fitness of offspring, because fertilization success is biased toward the sperm of high-fitness males. We show that female Drosophila pseudoobscura evolved increased remating rates when exposed to the risk of mating with males carrying a deleterious sex ratio-distorting gene that also reduces sperm competitive ability. Because selfish genetic elements that reduce sperm competitive ability are generally associated with low genetic fitness, they may represent a common driver of the evolution of polyandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A R Price
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
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