Probing Operator Spreading via Floquet Engineering in a Superconducting Circuit

Operator spreading, often characterized by out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs), is one of the central concepts in quantum many-body physics. However, measuring OTOCs is experimentally challenging due to the requirement of reversing the time evolution of systems. Here we apply Floquet engineering to investigate operator spreading in a superconducting 10-qubit chain. Floquet engineering provides an effective way to tune the coupling strength between nearby qubits, which is used to demonstrate quantum walks with tunable couplings, reversed time evolution, and the measurement of OTOCs. A clear light-cone-like operator propagation is observed in the system with multiple excitations, and has a nearly equal velocity as the single-particle quantum walk. For the butterfly operator that is nonlocal (local) under the Jordan-Wigner transformation, the OTOCs show distinct behaviors with (without) a signature of information scrambling in the near integrable system.

[Progressive massive fibrosis in pneumoconiosis is mimicking lung malignancy on (18)F-FDGPET-CT: two cases report]

Occupational pneumoconiosis is one of the main occupational diseases in China. Progressive massive fibrosis in pneumoconiosis should be distinguished from lung cancer for their similar imaging features which is often identified by (18)F-FDG PET-CT in clinic. Here we reported two cases of pneumoconiosis. Both of them were suspected of carrying malignant tumors by preoperative PET-CT exam, however, nodules in these two patients were all proved to be benign by intraoperative pathology which suggested that there is false-positive possibility in the distinguishment of pneumoconiosis nodules by (18)F-FDG PET-CT.

Determination of Ginsenosides (Ginseng Saponins) in Dry Root Powder from Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Selected Commercial Products by Liquid Chromatography: Interlaboratory Study

Twelve collaborating laboratories assayed 4 products, namely, Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and 2 ginseng products, for 6 ginsenosides: Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, andRg1. Collaborators also received a negative control for the recovery study. Pure ginsenosides were provided as reference standards for the liquid chromatography (LC) analysis and the system suitability tests. The LC analyses were performed on the methanol extract using UV detection at 203 nm. For P. ginseng, individual ginsenosides were consistent in their means; repeatability standard deviations (RSDr)rangedfrom4.17to5.09% and reproducibility standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 7.27 to 11.3%. For P. quinquefolius, the Rb1 and Rb2 ginsenosides were higher and lower in concentration than P. ginseng, with RSDr values of 3.44 and 6.60% and RSDR values of 5.91 and 12.6% respectively, and other analytes at intermediate precisions. For ginseng commercial products, RSDr values ranged from 3.39 to 8.12%, andRSDR values ranged from 7.65 to 16.5%. A recovery study was also conducted for 3 ginsenosides: Rg1, Re, andRb1. The average recoveries were 99.9, 96.2, and 92.3%, respectively. The method is not applicable for the determination of Rg1 and Re in ginseng product at levels <300 mg/kg.

[Giant angioleiomyoma of the neck: a rare tumor case and literature review]

Summary The patient was admitted of the chief complain "progressive snoring for two years, gradual enlargement of the neck neoplasm for six months". Specific examination indicated that bilateral cervical-mandibular margin to cervical root diffuse apophysis, most notably in the right thyroid plane.Posterior pharyngeal wall underwent an apophysis while no related vein engorgement was noticed. Ultrasound examination indicated that multiple hypoechoic nodules with calcification from posterior thyroid to submandibular. MRI examination indicated bilateral posterior pharyngeal plexus malformation. The patient was first treated with angiography and embolization in the department of interventional and followed by "cervical mass resection" in the department of otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery. The tumor size was 11 cm×8 cm×3 cm. Histology of the tumor was angioleiomyoma with immunohistochemical results Desmin（+），SMA（+），CD31（-），CD34（+），Ki67（+，1%），Vimentin（+），D-240（-），p53（-）.

Association between RAGE gene polymorphisms and ulcerative colitis susceptibility: a case-control study in a Chinese Han population

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an immune-related disease with genetic predisposition. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of three polymorphisms in the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) gene with UC risk in a Chinese population. This case-control study involved 72 UC patients and 479 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction method. Data were analyzed using the Haplo.stats program. There were no significant differences between patients and controls in the allele/genotype distributions of rs1800624 (P(allele)= 0.11; Pgenotype = 0.20), rs1800625 (P(allele) = 0.16; Pgenotype = 0.11), or rs2070600 (P(allele) = 0.37; Pgenotype = 0.65). In addition, no positive haplotypes were identified. To the best of our knowledge, the current study describes polymorphisms of RAGE in Chinese UC for the first time. We found no association between RAGE polymorphisms and the development of UC in the Chinese population.

Lack of association between the hOGG1 gene Ser326Cys polymorphism and gastric cancer risk: evidence from a case-control study and a meta-analysis

The association between the human 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) gene Ser326Cys polymorphism (rs1052133) and gastric cancer has been widely evaluated, yet a definitive answer to whether this association exists is lacking. We first conducted a case-control study to assess this association in a large Han Chinese population, and then performed a meta-analysis to further address this issue. This case-control study involved 448 patients clinically diagnosed with gastric cancer and 372 cancer-free control individuals from China. Genotyping was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction method. Meta-analysis was performed by the STATA software. Data and study quality were assessed in duplicate. Our case-control association study indicated that there were no significant differences in the genotype and allele distributions of the Ser326Cys polymorphism between gastric cancer patients and controls (P = 0.8026 for genotype, and P = 0.5857 for allele), consistent with the results of the subsequent meta-analysis involving 2745 patients and 4588 controls under both allelic [odds ratio (OR) = 1.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.91-1.14; P = 0.739] and dominant (OR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.78-1.21; P = 0.803) models. Further subgroup analyses by ethnicity, source of controls, and sample size also did not detect any positive associations in this meta-analysis. Overall, our study in the Han Chinese population, along with the meta-analysis, failed to confirm the association of the hOGG1 gene Ser326Cys polymorphism with gastric cancer risk, even across different ethnic populations.

Propofol suppresses proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells via downregulation of microRNA-221 expression

Propofol is one of the extensively and commonly used intravenous anesthetic agents. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of propofol on the behavior of human gastric cancer cells and the molecular mechanisms of this activity. The effects of propofol on SGC7901 and AGS cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were detected by MTT assay, flow cytometric analysis, and matrigel invasion assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to assess microRNA (miR)-221 expression. miR-221 mimics were transfected into SGC7901 and AGS cells to assess the role of miR- 221 in propofol-induced anti-tumor activity. Propofol significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion and promoted apoptosis of SGC7901 and AGS cells. Propofol also efficiently reduced miR-221 expression. Moreover, transfection of miR-221 mimics reversed the effects of propofol on the biological behavior of gastric cancer cells. Propofol can effectively inhibit proliferation and invasion and induce apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through, at least partly, downregulation of miR-221 expression.

A universal quantitative ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) method for assessing the purity of dammarane-type ginsenosides

INTRODUCTION

Quantitative (1)H-NMR (qNMR) is a well-established method for quantitative analysis and purity tests. Applications have been reported in many areas, such as natural products, foods and beverages, metabolites, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. The characteristics of quantitative estimation without relying on special target reference substances make qNMR especially suitable for purity tests of chemical compounds and natural products. Ginsenosides are a special group of natural products drawing broad attention, and are considered to be the main bioactive principles behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. The purity of ginsenosides is usually determined by conventional chromatographic methods, although these may not be ideal due to the response of detectors to discriminate between analytes and impurities and the long run times involved.

OBJECTIVE

To establish a qNMR method for purity tests of six dammarane-type ginsenoside standards.

METHODS

Several experimental parameters were optimised for the quantification, including relaxation delay (D1), the transmitter frequency offset (O1P) and power level for pre-saturation (PL9). The method was validated and the purity of the six ginsenoside standards was tested. Also, the results of the qNMR method were further validated by comparison with those of high performance liquid chromatography.

CONCLUSION

The qNMR method was rapid, specific and accurate, thus providing a practical and reliable protocol for the purity analysis of ginsenoside standards.

A case-control study indicates that the TRIB1 gene is associated with pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm originating from transformed cells arising in tissues that form the pancreas. To investigate whether the tribbles homolog 1 (Drosophila) gene (TRIB1) is associated with pancreatic cancer in the Chinese Han population, we conducted this case-control study and genotyped 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2980879, rs2980874, and rs2235108) of the TRIB1 gene in 182 patients and 359 normal controls of Chinese Han origin and analyzed their association. The results showed that the rs2980879 polymorphism was associated with pancreatic cancer [allele: P = 0.023434, genotype: P = 0.03005; odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.727788 (0.552664-0.958404)], whereas the rs2980874 polymorphism had no association with pancreatic cancer [allele: P = 0.749885, genotype: P = 0.699533; OR and 95%CI = 1.041981 (0.809196-1.341734)], and the rs2235108 polymorphism was not associated with the disease [allele: P = 0.629475, genotype: P = 0.547534, OR and 95%CI = 1.128290 (0.690829-1.842770)]. Haplotype analyses and linkage disequilibrium tests were also conducted, and the results showed that these 3 loci are not in the same block. In conclusion, our study indicated that the TRIB1 gene is associated with pancreatic cancer. More studies with larger samples are needed in order to support this finding.

Meta-analysis demonstrates lack of an association of microsomal epoxide hydrolase 1 polymorphisms with esophageal cancer risk

Epoxide hydrolases metabolize exogenous chemicals, including carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The relationship between microsomal epoxide hydrolase 1 (EPHX1) polymorphisms and esophageal cancer risk has been investigated in various ethnic populations, but the results have been contradictory. We investigated the association of EPHX1 Tyr113His and His139Arg polymorphisms with esophageal cancer via a comprehensive meta-analysis. Publications before August 20, 2012 were included. Eight studies concerning Tyr113His polymorphism associated with 1158 esophageal cancer cases and 1868 controls were identified; 7 studies concerning association of His139Arg with 901 esophageal cancer cases and 1615 controls were also included. A random-effect model was applied, irrespective of between-study heterogeneity. Data and study quality were assessed in duplicate. No significant association was found in either the allele or genotype models for Tyr113His or His139Arg polymorphism with risk for esophageal cancer. Lack of association was also identified in stratified analyses by ethnicity. No publication bias was observed. We conclude that current evidence does not demonstrate association of EPHX1 Tyr113His or His139Arg polymorphisms with risk for development of esophageal cancer.

Densification and strain hardening of a metallic glass under tension at room temperature

The deformation of metallic glasses involves two competing processes: a disordering process involving dilatation, free volume accumulation, and softening, and a relaxation process involving diffusional ordering and densification. For metallic glasses at room temperature and under uniaxial loading, disordering usually dominates, and the glass can fail catastrophically as the softening process runs away in a localized mode. Here we demonstrate conditions where the opposite, unexpected, situation occurs: the densifying process dominates, resulting in stable plastic deformation and work hardening at room temperature. We report densification and hardening during deformation in a Zr-based glass under multiaxial loading, in a notched tensile geometry. The effect is driven by stress-enhanced diffusional relaxation, and is attended by a reduction in exothermic heat and hardening signatures similar to those observed in the classical thermal relaxation of glasses. The result is significant, stable, plastic, extensional flow in metallic glasses, which suggest a possibility of designing tough glasses based on their flow properties.

Lack of association between the interleukin 6 gene -174G>C polymorphism and colorectal cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis

Interleukin 6 (IL6) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in physiological processes and in a variety of human malignancies. It is thus a logical candidate for being a causative factor underlying colorectal cancer (CRC). The association between the IL6 -174G>C polymorphism and CRC has been widely evaluated; yet, there is a lack of agreement between studies on the role of this polymorphism in CRC. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate this association signal. Articles published before May 10, 2012 were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 11 populations incorporating 6481 cases and 7935 controls were included in our analysis. A random-effect model was applied irrespective of between-study heterogeneity. Data and study quality were assessed in duplicate. Overall, the association of the -174G>C polymorphism with CRC was not significant in an allelic comparison model [odds ratio (OR) = 0.99; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 0.90-1.09; P = 0.827], a homozygote model (OR = 0.98; 95%CI = 0.83-1.15; P = 0.805), a dominant model (OR = 0.99; 95%CI = 0.87-1.13; P = 0.906), or a recessive model (OR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.88-1.08; P = 0.610). Furthermore, the analyses of subgroups created based on common study design, genotyping methods, and ethnicity failed to find a significant association of this polymorphism with CRC. Therefore, our results collectively suggest that the IL6 -174G>C polymorphism might not be a potential candidate for CRC risk.

Lack of association between Cyclin D1 gene G870A polymorphism and esophageal cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis

The association between the Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) G870A polymorphism and esophageal cancer has been widely evaluated, with conflicting results. As meta-analysis is a reliable approach to resolving discrepancies, we aimed to evaluate this association. Data were available from 9 study populations incorporating 1898 cases and 3046 controls. Overall, the allelic/genotypic association between the G870A polymorphism and esophageal cancer was nonsignificant [for allele: odds ratio (OR) = 1.14, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 0.94-1.38, P = 0.184; for genotype homozygous comparison: OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 0.90-2.06, P = 0.140; for dominant model: OR = 1.24, 95%CI = 0.88-1.75, P = 0.222; for recessive model: OR = 1.13, 95%CI = 0.90-1.43, P = 0.292]. Moreover, subgroup analyses according to study designs, geographic areas, types of esophageal cancer, genotyping methods, and ethnicities failed to demonstrate a significant association between this polymorphism and esophageal cancer. In addition, there was significant publication bias as reflected by funnel plots and the Egger test (P = 0.042). Taken together, our results suggest that the CCND1 G870A polymorphism might not be a potential candidate for predicting esophageal cancer risk.

Meta-analysis demonstrates that the NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) gene 609 C>T polymorphism is associated with increased gastric cancer risk in Asians

The association between the NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) gene C609T polymorphism and gastric cancer has been widely evaluated, yet with conflicting results. Data were available from seven study populations involving 2600 subjects. Overall, comparison of alleles 609T and 609C indicated a significantly increased risk (46%) for gastric cancer (95% confidence interval (95%CI) for odds ratio (OR) = 1.20-1.79) in individuals with the T allele. The tendency was increased in the homozygous comparison (609TT versus 609CC), with an OR = 2.04 (95%CI = 1.37-3.05). Stratified analysis by study design demonstrated stronger associations in population-based studies than in hospital-based studies, based on OR. Ethnicity-based analysis demonstrated a significant association in Asians but not in Caucasians. Additionally, in the subgroup analyses by the type of gastric cancer, a significantly increased risk was found with all genetic models in the gastric adenocarcinoma subgroup compared to the others. We conclude that the NQO1 gene C609T polymorphism increases the risk for gastric cancer, especially in Asian populations.

Strain effect on the diffusion of interstitial Mn in GaAs

The influence of external strain on the diffusion barriers of interstitial Mn in GaAs is studied using the first-principles calculations within the density functional theory. The diffusion barrier changes with strain in different manners: linear on the tensile strain and nonlinear on compressive strain, in contrast to the linear behavior of the continuum elastic model. The discrepancy between the continuum elastic model and the results of the first-principles method is attributed to the energy-level crossing caused by strain. Moreover, we find that the external strain can not only effectively change the diffusion barrier (even to zero, at certain strain), but also the position of saddle points along the migration path. Our finding provides an alternative way to reduce the population of interstitial Mn in GaAs, thus correspondingly to increase the Curie temperature of this system.

Identification of medicinal plants used as Tibetan Traditional Medicine jie-ji

AIM OF THE STUDY

Based on the authors' collection of specimens used as jie-ji in local Tibetan areas, China, and taxonomic determination, this paper aims to give a list of medicinal plants as jie-ji, formally identify the ones recognized as jie-ji ga-bao or jie-ji na-bao and to offer basic data for further studies on these Tibetan herbs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Local herbalists were visited in Tibetan areas, China to observe which plants were being used as jie-ji. Samples of the indigenous plants were collected at the same time. Also, the medicinal plants as jie-ji were taxonomically identified.

RESULTS

A list of medicinal plants including 10 species of jie-ji in local Tibetan areas is given, including their morphological pictures used for identification.

CONCLUSIONS

The origin of jie-ji is from 10 species of the Section Cruciata, Genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae). five species with dark blue flowers are used as jie-ji na-bao, the other five with white flowers are used as jie-ji ga-bao. Also, Gentiana macrophylla Pall. with dark blue flowers in the Section Cruciata, Genus Gentiana is not the original plant of jie-ji na-bao. The species endemic to the province are used as the original plants of jie-ji only in local Tibetan area of the province. Finally, the drug use of jie-ji in Traditional Tibetan Medicine is reasonable and it is efficacious.

Establishment of a new cell line for high-throughput evaluation of chemokine CCR5 receptor antagonists

Chemokine receptors belong to a superfamily of proteins that signal through coupled heterotrimeric G proteins. Chemokine receptor CCR5 is the major co-receptor essential for HIV entry into host cells, and now chemokine CCR5 receptor has become an important target in searching for anti-HIV drugs. Here, we describe the establishment of a human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293/CCR5-HA cell line stably expressing CCR5 receptor with influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tag at the N termini on the membrane surface of HEK293 cells. Plasmid pcDNA3.0-CCR5-HA was transfected into HEK293 cells, and monoclonal HEK293 cell lines expressing CCR5 receptor were generated under G418 selection. The expression of functional CCR5 receptor was tested by GTP?S assay, and the results showed about 5 monoclonal HEK293 cell lines expressed functional CCR5 receptor, and of which No.7 monoclonal cell line is the best. The FACS analysis results further confirmed that CCR5 receptor was positive in 96.89% of No.7 monoclonal HEK293/CCR5-HA cell line. Further results showed that RANTES significantly stimulated GTP?S binding in the dose-dependent manner, and CCR5 antagonist Sch-351125 inhibited RANTES stimulated GTP?S binding in the dose-dependent manner in No.7 monoclonal HEK293/CCR5-HA cell line. Our results suggest that the established HEK293/CCR5-HA cell line is suitable for highthroughput screening and is feasible to identify CCR5 receptor antagonists.

Antidepressant effect of Yueju-Wan ethanol extract and its fractions in mice models of despair

AIM OF THE STUDY

Yueju-Wan (YJ), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, is commonly used for the treatment of depression-related syndromes in China. This study was conducted to evaluate the antidepressant activity of YJ ethanol extract (YJ-E) and its four different fractions, the petroleum ether fraction (YJ-EA), ethyl acetate fraction (YJ-EB), n-butanol fraction (YJ-EC) and final aqueous fraction (YJ-ED).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two experimental despair animal models: the mice tail suspension test (TST) and the mice forced swimming test (FST) were used to evaluate the antidepressant activity of YJ-E and its fractions. These extracts or fractions were administered orally for 7 days, while the parallel positive control was given at the same time using fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLU) in TST and imipramine hydrochloride (IMI) in FST respectively.

RESULTS

YJ-E high dose (YJ-E2), YJ-EA, YJ-EC and the positive control groups could decrease the duration of immobility in the TST and FST and have no significant changes in locomotor activity. YJ-E low dose (YJ-E1), YJ-EB, YJ-ED and the vehicle solvent (VEH) control group have no obvious effect on these same tests.

CONCLUSIONS

In these despair animal models, YJ ethanol extract, the petroleum ether fraction and n-butanol fraction show potent antidepressant effects. The petroleum ether fraction and n-butanol fraction appear to be the active fractions of YJ-E.

Sulfated beta-glucan derived from oat bran with potent anti-HIV activity

China is a major producer of oats; the annual harvested area of 350,000 ha yields approximately 465,000 tons, giving an average yield of 1.33 tons/ha. The bran is not used for animal feed as it is of poor digestibility and low nutritive content and is considered a waste byproduct. Therefore, it is advantageous to produce a value-added product from the bran. We extracted the native polysaccharide, a linear (1-3)-, (1-4)-linked beta-glucan (OBG) from the oat bran and synthesized a sulfated derivative OBGS containing 36.5% sulfate. OBGS had potent activity against a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at a concentration (EC(50)=5.98 x 10(-4) microM) approximately 15,000 times below its cytotoxic concentration. OBGS was also active postinfection (EC(50)=5.3 x 10(-4) microM) and protected pretreated peripheral mononuclear cells (EC(50)=5.2 x 10(-2) microM) washed free of the compounds prior to infection. Thus, OBGS has potential as a vaginal microbicide and is the first such report for oat bran derived sulfated beta-glucan.

Identification of Dryopteris crassirhizoma and the adulterant species based on cpDNA rbcL and translated amino acid sequences

Dry rhizome of Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai (Dryopteridaceae), also known as Guan Zhong, is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used in the treatment of viral disease. But the dry rhizomes of Woodwardia JAPONICA (L. f.) Sm., OSMUNDA JAPONICA Thunb. and Cyrtomium fortunei J. Sm. are also used as Guan Zhong in local areas. The adulterants are similar to Dryopteris crassirhizoma. It is difficult to identify the botanical origin of these herbs. In our study, sequences of the cpDNA RBCL gene were determined and analyzed for Dryopteris crassirhizoma and adulterant species, where nineteen molecular markers had been determined. Also, amino acid sequences translated from the RBCL gene were analyzed and four important molecular markers were detected. Based on cpDNA RBCL and translated amino acid sequences, Dryopteris crassirhizoma can easily be distinguished from the other three fern species.

Structural features and anti-HIV-1 activity of novel polysaccharides from red algae Grateloupia longifolia and Grateloupia filicina

Since sulphated polysaccharides have antiviral activity in vitro, we examined the structure and antiretroviral activity of native sulphated galactans extracted from the red algae, Grateloupia filicina (GFP) and Grateloupia longifolia (GLP). The sulphate contents of GFP and GLPE (the 1,4-alpha-d-glucan-glucanohydrolase digest of GLP) were 25.7 and 18.5%, respectively. The sulphate ester groups were located at carbon 2 for GFP and at carbon 2 and 6 for GLPE. Antiretroviral activity was investigated with a primary isolate (PI) of HIV-1 and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) rather than T-cell line adapted (TCLA) HIV-1 and T-cell lines because it is more representative of the in vivo situation. Both compounds and their derivatives had potent anti-HIV-1 activity when added at the time of infection, and 2h post-infection (EC50s 0.010-0.003microM, EC(90s) 0.87-0.33microM) and low cytotoxicity. Their potential medical application as virucidal vaginal formulations is discussed.

Surface and interface studies of GaN epitaxy on Si(111) via buffer layers

Gallium nitride films, epitaxially grown on Si(111) via a lattice-matched ZrB(2) buffer layer by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, have been studied in situ by noncontact atomic force microscopy and also in real time by reflection high-energy electron diffraction. The grown films were determined to be always N-polar. First-principles theoretical calculations modeling the interface structure between GaN(0001) and ZrB(2)(0001) clarify the origin of the N polarity.

Antipruritic and antinociceptive effects of Chenopodium album L in mice

The ethanolic extract from the fruits of Chenopodium album L. (FCAL), orally administered at doses of 100-400 mg/kg, dose-dependently inhibited scratching behavior induced by 5-HT (10 micro g per mouse, s.c.) or compound 48/80 (50 micro g per mouse, s.c.) in mice. But it failed to affect hind paw swelling induced by 5-HT or compound 48/80 in mice at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and only showed a relatively weak inhibition on the swelling at a higher dose of 400 mg/kg. In addition, FCAL (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the writhing responses induced by an intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid and the inflammatory pain response induced by an intraplantar injection of formalin in mice. At a dose of 400 mg/kg, it also inhibited the neurogenic pain response of formalin test. In conclusion, FCAL possesses antipruritic and antinociceptive activities and the antinociceptive effects are not secondary to anti-inflammatory effects. The findings support evidence for the clinical use of FCAL to treat cutaneous pruritus.

Studies on the molecular markers of rhizomes of some Alpinia species

The rhizomes of Alpinia jianganfeng are used as a traditional Chinese medicine, Jian Gan Feng, to cure rheumatism in Guangdong, China. The rhizomes of some other species of the genus Alpinia such as A. japonica, A. suishaensis and A. nanchuanensis are also used as Jian Gan Feng in Southwest China. However, the identification of the original plants of the crude drugs is difficult. The internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S coding region of nuclear ribosomal DNA of the four species were sequenced and analyzed. The DNA markers have been determined and they can be used for the molecular identification of these medicinal plants.

[Constituents of Liguliria vellerea (Franch.) Hand-Mazz]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Ligularia vellerea.

METHOD

The compounds were isolated by column chromatography, and the structures were identified by NMR spectral data and other methods.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

Seven compounds were isolated and identified as 4-hydroxyacetophenone, 8 alpha-hydroxy-7(11)-eremophilen-12, 8 beta-olide, umbelliferone, tiglic acid, 6 beta-hydroxy-7(11)-eremophilen-12, 8 alpha-olide, daucosterin, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. All the compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant.

[Studies on constituents of the leaves of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm]

OBJECTIVE

To study the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory constituents of the leaves of Lindera aggrega.

METHOD

Compounds were isolated by colum chromatography, and the structures were identified by spectroscopic methods.

RESULT

Six compounds were isolated and identified as mixture of 6-Acetyllindenanolide B-1 and B-2(I), dehydrolindestrenolide (II), hydroxylinderstrenolide (III), linderalactone (IV), kameofero (V), beta-sitosterol (VI).

CONCLUSION

These compounds were obtained from the leaves of Lindera aggregata for the first time.

[rDNA its sequencing of Herba Dendrobii (Huangcao)]

AIM

To study the genetic diversity of ITS sequences of Herba Dendrobii (Huangcao) and analyze the utility of ITS sequences in molecular authentication of Herba Dendrobii (Huangcao) and phylogenetic of Dendrobium.

METHODS

The ITS gene fragment was amplified using a pair of primers. The PCR products were purified and sequenced by the methods of Sanger Dideoxy.

RESULTS

The DNA sequence of 228-233 bp ITS 1, 242-247 bp ITS 2 gene fragments and 5.8S rDNA were obtained from 14 samples of Dendrobium. The interspecific substitution varies from 11.79% to 31.58% at ITS 1 and 10.29% to 25.30% at ITS 2. The intraspecific substitution of D. nobile is 0.87% at ITS 1 and without difference at ITS 2. The substitution between Dendrobium and outgroup varies from 23.56% to 36.89% at ITS 1 and 26.52% to 33.31% at ITS 2. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS 1 and ITS 2 data was set up.

CONCLUSION

The ITS 1 and ITS 2 gene fragments were highly conservative at intraspecific level in Dendrebium, while they were less conservative at interspecific level in D. nobile. They were least conservative between Dendrobium and outgroup. Hence, the sequence of this fragment is a good molecular marker for authentication of the Huangcao. But, further study is necessary for the phylogenetic of Dendrobium.

[Assignments of 1HNMR fingerprint of the root bark of Celastrus angulatus]

AIM

To assign the 1HNMR finger-print of the root bark of Celastrus angulatus.

METHODS

Silica gel column chromatography was used to separate the chemical constituents of CGE A of the root bark of C. angulatus. The characteristic signals of the 1HNMR finger-print were assigned after determining the structures of the compounds isolated from CGE A.

RESULTS

1HNMR finger-prints of the samples of C. angulatus collected from different regions showed highly characteristic features and reproducibility. Three compounds predominant in CGE A were isolated and their structures were determined by spectral analysis as: angulatin A (1), angulatin B (2) and angulatin C (3).

CONCLUSION

Compound 3 is a new compound. Compound 2 was isolated from C. angulatus for the first time. The 1HNMR finger-print of CGE A of the root bark of C. angulatus showed mainly the characteristic signals of the above three compounds and might be utilized for the original authentication of this plant.

[Studies on tissue culture of Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl in vitro]

OBJECTIVE

To set up a system for the culture of Dendrobium chrysotoxum in vitro.

METHOD

Tissue culture, fire fly luminescence and phenol-H2SO4 method.

RESULT

The embryo could germinate with or without light, the MS, 1/2MS, B5, N6 mediums are suitable to the growth and the differentiation of sprout with light, 0.5 mg.L-1 NAA and 1 mg.L-1 6-BA, and ATP have regular changes, the content of polysaccharide was 2.833% in plant and 7.254% in sprout.

CONCLUSION

The light has no effects on the embryo germination, but the phytohormone, nitrogen source and organized elements are important to the growth and differentiation of the sprout which should be transferred to the MS, 1/2MS, B5, N6 mediums in time supplemented with NAA [symbol: see text] 6-BA, ATP may be served as the dynamic indication of nourishment demand in the plant. The content of polysaccharide in the sprout is higher and can be utilized.

Vasorelaxant effects of cardamonin and alpinetin from Alpinia henryi K. Schum

The vascular effects of cardamonin and alpinetin from Alpinia henryi K. Schum. were examined in the rat isolated mesenteric arteries. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra showed that cardamonin is present in trans-form, and single-crystal radiographic structure revealed that alpinetin is present in S configuration. Both cardamonin and alpinetin produced a rightward shift in the concentration-response curve for phenylephrine in a noncompetitive manner, and they induced relaxation of phenylephrine-preconstricted arteries with respective mean inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 9.3+/-0.6 microM and 27.5+/-2.8 microM. Both compounds also relaxed arteries preconstricted by endothelin I or U46619. Their relaxant effects were decreased in endothelium-removed rings. Pretreatment with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or methylene blue inhibited relaxation induced by both agents, and pretreatment with L-arginine reversed the effect of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on cardamonin-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation. The relaxant effects of cardamonin and alpinetin were unaffected by indomethacin (3 microM). Cardamonin and alpinetin inhibited 60 mM K+-induced contraction with respective IC50 of 11.5+/-0.3 microM and 37.9+/-3.6 microM. In addition, both agents inhibited the transient contraction induced by 3 microM phenylephrine or by 10 mM caffeine in Ca2+-free Krebs solution. Finally, these two agents also concentration dependently relax the arteries preconstricted by 1 microM phorbol 12,13-diacetate in Ca2+-free Krebs solution. These results indicate that purified cardamonin and alpinetin from A. henryi K. Schum. relaxed rat mesenteric arteries through multiple mechanisms. They induced both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation; the former is likely mediated by nitric oxide whereas the latter is probably mediated through nonselective inhibition of Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ release and inhibition of the protein kinase C-dependent contractile mechanism.

[Authentication of traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHM) by fingerprints of characteristic general constituents]

OBJECTIVE

To describe the theory, scientific significance, distinguishing features and authentication feasibility of TCHMs by spectral fingerprints of characteristic general constituents.

METHOD

Previous relevant investigations and literatures were summed up in the field, and the present situation on the authentication of TCHMs at home and abroad was analysed.

RESULT

The characteristic general constituents of TCHMs can be obtained by an appropriate procedure. Their compositions and structures can be determined by spectral fingerprints, especially the 1HNMR fingerprint. The species of TCHMs can be identified accurately by these fingerprints. Besides, the quality of TCHMs can be evaluated by the contents of their GCEs.

CONCLUSION

Fingerprint authentication of characteristic general constituents of TCHMs has profound significance for the species identification and quality evaluation of TCHMs.

[Anatomical study and clinical applications of flaps based on cutaneous branches arising from posterior tibial vessels]

OBJECTIVE

To provide an anatomical basis for the clinical applications of the medial fascinocutaneous flap of calf and to verify its clinical value.

METHODS

In 20 lower limb specimens of adult human cadavers, the number, course, size, position and distribution of septocutaneous branches of the posterior tibial vessels are marked by means of red latex and black ink irrigations through femur artery and septocutaneous branches of the posterior tibial artery respectively.

RESULTS

The posterior tibial artery gives off several septocutaneous branches at the upper, middle and lower one-third of the leg respectively. Each septocutaneous artery has one or sometimes two concomitant veins. Based on this result, anterograde or reverse pedicled fasciocutaneous flap can be performed for the purpose of repairing soft tissue defects of leg and foot. The flap was clinically applied to treat leg and foot soft tissue defects in 12 cases with satisfactory results.

CONCLUSION

The flap is easy to dissect, the posterior tibial artery can be preserved with high successful rate. Therefore, it offers an useful alternative in the repairing and reconstruction of nonextensive soft tissue defects in the leg and foot.

Characterization of two structural forms of otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Ligularia hodgsonii by NMR spectroscopy

Clivorine (1) and ligularine (2), two hepatotoxic otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids isolated from Ligularia hodgsonii, an antitussive traditional Chinese medicine, were investigated in CDCl(3) and D(2)O by various NMR techniques to delineate why this type of alkaloid displays uncharacteristic solubility properties by dissolving in both nonpolar organic and aqueous solutions. The results demonstrated that both alkaloids exist in a non-ionized form in CDCl(3), but in an ionized form in D(2)O, suggesting that this unique dual solubility may play a role in the intoxication resultant from consumption of water extracts of herbs, including herbal teas, containing otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Coumarins from the fruits of Cnidium monnieri

Two novel biscoumarins, cnidimonal (1) and cnidimarin (2), and two new coumarin derivatives, 5-formylxanthotoxol (3) and 2'-deoxymeranzin hydrate (4), were isolated from a traditional Chinese crude drug, the fruits of Cnidium monnieri, together with 15 known compounds. Among the known compounds, five of the minor compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant. The structures of 1-4 were determined with the use of spectroscopic methods.

Antioxidative activity of natural products from plants

A variety of flavonoids, lignans, an alkaloid, a bisbenzyl, coumarins and terpenes isolated from Chinese herbs was tested for antioxidant activity as reflected in the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in rat brain and kidney homogenates and rat erythrocyte hemolysis. The pro-oxidant activities of the aforementioned compounds were assessed by their effects on bleomycin-induced DNA damage. The flavonoids baicalin and luteolin-7-glucuronide-6'-methyl ester, the lignan 4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin, the alkaloid tetrahydropalmatine, the bisbenzyl erianin and the coumarin xanthotoxol exhibited potent antioxidative activity in both lipid peroxidation and hemolysis assays. The flavonoid rutin and the terpene tanshinone I manifested potent antioxidative activity in the lipid peroxidation assay but no inhibitory activity in the hemolysis assay. The lignan deoxypodophyllotoxin, the flavonoid naringin and the coumarins columbianetin, bergapten and angelicin slightly inhibited lipid peroxidation in brain and kidney homogenates. It is worth stressing that the compounds with antioxidant effects in this assay, with the exception of tetrahydropalmatin and tanshinone I, have at least one free aromatic hydroxyl group in structure. Obviously, the aromatic hydroxyl group is very important for antioxidative effects of the compounds. None of the compounds tested exerted an obvious pro-oxidant effect.

Differentiation of medicinal Codonopsis species from adulterants by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism

DNA sequence analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were exploited for their applications in differentiating medicinal species Codonopsis pilosula, C. tangshen, C. modesta, and C. nervosa var. macrantha, from two related adulterants Campanumoea javania and Platycodon grandiflorus. The data demonstrated that the rDNA ITSI and ITSII sequences of the four Codonopsis are highly homologous but not identical, and are significantly different from those of the two adulterants. The sequence difference allows effective and reliable differentiation of Codonopsis from the adulterants by PCR-RFLP.

Random primed polymerase chain reaction differentiates Codonopsis pilosula from different localities

DNA fingerprints distinctive among the samples from different localities in China were successfully reproduced for the Chinese herb Dangshen, the roots of CODONOPSIS PILOSULA, (Campanulaceae). Similarity index (S.I.) analysis revealed that C. PILOSULA samples from the same province generated similar DNA fingerprints, while samples of different provinces displayed different DNA fingerprints. This method may be a general and valuable tool for locality authentication of other Chinese herbal medicinal materials.

A sesquiterpene lactone glucoside from Ixeris denticulata f. pinnatipartita

An extract from the entire Ixeris denticulata f. pinnatipartita plant afforded the guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone glucoside, 8 beta,15-dihydroxy-1(10),3,11(13)-guaiatrien-12,6-olide-15-O- glucopyranoside, along with the known flavonoids luteolin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide-6'-methyl ester; their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. Ixerin Y inhibited the growth of human breast cancer MCF7 and MDA468 cell lines.

beta-Carboline alkaloids from hypodematium squamuloso-pilosum

A new beta-carboline alkaloid, 1-acetyl-8-hydroxy-beta-carboline, was isolated from the fern, Hypodematium squamuloso-pilosum, along with a known compound, 1-acetyl-beta-carboline. Their structures were elucidated from spectral evidence. This is the first report of this type of alkaloid being found in ferns.

Tribulusamide A and B, new hepatoprotective lignanamides from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris: indications of cytoprotective activity in murine hepatocyte culture

Tribulusamides A (1) and B (2), new lignanamides embracing two cinnamic amide parts joined in a cis configuration, were isolated from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris, together with four known compounds, N-trans-feruloyltyramine (3), terrestriamide (4), N-trans-coumaroyltyramine (5), and beta-sitosterol. The structures were elucidated by 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Addition of compounds 1-5, especially 1 and 2, to primary cultured mouse hepatocytes significantly prevented cell death induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha).

Determination of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids by on-line high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with an electrospray interface

The present study describes the determination of two different types of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and also distinguishing the hepatotoxic PAs from non-toxic ones by both in-source collision-induced dissociation high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (CID-HPLC/MS) and HPLC/MS/MS (CID in the collision cell), using electrospray ionization. The mass spectra provided molecular ions and characteristic fragment ions, which could be used readily for a rapid identification of different types of PAs. Applications of both in-source CID-HPLC/MS and HPLC/MS/MS analytical methods were successful for the determination of PAs in blood samples obtained from rats dosed with PAs and in the PA-containing plant. The results demonstrated that the developed HPLC/MS methods with two different CID techniques provided a very simple and rapid analysis for an unequivocal diagnosis of PA poisoning and for definitive identification of PAs in plants or herbal medicines.

Investigations on the protective action of Condonopsis pilosula (Dangshen) extract on experimentally-induced gastric ulcer in rats

The action of Codonopsis pilosula extract in 5 animal models of gastric ulcer was investigated. It was found that the extract had higher efficacy on gastric ulcer induced by stress, acetic acid and sodium hydroxide and little significant effect on ulcers induced by pyloroligature and indomethacin. The C. pilosula extract was also capable of reducing gastric acid pepsin secretion. It is possible that inhibition of gastrointestinal movement and propulsion is one of the mechanisms underlying the antiulcer action of C. pilosula extract.

Immunomodulatory effect of a polysaccharide-enriched preparation of Codonopsis pilosula roots

1. A polysaccharide-enriched fraction (CPPS) was prepared from Codonopsis pilosula root extract utilizing a procedure that entailed extraction with aqueous buffer and precipitation with ethanol. 2. After administration of CPPS in drinking water to C57BL/6 mice at a dosage of 10 mg/L for 4 weeks, the splenocytes exhibited lowered mitogenic responses to Concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The in vitro production of reactive nitrogen intermediates was inhibited. 3. However, when oral administration of CPPS was prolonged to 8 weeks, there was a potentiation of ConA-stimulated and LPS-stimulated mitogenic responses. 4. When tested under in vitro conditions, CPPS augmented the mitogenic response of splenocytes to ConA. However, there was no effect on the pinocytic activity of mouse macrophages, nor was there any proliferative activity on mouse melanoma B16 cells.

Examination of coumarins, flavonoids and polysaccharopeptide for antibacterial activity

1. Coumarins, flavonoids and polysaccharopeptide were tested for antibacterial activity. 2. The bacteria used for this study included clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 3. Most of the coumarins tested failed to inhibit the bacteria at 25 mg/l. Edultin at 128 mg/l inhibited 4 of the 8 P. aeruginosa strains and 1 of the S. aureus strains tested. O-acetylcolumbianetin and imperatorin did not inhibit any isolate, even at 128 mg/l. 4. When tested at the dose of 128 mg/l, the flavonoids (rutin, naringin and baicalin) inhibited 25% or less of P. aeruginosa and only baicalin was active against S. aureus. 5. Arbutin and 4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxyl)-benzaldehyde inhibited 3 of the 8 P. aeruginosa strains when tested at 128 mg/l. 6. Polysaccharopeptide from the fungus Coriolus versicolor failed to inhibit any P. aeruginosa or S. aureus strain at 128 mg/l.

Recent advances in pharmacognosy research in China

1. Progress made in pharmacognostic research by Chinese investigators in the last decade is summarized herein. 2. This review covers studies on herbal properties, resources, identification, physicochemical evaluation, cultivation, breeding, tissue culture, collection, processing, preparation, active principles and pharmacological activities of traditional and herbal Chinese drugs. 3. As a result of these research activities errors in species identification were spotted, new drug resources were revealed, new taxa were discovered, crude drugs were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, optimal conditions for cultivation and breeding of plants and animals used as drugs were formulated, the quality of some drugs was controlled, the drug processing procedures and storage conditions were evaluated, and the chemistry and pharmacology of a number of crude drugs were elucidated.

Scavenging effects of tetramethylpyrazine on active oxygen free radicals

The scavenging effects of tetramethylpyrazine (ligustrazine, Lig) isolated from Ligusticum wallichii Franch on active oxygen free radicals were studied using spin trapping technic and chemiluminescence methods. The scavenging rate of superoxide anion (O2-.) by Lig (25 mg.ml-1) was 100% in xanthine/xanthine oxidase (Xan/XO) system, and that of hydroxyl radical (OH-.) was 44% in Fenton's reaction. The scavenging rate of lipid peroxyl radical (LOO-.) by Lig (25 mg.ml-1) was 80% in peroxidizing microsome system. It is possible that Lig scavenged O2-. by catalyzing its spontaneous dismutation. The results showed that Lig had strong effects of scavenging cyotoxic oxygen free radicals (O2-., LOO-., OH-.).

Inhibitory effect of peptide YY on gastric acid output in rats

The administration of peptide YY (PYY: 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 nmol/kg/h, i.v.) to fasting rats inhibited not only baclofen (2 mg/kg, s.c.)-stimulated gastric acid output and gastric mucosal blood flow, but also pentagastrin (8 micrograms/kg/h, i.v.)-stimulated gastric acid output. PYY (3.2 nmol/kg/h) reduced baclofen-induced acid output more than pentagastrin-induced acid output, i.e., by 61.8 +/- 11.5% compared to 35.3 +/- 8.2%. PYY inhibited acetylcholine (ACh) release from cholinergic nerve endings of gastric body evoked by electrical transmural stimulation (ETS: 1 msec, 10 V, 3 Hz, 30 sec) by 47.2 +/- 3.5%. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of PYY on gastric acid output seems to involve decreased gastric mucosal blood flow and reduced ACh release from cholinergic nerves.