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Faltus T. The Medicinal Phage-Regulatory Roadmap for Phage Therapy under EU Pharmaceutical Legislation. Viruses 2024; 16:443. [PMID: 38543808 PMCID: PMC10974108 DOI: 10.3390/v16030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy is a promising approach to treating bacterial infections. Research and development of bacteriophage therapy is intensifying due to the increase in antibiotic resistance and the faltering development of new antibiotics. Bacteriophage therapy uses bacteriophages (phages), i.e., prokaryotic viruses, to specifically target and kill pathogenic bacteria. The legal handling of this type of therapy raises several questions. These include whether phage therapeutics belong to a specially regulated class of medicinal products, and which legal framework should be followed with regard to the various technical ways in which phage therapeutics can be manufactured and administered. The article shows to which class of medicinal products phage therapeutics from wild type phages and from genetically modified (designer) phages do or do not belong. Furthermore, the article explains which legal framework is relevant for the manufacture and administration of phage therapeutics, which are manufactured in advance in a uniform, patient-independent manner, and for tailor-made patient-specific phage therapeutics. For the systematically coherent, successful translation of phage therapy, the article considers pharmaceutical law and related legal areas, such as genetic engineering law. Finally, the article shows how the planned legislative revisions of Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 may affect the legal future of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Faltus
- Chair of Public Law, Law School, Faculty of Law, Economics and Business, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle an der Saale, Germany
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2
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Groß E, Hilger RA, Schümann FL, Bauer M, Bouska A, Rohde C, Willscher E, Lützkendorf J, Müller LP, Edemir B, Mueller T, Herling M, Binder M, Wickenhauser C, Iqbal J, Posern G, Weber T. SAM-Competitive EZH2-Inhibitors Induce Platinum Resistance by EZH2-Independent Induction of ABC-Transporters. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113043. [PMID: 37297005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell lymphomas are heterogeneous and rare lymphatic malignancies with unfavorable prognosis. Consequently, new therapeutic strategies are needed. The enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 and responsible for lysine 27 trimethylation of histone 3. EZH2 is overexpressed in several tumor entities including T-cell neoplasms leading to epigenetic and consecutive oncogenic dysregulation. Thus, pharmacological EZH2 inhibition is a promising target and its clinical evaluation in T-cell lymphomas shows favorable results. We have investigated EZH2 expression in two cohorts of T-cell lymphomas by mRNA-profiling and immunohistochemistry, both revealing overexpression to have a negative impact on patients' prognosis. Furthermore, we have evaluated EZH2 inhibition in a panel of leukemia and lymphoma cell lines with a focus on T-cell lymphomas characterized for canonical EZH2 signaling components. The cell lines were treated with the inhibitors GSK126 or EPZ6438 that inhibit EZH2 specifically by competitive binding at the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) binding site in combination with the common second-line chemotherapeutic oxaliplatin. The change in cytotoxic effects under pharmacological EZH2 inhibition was evaluated revealing a drastic increase in oxaliplatin resistance after 72 h and longer periods of combinational incubation. This outcome was independent of cell type but associated to reduced intracellular platinum. Pharmacological EZH2 inhibition revealed increased expression in SRE binding proteins, SREBP1/2 and ATP binding cassette subfamily G transporters ABCG1/2. The latter are associated with chemotherapy resistance due to increased platinum efflux. Knockdown experiments revealed that this was independent of the EZH2 functional state. The EZH2 inhibition effect on oxaliplatin resistance and efflux was reduced by additional inhibition of the regulated target proteins. In conclusion, pharmacological EZH2 inhibition is not suitable in combination with the common chemotherapeutic oxaliplatin in T-cell lymphomas revealing an EZH2-independent off-target effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Groß
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ralf-Axel Hilger
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Franziska Lea Schümann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marcus Bauer
- Institute of Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alyssa Bouska
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christian Rohde
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edith Willscher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jana Lützkendorf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lutz Peter Müller
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bayram Edemir
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marco Herling
- Department of Hematology, Cell Therapy, Hemostaseology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mascha Binder
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Javeed Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Guido Posern
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Weber
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Di Ianni A, Tüting C, Kipping M, Ihling CH, Köppen J, Iacobucci C, Arlt C, Kastritis PL, Sinz A. Structural assessment of the full-length wild-type tumor suppressor protein p53 by mass spectrometry-guided computational modeling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8497. [PMID: 37231156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The tetrameric tumor suppressor p53 represents a great challenge for 3D-structural analysis due to its high degree of intrinsic disorder (ca. 40%). We aim to shed light on the structural and functional roles of p53's C-terminal region in full-length, wild-type human p53 tetramer and their importance for DNA binding. For this, we employed complementary techniques of structural mass spectrometry (MS) in an integrated approach with computational modeling. Our results show no major conformational differences in p53 between DNA-bound and DNA-free states, but reveal a substantial compaction of p53's C-terminal region. This supports the proposed mechanism of unspecific DNA binding to the C-terminal region of p53 prior to transcription initiation by specific DNA binding to the core domain of p53. The synergies between complementary structural MS techniques and computational modeling as pursued in our integrative approach is envisioned to serve as general strategy for studying intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered region (IDRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Di Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Tüting
- ZIK HALOmem and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marc Kipping
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian H Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Janett Köppen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claudio Iacobucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Christian Arlt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Panagiotis L Kastritis
- ZIK HALOmem and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 01620, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Tänzler D, Kipping M, Lederer M, Günther WF, Arlt C, Hüttelmaier S, Merkenschlager A, Sinz A. Effects of theophylline on ADCY5 activation-From cellular studies to improved therapeutic options for ADCY5-related dyskinesia patients. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282593. [PMID: 36867608 PMCID: PMC9983822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We show the effects of the three purine derivatives, caffeine, theophylline, and istradefylline, on cAMP production by adenylyl cyclase 5 (ADCY5)-overexpressing cell lines. A comparison of cAMP levels was performed for ADCY5 wild-type and R418W mutant cells. ADCY5-catalyzed cAMP production was reduced with all three purine derivatives, while the most pronounced effects on cAMP reduction were observed for ADCY5 R418W mutant cells. The gain-of-function ADCY5 R418W mutant is characterized by an increased catalytic activity resulting in elevated cAMP levels that cause kinetic disorders or dyskinesia in patients. Based on our findings in ADCY5 cells, a slow-release formulation of theophylline was administered to a preschool-aged patient with ADCY5-related dyskinesia. A striking improvement of symptoms was observed, outperforming the effects of caffeine that had previously been administered to the same patient. We suggest considering theophylline as an alternative therapeutic option to treat ADCY5-related dyskinesia in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Tänzler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Marc Kipping
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Marcell Lederer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Wiebke F. Günther
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Christian Arlt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Stefan Hüttelmaier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Andreas Merkenschlager
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Pertermann R, Tamilarasan S, Gursinsky T, Gambino G, Schuck J, Weinholdt C, Lilie H, Grosse I, Golbik RP, Pantaleo V, Behrens SE. A Viral Suppressor Modulates the Plant Immune Response Early in Infection by Regulating MicroRNA Activity. mBio 2018; 9:e00419-18. [PMID: 29691336 PMCID: PMC5915741 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00419-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viral suppressors (VSRs) counteract antiviral RNA silencing, a central component of the plant's immune response by sequestration of virus-derived antiviral small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Here, we addressed how VSRs affect the activities of cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) during a viral infection by characterizing the interactions of two unrelated VSRs, the Tombusvirus p19 and the Cucumovirus 2b, with miRNA 162 (miR162), miR168, and miR403. These miRNAs regulate the expression of the important silencing factors Dicer-like protein 1 (DCL1) and Argonaute proteins 1 and 2 (AGO1 and AGO2), respectively. Interestingly, while the two VSRs showed similar binding profiles, the miRNAs were bound with significantly different affinities, for example, with the affinity of miR162 greatly exceeding that of miR168. In vitro silencing experiments revealed that p19 and 2b affect miRNA-mediated silencing of the DCL1, AGO1, and AGO2 mRNAs in strict accordance with the VSR's miRNA-binding profiles. In Tombusvirus-infected plants, the miRNA-binding behavior of p19 closely corresponded to that in vitro Most importantly, in contrast to controls with a Δp19 virus, infections with wild-type (wt) virus led to changes of the levels of the miRNA-targeted mRNAs, and these changes correlated with the miRNA-binding preferences of p19. This was observed exclusively in the early stage of infection when viral genomes are proposed to be susceptible to silencing and viral siRNA (vsiRNA) concentrations are low. Accordingly, our study suggests that differential binding of miRNAs by VSRs is a widespread viral mechanism to coordinately modulate cellular gene expression and the antiviral immune response during infection initiation.IMPORTANCE Plant viruses manipulate their hosts in various ways. Viral suppressor proteins (VSRs) interfere with the plant's immune response by sequestering small, antivirally acting vsiRNAs, which are processed from viral RNAs during the plant's RNA-silencing response. Here, we examined the effects of VSRs on cellular microRNAs (miRNAs), which show a high degree of similarity with vsiRNAs. Binding experiments with two unrelated VSRs and three important regulatory miRNAs revealed that the proteins exhibit similar miRNA-binding profiles but bind different miRNAs at considerably different affinities. Most interestingly, experiments in plants showed that in the early infection phase, the Tombusvirus VSR p19 modulates the activity of these miRNAs on their target mRNAs very differently and that this differential regulation strictly correlates with the binding affinities of p19 for the respective miRNAs. Our data suggest that VSRs may specifically control plant gene expression and the early immune response by differential sequestration of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pertermann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Selvaraj Tamilarasan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Torsten Gursinsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Turin, Italy
| | - Jana Schuck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Claus Weinholdt
- Institute of Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Hauke Lilie
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ivo Grosse
- Institute of Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ralph Peter Golbik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Vitantonio Pantaleo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Research Unit of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sven-Erik Behrens
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
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