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Sun D, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Ji X, Jia Y, Wang H, Niu L, Zhang Y. Comparative transcriptome profiling uncovers a Lilium regale NAC transcription factor, LrNAC35, contributing to defence response against cucumber mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Mol Plant Pathol 2019; 20:1662-1681. [PMID: 31560826 PMCID: PMC6859495 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a highly prevalent viral pathogen causing substantial damage to the bulb and cut-flower production of Lilium spp. Here, we performed an Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) study on the leaf tissues of a virus-resistant species Lilium regale inoculated with mock control and CMV. A total of 1346 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the leaves of L. regale upon CMV inoculation, which contained 34 up-regulated and 40 down-regulated DEGs that encode putative transcription factors (TFs). One up-regulated TF, LrNAC35, belonging to the NAM/ATAF/CUC (NAC) superfamily, was selected for further functional characterization. Aside from CMV, lily mottle virus and lily symptomless virus infections provoked a striking increase in LrNAC35 transcripts in both resistant and susceptible Lilium species. The treatments with low temperature and several stress-related hormones activated LrNAC35 expression, contrary to its reduced expression under salt stress. Ectopic overexpression of LrNAC35 in petunia (Petunia hybrida) resulted in reduced susceptibility to CMV and Tobacco mosaic virus infections, and enhanced accumulation of lignin in the cell walls. Four lignin biosynthetic genes, including PhC4H, Ph4CL, PhHCT and PhCCR, were found to be up-regulated in CMV-infected petunia lines overexpressing LrNAC35. In vivo promoter-binding tests showed that LrNAC35 specifically regulated the expression of Ph4CL. Taken together, our results suggest a positive role of transcriptome-derived LrNAC35 in transcriptional modulation of host defence against viral attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyang Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture and ArtsNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Xinguo Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and ArtsNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and ArtsNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- College of Landscape Architecture and ArtsNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Yong Jia
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life SciencesMurdoch UniversityPerth6150Australia
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Pomology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic ImprovementJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing210014China
| | - Lixin Niu
- College of Landscape Architecture and ArtsNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and ArtsNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
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Zhao L, Chen Y, Yang W, Zhang Y, Chen W, Feng C, Wang Q, Wu Y. Polysaccharide Peptide-Induced Virus Resistance Depends on Ca 2+ Influx by Increasing the Salicylic Acid Content and Upregulating the Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2018; 31:516-524. [PMID: 29199889 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-17-0242-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral diseases cause severe economic losses in agricultural production. The development of biosource-derived antiviral agents provides an alternative strategy to efficiently control plant viral diseases. We previously reported that the exogenous application of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) exerts significant inhibitive effects on Tobacco mosaic virus infection in Nicotiana tabacum. In this study, we studied in additional detail the mechanism by which PSP can induce virus resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that PSP significantly induced Ca2+ influx and increased the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid (SA) in the A. thaliana cells. A gene with a toll interleukin 1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) was obtained by RNA sequencing in combination with the screening of the gene-deletion mutants of A. thaliana. The LRR gene was deleted, and the inductive response of A. thaliana to PSP was significantly attenuated after mutation. After the heterologous overexpression of the LRR gene in N. benthamiana, the SA content and PR1 gene expression in N. benthamiana were significantly increased. Through analyses of the LRR gene expression and the ability of A. thaliana to resist Cucumber mosaic virus following the treatments of PSP and PSP + ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid, it was shown that PSP enhanced the virus resistance of A. thaliana by inducing Ca2+ influx and subsequently improving expression of the LRR gene, which further increased the SA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
| | - Yujia Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
| | - Wen Yang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
| | - Yuanle Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
| | - Wenbao Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
| | - Chaohong Feng
- 4 Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Qaochun Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
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Pertermann R, Tamilarasan S, Gursinsky T, Gambino G, Schuck J, Weinholdt C, Lilie H, Grosse I, Golbik RP, Pantaleo V, Behrens SE. A Viral Suppressor Modulates the Plant Immune Response Early in Infection by Regulating MicroRNA Activity. mBio 2018; 9:e00419-18. [PMID: 29691336 PMCID: PMC5915741 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00419-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viral suppressors (VSRs) counteract antiviral RNA silencing, a central component of the plant's immune response by sequestration of virus-derived antiviral small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Here, we addressed how VSRs affect the activities of cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) during a viral infection by characterizing the interactions of two unrelated VSRs, the Tombusvirus p19 and the Cucumovirus 2b, with miRNA 162 (miR162), miR168, and miR403. These miRNAs regulate the expression of the important silencing factors Dicer-like protein 1 (DCL1) and Argonaute proteins 1 and 2 (AGO1 and AGO2), respectively. Interestingly, while the two VSRs showed similar binding profiles, the miRNAs were bound with significantly different affinities, for example, with the affinity of miR162 greatly exceeding that of miR168. In vitro silencing experiments revealed that p19 and 2b affect miRNA-mediated silencing of the DCL1, AGO1, and AGO2 mRNAs in strict accordance with the VSR's miRNA-binding profiles. In Tombusvirus-infected plants, the miRNA-binding behavior of p19 closely corresponded to that in vitro Most importantly, in contrast to controls with a Δp19 virus, infections with wild-type (wt) virus led to changes of the levels of the miRNA-targeted mRNAs, and these changes correlated with the miRNA-binding preferences of p19. This was observed exclusively in the early stage of infection when viral genomes are proposed to be susceptible to silencing and viral siRNA (vsiRNA) concentrations are low. Accordingly, our study suggests that differential binding of miRNAs by VSRs is a widespread viral mechanism to coordinately modulate cellular gene expression and the antiviral immune response during infection initiation.IMPORTANCE Plant viruses manipulate their hosts in various ways. Viral suppressor proteins (VSRs) interfere with the plant's immune response by sequestering small, antivirally acting vsiRNAs, which are processed from viral RNAs during the plant's RNA-silencing response. Here, we examined the effects of VSRs on cellular microRNAs (miRNAs), which show a high degree of similarity with vsiRNAs. Binding experiments with two unrelated VSRs and three important regulatory miRNAs revealed that the proteins exhibit similar miRNA-binding profiles but bind different miRNAs at considerably different affinities. Most interestingly, experiments in plants showed that in the early infection phase, the Tombusvirus VSR p19 modulates the activity of these miRNAs on their target mRNAs very differently and that this differential regulation strictly correlates with the binding affinities of p19 for the respective miRNAs. Our data suggest that VSRs may specifically control plant gene expression and the early immune response by differential sequestration of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pertermann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Selvaraj Tamilarasan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Torsten Gursinsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Turin, Italy
| | - Jana Schuck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Claus Weinholdt
- Institute of Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Hauke Lilie
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ivo Grosse
- Institute of Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ralph Peter Golbik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Vitantonio Pantaleo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Research Unit of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sven-Erik Behrens
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
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Kong J, Wei M, Li G, Lei R, Qiu Y, Wang C, Li ZH, Zhu S. The cucumber mosaic virus movement protein suppresses PAMP-triggered immune responses in Arabidopsis and tobacco. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:395-401. [PMID: 29407169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) has a small RNA genome that encodes a limited number of proteins, but can infect many plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus proteins thus have multiple means of conferring their pathogenicity during the infection process. However, the pathogenic mechanism of CMV remains unclear. Here we discovered that the expression of the CMV movement protein (MP) in A. thaliana and N. benthamiana can suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) production triggered by multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as bacteria-derived peptide flg22, elf18, and fungal-derived chitin. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the MP were compromised in flg22-induced immune activation and were more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 hrcC- strain infection. Further analysis revealed that flg22-induced resistance gene expression was also compromised in MP transgenic plants. The CMV MP protein was previously reported to function in cell-to-cell movement processes, and our findings offer a new molecular mechanism for the CMV MP protein in suppression of host PAMP-triggered immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kong
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meisheng Wei
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guifen Li
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rong Lei
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanhong Qiu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shuifang Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, China.
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5
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Abstract
A dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA) was optimized and used successfully for the rapid detection of 15 known viruses [Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV), Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV), Peanut stunt virus (PSV), Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), and Tobacco streak virus (TSV)] infecting soybean plants in Oklahoma. More than 1000 leaf samples were collected in approximately 100 commercial soybean fields in 24 counties of Oklahoma, during the 2012-2013 growing seasons. All samples were tested by DIBA using polyclonal antibodies of the above 15 plant viruses. Thirteen viruses were detected, and 8 of them were reported for the first time in soybean crops of Oklahoma. The highest average incidence was recorded for PeMoV (13.5%) followed by SVNV (6.9%), TSV (6.4%), BYMV, (4.5%), and TRSV (3.9%), while the remaining seven viruses were detected in less than 2% of the samples tested. The DIBA was quick, and economical to screen more than 1000 samples against 15 known plant viruses in a very short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Ali
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74104, USA.
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Jeon EJ, Tadamura K, Murakami T, Inaba JI, Kim BM, Sato M, Atsumi G, Kuchitsu K, Masuta C, Nakahara KS. rgs-CaM Detects and Counteracts Viral RNA Silencing Suppressors in Plant Immune Priming. J Virol 2017; 91:e00761-17. [PMID: 28724770 PMCID: PMC5599751 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00761-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary infection of a plant with a pathogen that causes high accumulation of salicylic acid in the plant typically via a hypersensitive response confers enhanced resistance against secondary infection with a broad spectrum of pathogens, including viruses. This phenomenon is called systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is a plant priming for adaption to repeated biotic stress. However, the molecular mechanisms of SAR-mediated enhanced inhibition, especially of virus infection, remain unclear. Here, we show that SAR against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) involves a calmodulin-like protein, rgs-CaM. We previously reported the antiviral function of rgs-CaM, which binds to and directs degradation of viral RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs), including CMV 2b, via autophagy. We found that rgs-CaM-mediated immunity is ineffective against CMV infection in normally growing tobacco plants but is activated as a result of SAR induction via salicylic acid signaling. We then analyzed the effect of overexpression of rgs-CaM on salicylic acid signaling. Overexpressed and ectopically expressed rgs-CaM induced defense reactions, including cell death, generation of reactive oxygen species, and salicylic acid signaling. Further analysis using a combination of the salicylic acid analogue benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 revealed that rgs-CaM functions as an immune receptor that induces salicylic acid signaling by simultaneously perceiving both viral RSS and Ca2+ influx as infection cues, implying its autoactivation. Thus, secondary infection of SAR-induced tobacco plants with CMV seems to be effectively inhibited through 2b recognition and degradation by rgs-CaM, leading to reinforcement of antiviral RNA silencing and other salicylic acid-mediated antiviral responses.IMPORTANCE Even without an acquired immune system like that in vertebrates, plants show enhanced whole-plant resistance against secondary infection with pathogens; this so-called systemic acquired resistance (SAR) has been known for more than half a century and continues to be extensively studied. SAR-induced plants strongly and rapidly express a number of antibiotics and pathogenesis-related proteins targeted against secondary infection, which can account for enhanced resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens but are not thought to control viral infection. This study showed that enhanced resistance against cucumber mosaic virus is caused by a tobacco calmodulin-like protein, rgs-CaM, which detects and counteracts the major viral virulence factor (RNA silencing suppressor) after SAR induction. rgs-CaM-mediated SAR illustrates the growth versus defense trade-off in plants, as it targets the major virulence factor only under specific biotic stress conditions, thus avoiding the cost of constitutive activation while reducing the damage from virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Jeon
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tadamura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taiki Murakami
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Inaba
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Bo Min Kim
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masako Sato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Go Atsumi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science and Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Sato Y, Ando S, Takahashi H. Role of intron-mediated enhancement on accumulation of an Arabidopsis NB-LRR class R-protein that confers resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99041. [PMID: 24915153 PMCID: PMC4051679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of RCY1 protein, which is encoded by RESISTANCE TO CMV(Y) (RCY1), a CC-NB-LRR class R-gene, is tightly correlated with the strength of the resistance to a yellow strain of Cucumber mosaic virus [CMV(Y)] in Arabidopsis thaliana. In order to enhance resistance to CMV by overexpression of RCY1, A. thaliana was transformed with intron-less RCY1 cDNA construct under the control of strong CaMV35S promoter. Remarkably, a relative amount of RCY1 protein accumulation in the transformants was much lower than that in plants expressing genomic RCY1 under the control of its native promoter. To identify a regulatory element of RCY1 that could cause such differential levels of RCY1 accumulation, a series of RCY1 cDNA and genomic RCY1 constructs were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by the Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration method. Comparative analysis of the level of RCY1 accumulation in the leaf tissues transiently expressing each construct indicated that the intron located in the RCY1-coding region of genomic RCY1, but not the native RCY1 genomic promoter or the 5'-and 3'-untranslated regions of RCY1, was indispensable for high level RCY1 accumulation. The increased levels of RCY1 accelerated plant disease defense reactions. Interestingly, such intron-mediated enhancement of RCY1 accumulation depended neither on the abundance of the RCY1 transcript nor on the RCY1 specific-intron sequence. Taken together, intron-mediated RCY1 expression seems to play a key role in the expression of complete resistance to CMV(Y) by maintaining RCY1 accumulation at high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiyo Sato
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sugihiro Ando
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Vitti A, Nuzzaci M, Condelli V, Piazzolla P. Simulated digestion for testing the stability of edible vaccine based on Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) chimeric particle display Hepatitis C virus (HCV) peptide. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1108:41-56. [PMID: 24243239 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-751-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Edible vaccines must survive digestive process and preserve the specific structure of the antigenic peptide to elicit effective immune response. The stability of a protein to digestive process can be predicted by subjecting it to the in vitro assay with simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Here, we describe the protocol of producing and using chimeric Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) displaying Hepatitis C virus (HCV) derived peptide (R9) in double copy as an oral vaccine. Its stability after treatment with SGF and SIF and the preservation of the antigenic properties were verified by SDS-PAGE and immuno western blot techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Vitti
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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9
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Gellért Á, Salánki K, Tombácz K, Tuboly T, Balázs E. A cucumber mosaic virus based expression system for the production of porcine circovirus specific vaccines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52688. [PMID: 23285149 PMCID: PMC3527602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid protein epitopes, suitable for expression on the surface of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) particles were determined by a thorough analysis of the predicted PCV capsid protein structure. The ab initio protein structure prediction was carried out with fold recognition and threading methods. The putative PCV epitopes were selected on the basis of PCV virion models and integrated into the plant virus coat protein, after amino acid position 131. The recombinants were tested for infectivity and stability on different Nicotiana species and stable recombinant virus particles were purified. The particles were tested for their ability to bind to PCV induced porcine antibodies and used for specific antibody induction in mice and pigs. The results showed that PCV epitopes expressed on the CMV surface were recognized by the porcine antibodies and they were also able to induce PCV specific antibody response. Challenge experiment with PCV2 carried out in immunized pigs showed partial protection against the infection. Based on these results it was concluded that specific antiviral vaccine production for the given pathogen was feasible, offering an inexpensive way for the mass production of such vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Gellért
- Department of Applied Genomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, Brunszvik, Hungary
| | - Katalin Salánki
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, H-2100 Gödöllő, Szent-Györgyi Albert, Hungary
| | - Kata Tombácz
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Szent István University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tuboly
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Szent István University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ervin Balázs
- Department of Applied Genomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, Brunszvik, Hungary
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Takahashi H, Shoji H, Ando S, Kanayama Y, Kusano T, Takeshita M, Suzuki M, Masuta C. RCY1-mediated resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus is regulated by LRR domain-mediated interaction with CMV(Y) following degradation of RCY1. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2012; 25:1171-85. [PMID: 22852808 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-12-0076-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RCY1, which encodes a coiled coil nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (LRR) class R protein, confers the hypersensitive response (HR) to a yellow strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV[Y]) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nicotiana benthamiana transformed with hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged RCY1 (RCY1-HA) also exhibited a defense response accompanied by HR cell death and induction of defense-related gene expression in response to CMV(Y). Following transient expression of RCY1-HA by agroinfiltration, the defense reaction was induced in N. benthamiana leaves infected with CMV(Y) but not in virulent CMV(B2)-infected N. benthamiana leaves transiently expressing RCY1-HA or CMV(Y)-infected N. benthamiana leaves transiently expressing HA-tagged RPP8 (RPP8-HA), which is allelic to RCY1. This result suggests that Arabidopsis RCY1-conferred resistance to CMV(Y) could be reproduced in N. benthamiana leaves in a gene-for-gene manner. Expression of a series of chimeric constructs between RCY1-HA and RPP8-HA in CMV(Y)-infected N. benthamiana indicated that induction of defense responses to CMV(Y) is regulated by the LRR domain of RCY1. Interestingly, in CMV(Y)-infected N. benthamiana manifesting the defense response, the levels of both RCY1 and chimeric proteins harboring the RCY1 LRR domain were significantly reduced. Taken together, these data indicate that the RCY1-conferred resistance response to CMV(Y) is regulated by an LRR domain-mediated interaction with CMV(Y) and seems to be tightly associated with the degradation of RCY1 in response to CMV(Y).
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Zhu H, Duan CG, Hou WN, Du QS, Lv DQ, Fang RX, Guo HS. Satellite RNA-derived small interfering RNA satsiR-12 targeting the 3' untranslated region of Cucumber mosaic virus triggers viral RNAs for degradation. J Virol 2011; 85:13384-97. [PMID: 21994448 PMCID: PMC3233178 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05806-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing provides protection against RNA viruses by targeting both the helper virus and its satellite RNA (satRNA). Virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) bound with Argonaute (AGO) proteins are presumed participants in the silencing process. Here, we show that a vsiRNA targeted to virus RNAs triggers the host RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6)-mediated degradation of viral RNAs. We confirmed that satRNA-derived small interfering RNAs (satsiRNAs) could be associated with different AGO proteins in planta. The most frequently cloned satsiRNA, satsiR-12, was predicted to imperfectly match to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) RNAs in the upstream area of the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR). Moreover, an artificial satsiR-12 (asatsiR-12) mediated cleavage of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) sensor construct harboring the satsiR-12 target site. asatsiR-12 also mediated reduction of viral RNAs in 2b-deficient CMV (CMVΔ2b)-infected Nicotiana benthamiana. The reduction was not observed in CMVΔ2b-infected RDR6i plants, in which RDR6 was silenced. Following infection with 2b-containing CMV, the reduction in viral RNAs was not observed in plants of either genotype, indicating that the asatsiR-12-mediated reduction of viral RNAs in the presence of RDR6 was inhibited by the 2b protein. Our results suggest that satsiR-12 targeting the 3' UTR of CMV RNAs triggered RDR6-dependent antiviral silencing. Competition experiments with wild-type CMV RNAs and anti-satsiR-12 mutant RNA1 in the presence of 2b and satRNA demonstrate the inhibitory effect of the 2b protein on the satsiR-12-related degradation of CMV RNAs, revealing a substantial suppressor function of the 2b protein in native CMV infection. Our data provide evidence for the important biological functions of satsiRNAs in homeostatic interactions among the host, virus, and satRNA in the final outcome of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng-Guo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei-Na Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dian-Qiu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Virus-Free Seeding Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heilongjiang 150086, Haerbin, China
| | - Rong-Xiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Wang XB, Jovel J, Udomporn P, Wang Y, Wu Q, Li WX, Gasciolli V, Vaucheret H, Ding SW. The 21-nucleotide, but not 22-nucleotide, viral secondary small interfering RNAs direct potent antiviral defense by two cooperative argonautes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 2011; 23:1625-38. [PMID: 21467580 PMCID: PMC3101545 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.082305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana defense against distinct positive-strand RNA viruses requires production of virus-derived secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by multiple RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. However, little is known about the biogenesis pathway and effector mechanism of viral secondary siRNAs. Here, we describe a mutant of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Δ2b) that is silenced predominantly by the RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE6 (RDR6)-dependent viral secondary siRNA pathway. We show that production of the viral secondary siRNAs targeting CMV-Δ2b requires SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3 and DICER-LIKE4 (DCL4) in addition to RDR6. Examination of 25 single, double, and triple mutants impaired in nine ARGONAUTE (AGO) genes combined with coimmunoprecipitation and deep sequencing identifies an essential function for AGO1 and AGO2 in defense against CMV-Δ2b, which act downstream the biogenesis of viral secondary siRNAs in a nonredundant and cooperative manner. Our findings also illustrate that dicing of the viral RNA precursors of primary and secondary siRNA is insufficient to confer virus resistance. Notably, although DCL2 is able to produce abundant viral secondary siRNAs in the absence of DCL4, the resultant 22-nucleotide viral siRNAs alone do not guide efficient silencing of CMV-Δ2b. Possible mechanisms for the observed qualitative difference in RNA silencing between 21- and 22-nucleotide secondary siRNAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Bing Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Juan Jovel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Petchthai Udomporn
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Qingfa Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Wan-Xiang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Virginie Gasciolli
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Herve Vaucheret
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Address correspondence to
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Argonaute (AGO) proteins bind to small-interfering (si)RNAs and micro (mi)RNAs to target RNA silencing against viruses, transgenes and in regulation of mRNAs. Plants encode multiple AGO proteins but, in Arabidopsis, only AGO1 is known to have an antiviral role. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To uncover the roles of specific AGOs in limiting virus accumulation we inoculated turnip crinkle virus (TCV) to Arabidopsis plants that were mutant for each of the ten AGO genes. The viral symptoms on most of the plants were the same as on wild type plants although the ago2 mutants were markedly hyper-susceptible to this virus. ago2 plants were also hyper-susceptible to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), confirming that the antiviral role of AGO2 is not specific to a single virus. For both viruses, this phenotype was associated with transient increase in virus accumulation. In wild type plants the AGO2 protein was induced by TCV and CMV infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Based on these results we propose that there are multiple layers to RNA-mediated defense and counter-defense in the interactions between plants and their viruses. AGO1 represents a first layer. With some viruses, including TCV and CMV, this layer is overcome by viral suppressors of silencing that can target AGO1 and a second layer involving AGO2 limits virus accumulation. The second layer is activated when the first layer is suppressed because AGO2 is repressed by AGO1 via miR403. The activation of the second layer is therefore a direct consequence of the loss of the first layer of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagger J. W. Harvey
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew G. Lewsey
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kanu Patel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Westwood
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Heimstädt
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Baulcombe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Hu Q, Niu Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Zhou X. Virus-derived transgenes expressing hairpin RNA give immunity to Tobacco mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus. Virol J 2011; 8:41. [PMID: 21269519 PMCID: PMC3038950 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effective method for obtaining resistant transgenic plants is to induce RNA silencing by expressing virus-derived dsRNA in plants and this method has been successfully implemented for the generation of different plant lines resistant to many plant viruses. RESULTS Inverted repeats of the partial Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein (MP) gene and the partial Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) replication protein (Rep) gene were introduced into the plant expression vector and the recombinant plasmids were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was carried out and three transgenic tobacco lines (MP16-17-3, MP16-17-29 and MP16-17-58) immune to TMV infection and three transgenic tobacco lines (Rep15-1-1, Rep15-1-7 and Rep15-1-32) immune to CMV infection were obtained. Virus inoculation assays showed that the resistance of these transgenic plants could inherit and keep stable in T₄ progeny. The low temperature (15 °C did not influence the resistance of transgenic plants. There was no significant correlation between the resistance and the copy number of the transgene. CMV infection could not break the resistance to TMV in the transgenic tobacco plants expressing TMV hairpin MP RNA. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that transgenic tobacco plants expressed partial TMV movement gene and partial CMV replicase gene in the form of an intermolecular intron-hairpin RNA exhibited complete resistance to TMV or CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, P.R. China
- Hangzhou Wanxiang polytechnic, Hangzhou, 310023, P.R. China
| | - Yanbing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, P.R. China
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15
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Stanković I, Bulajić A, Vučurović A, Ristić D, Milojević K, Berenji J, Krstić B. Status of tobacco viruses in Serbia and molecular characterization of tomato spotted wilt virus isolates. Acta Virol 2011; 55:337-47. [PMID: 22149499 DOI: 10.4149/av_2011_04_337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In a four-year survey to determine the presence and distribution of viruses in tobacco crops at 17 localities of the Vojvodina Province and Central Serbia, 380 samples were collected and analyzed by DAS-ELISA. Out of the seven viruses tested, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), potato virus Y (PVY), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) were detected in 37.9, 33.4, 28.7, 23.9, and 15.5% of the total tested samples, respectively. TSWV was the most frequently found virus at the localities of Central Serbia, while PVY and CMV were the most frequent viruses in the Vojvodina Province. Single infections were prevalent in years 2005-2007 and the most frequent were those of PVY. A triple combination of those viruses was most frequent mixed infection type in 2008. The presence of all five detected viruses was confirmed in selected ELISA-positive samples by RT-PCR and sequencing. The comparisons of obtained virus isolate sequences with those available in NCBI, confirmed the authenticity of serologically detected viruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial nucleocapsid gene sequences revealed a joint clustering of Serbian, Bulgarian and Montenegrin TSWV isolates into one geographic subpopulation, which was distinct from the other subpopulation of TSWV isolates from the rest of the European countries. The high incidence of viruses in Serbian tobacco crops highlights the importance of enhancing farmers knowledge towards better implementation of control strategies for preventing serious losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Stanković
- Institute of Phytomedicine, Department of Phytopathology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Zein HS, Teixeira da Silva JA, Miyatake K. Antigenic properties of the coat of Cucumber mosaic virus using monoclonal antibodies. J Virol Methods 2009; 162:223-30. [PMID: 19729036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coat protein (CP) of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was characterized by antigen-capture-ELISA using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which were produced against Pepo-CMV-CP. Comparative analysis of three mAbs with four different strains by competitive ELISA revealed that the binding affinity of the mAb decreased about 10-fold with both MY17- and Y-CMV than with Pepo-CMV. The CP of these three strains showed high homology (approximately 98%) following comparison in the GenBank database. CMV has a negatively charged loop structure, the betaH-betaI loop, although the amino acid at position 193 is not conserved. In addition, an amino acid residue identified within the variable region spanning amino acids 191-198, specifically at position 194, showed significant changes in Threonine, Alanine, Alanine, and Lysine of the Pepo-, MY17-, Y-, and M2-CMV strains, respectively. Evidence from competitive ELISA and GenBank database amino acid residues, when taken together, provide strong support suggesting that the dominant epitope site of CMV-CP-specific mAbs is the betaH-betaI loop 191-198. The four mAbs were chosen because they represent distinct, overlapping epitopes within the group-specific determinant located on the CMV-CP and because they all recognize linear epitopes. Knowledge of specific immunoglobulin genes for a common epitope may lead to insight on pathogen-host co-evolution and may help prevent virus infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haggag S Zein
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613, Egypt 12 Gamma Street, Giza 12613, Egypt.
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17
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Zein HS, da Silva JAT, Miyatake K. Monoclonal antibodies specific to Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein possess DNA-hydrolyzing activity. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1527-33. [PMID: 19187964 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein (CMV-CP) were designed from cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences of the light chain genes of 10 out of 14 different hybridoma cell lines. Ten of these mAbs revealed a very restricted germline family VkappaII, within which gene bd2 has identical amino acid sequences with VIPase and an i41SL 1-2 catalytic antibody light chain, both of which possess peptidase activity. Four out of the 14 mAbs illustrated another germline family VkappaIA, within which gene bb1.1 had high homology with BV04-01 light chain mAb, which hydrolyses ssDNA. Interestingly, our mAbs showed DNA-hydrolytic activity at an optimum pH of 4-5, which is a typical pattern of autoimmune diseases in which autoantibodies hydrolyze supercoiled plasmid DNA. This is the first evidence ever that CMV-CP could stimulate catalytic antibodies, which have an identical sequence homology with autoantibodies. Furthermore, the CMV-CP-specific mAbs will be important for isolating antibodies specific to the CPs of bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, etc. that could be used for medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haggag S Zein
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 121613, Egypt.
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18
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Edelbaum D, Gorovits R, Sasaki S, Ikegami M, Czosnek H. Expressing a whitefly GroEL protein in Nicotiana benthamiana plants confers tolerance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus and cucumber mosaic virus, but not to grapevine virus A or tobacco mosaic virus. Arch Virol 2009; 154:399-407. [PMID: 19184338 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Transgenesis offers many ways to obtain virus-resistant plants. However, in most cases resistance is against a single virus or viral strain. We have taken a novel approach based on the ability of a whitefly endosymbiotic GroEL to bind viruses belonging to several genera, in vivo and in vitro. We have expressed the GroEL gene in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, postulating that upon virus inoculation, GroEL will bind to virions, thereby interfering with pathogenesis. The transgenic plants were inoculated with the begomovirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and the cucumovirus cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), both of which interacted with GroEL in vitro, and with the trichovirus grapevine virus A (GVA) and the tobamovirus tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which did not. While the transgenic plants inoculated with TYLCV and CMV presented a high level of tolerance, those inoculated with GVA and TMV were susceptible. The amounts of virus in tolerant transgenic plants was lower by three orders of magnitude than those in non-transgenic plants; in comparison, the amounts of virus in susceptible transgenic plants were similar to those in non-transgenic plants. Leaf extracts of the tolerant plants contained GroEL-virus complexes. Hence, tolerance was correlated with trapping of viruses in planta. This study demonstrated that multiple resistances to viruses belonging to several different taxonomic genera could be achieved. Moreover, it might be hypothesized that plants expressing GroEL will be tolerant to those viruses that bind to GroEL in vitro, such as members of the genera Begomovirus, Cucumovirus, Ilarvirus, Luteovirus, and Tospovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagan Edelbaum
- The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology & The Robert H. Smith Institute for Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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19
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Pagán I, Alonso-Blanco C, García-Arenal F. Host responses in life-history traits and tolerance to virus infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000124. [PMID: 18704166 PMCID: PMC2494869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing how hosts respond to parasite infection is paramount in understanding the effects of parasites on host populations and hence host–parasite co-evolution. Modification of life-history traits in response to parasitism has received less attention than other defence strategies. Life-history theory predicts that parasitised hosts will increase reproductive effort and accelerate reproduction. However, empirical analyses of these predictions are few and mostly limited to animal-parasite systems. We have analysed life-history trait responses in 18 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana infected at two different developmental stages with three strains of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Accessions were divided into two groups according to allometric relationships; these groups differed also in their tolerance to CMV infection. Life-history trait modification upon virus infection depended on the host genotype and the stage at infection. While all accessions delayed flowering, only the more tolerant allometric group modified resource allocation to increase the production of reproductive structures and progeny, and reduced the length of reproductive period. Our results are in agreement with modifications of life-history traits reported for parasitised animals and with predictions from life-history theory. Thus, we provide empirical support for the general validity of theoretical predictions. In addition, this experimental approach allowed us to quantitatively estimate the genetic determinism of life-history trait plasticity and to evaluate the role of life-history trait modification in defence against parasites, two largely unexplored issues. Hosts have developed a variety of mechanisms to compensate for the negative impact of parasite infection. Modification of life-history traits in response to parasitism has received less attention than other defence strategies. Life-history theory assumes trade-offs between resource allocation to different fitness components, and predicts that hosts under parasitism will allocate more resources to reproduction, subtracting them from those dedicated to growth and survival. Empirical support for predictions is not abundant, and derives mostly from the analysis of animal-parasite systems. We have analysed the modification of various life-history traits in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana infected by Cucumber mosaic virus. Life-history trait modification upon virus infection depended on the host genotype and on the developmental stage at infection. All plant genotypes delayed flowering, but only the more tolerant ones allocated more resources to reproduction, and reduced the length of reproductive period. These results agree with reports from parasitised animals and with predictions from life-history theory, providing empirical support for the general validity of theoretical predictions. In addition, results allow for the more precise evaluation of the role of life-history trait modification in defence against parasites by taking into account plant–virus interactions where life-history traits were differentially modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Pagán
- Departamento de Biotecnología, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos and Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos and Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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20
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Abstract
It has been reported that plant virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) originated predominantly from structured single-stranded viral RNA of a positive single-stranded RNA virus replicating in the cytoplasm and from the nuclear stem-loop 35S leader RNA of a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus. Increasing lines of evidence have also shown that hierarchical actions of plant Dicer-like (DCL) proteins are required in the biogenesis process of small RNAs, and DCL4 is the primary producer of vsiRNAs. However, the structures of such single-stranded viral RNA that can be recognized by DCLs remain unknown. In an attempt to determine these structures, we have cloned siRNAs derived from the satellite RNA (satRNA) of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-satRNA) and studied the relationship between satRNA-derived siRNAs (satsiRNAs) and satRNA secondary structure. satsiRNAs were confirmed to be derived from single-stranded satRNA and are primarily 21 (64.7%) or 22 (22%) nucleotides (nt) in length. The most frequently cloned positive-strand satsiRNAs were found to derive from novel hairpins that differ from the structure of known DCL substrates, miRNA and siRNA precursors, which are prevalent stem-loop-shaped or dsRNAs. DCL4 was shown to be the primary producer of satsiRNAs. In the absence of DCL4, only 22-nt satsiRNAs were detected. Our results suggest that DCL4 is capable of accessing flexibly structured single-stranded RNA substrates (preferably T-shaped hairpins) to produce satsiRNAs. This result reveals that viral RNA of diverse structures may stimulate antiviral DCL activities in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Sheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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21
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Helliot B, Panis B, Busogoro JP, Sobry S, Poumay Y, Raes M, Swennen R, Lepoivre P. Immunogold silver staining associated with epi-fluorescence for cucumber mosaic virus localisation on semi-thin sections of banana tissues. Eur J Histochem 2007; 51:153-8. [PMID: 17664166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunogold-silver staining (IGSS) technique in combination with epi-fluorescence detection was used to localise cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) particles within banana infected tissues. For this purpose, tissue samples (2 mm3) were excised from CMV-infected and highly proliferating meristem cultures of Williams BSJ banana (ITC. 0570, AAA, Cavendish subgroup). These samples were immediately fixed in a 2% paraformaldehyde/0.25% glutaraldehyde mixture, dehydrated in ethanol, and finally embedded in L.R. White resin. Semi-thin sections were cut, mounted on clean treated glass slides and immunostained for CMV particles using gold-labelled secondary antibodies and silver enhancement. Sections were counterstained with basic fuchsin and examined using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Negative controls included immuno-stained samples excised from non-virus infected material as well as infected material on which primary or secondary antibodies were not applied. Images of autofluorescence (in red) and of epi-reflectance of silver-enhanced immunogold particles (in green) were recorded separately and merged, allowing the specific localisation of CMV particles at the cellular level on semi-thin sections of aldehyde-fixed banana tissues. The main advantage of this analytical approach compared to previously published protocols is that it combines a fast staining procedure, stable preparation, a high resolution, and a narrow plane of focus with the flexibility in generation, processing and analysis of images offered by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Finally, the presence of numerous CMV particles within banana meristems constitutes a clear explanation of the very low CMV elimination efficiency when using meristem-tip culture alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Helliot
- Plant Pathology Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, Passage des Déportés, Gembloux, Belgium
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22
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Natilla A, Hammond RW, Nemchinov LG. Epitope presentation system based on cucumber mosaic virus coat protein expressed from a potato virus X-based vector. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1373-86. [PMID: 16489509 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Cucumber mosaic virus Ixora isolate (CMV) coat protein gene (CP) was placed under the transcriptional control of the duplicated subgenomic CP promoter of a Potato virus X (PVX)-based vector. In vitro RNA transcripts were inoculated onto Nicotiana benthamiana plants and recombinant CMV capsid proteins were identified on Western blots probed with CMV antibodies 5-7 days post-inoculation. PVX-produced CMV CP subunits were capable of assembling into virus-like particles (VLPs), which were visualized by electron microscopy. We further used the PVX/CMVCP system for transient expression of recombinant CMV CP constructs containing different neutralizing epitopes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) engineered into the internal betaH-betaI (motif 5) loop. Both crude plant extracts and purified VLPs were immunoreactive with CMV antibodies as well as with epitope-specific antibodies to NDV, thus confirming the surface display of the engineered NDV epitope. Our study demonstrates the potential of PVX/CMVCP as an expression tool and as a presentation system for promising epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Natilla
- USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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23
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Villani ME, Roggero P, Bitti O, Benvenuto E, Franconi R. Immunomodulation of cucumber mosaic virus infection by intrabodies selected in vitro from a stable single-framework phage display library. Plant Mol Biol 2005; 58:305-16. [PMID: 16021397 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-4091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunomodulation by the ectopic expression of intracellular antibodies ('intrabodies') has a great potential for interfering with physiological or pathological functions in vivo in a highly specific manner. One of the major obstacles of this technology is the inability of most antibodies to properly fold and function in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm, which prevents the formation of essential disulfide bonds. We wished to assess the intracellular performance of antibodies derived from a semi-synthetic single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library ('F8 library') built on a thermodynamically stable single-framework scaffold. To this purpose, we chose to modulate the infection of a pandemic plant pathogen, the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). After in vitro 'biopanning' on immobilized virions, two scFvs were biochemically characterized, showing high affinity toward the antigen. They were transiently expressed at high yields as soluble molecules in the cytoplasm of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Subsequently, they were expressed in the cytoplasm of transgenic tomato plants. Challenge with high viral dose showed that both scFvs were able to elicit a phenotypic effect and led to the identification of a transgenic line fully resistant to infection. In these plants, the scFv binds the virus in the inoculated leaves preventing viral long distance movement. This work represents the first demonstration that the 'F8 library' can be directly screened in vitro to rapidly isolate antigen-specific scFvs that act as effective intrabodies in vivo. These antibodies represent powerful tools to interfere with several intracellular targets, modulating pathogen infectivity and/or cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Villani
- ENEA, Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente, UTS BIOTEC, Sezione Genetica e Genomica Vegetale, C.R. Casaccia, P.O. Box 2400, I-00100 Roma, Italy
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Yu C, Wu J, Zhou X. Detection and subgrouping of Cucumber mosaic virus isolates by TAS-ELISA and immunocapture RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2005; 123:155-61. [PMID: 15620397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eight mouse hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were produced. Analysis of the specificities of the MAbs against CMV isolates by triple antibody sandwich (TAS)-ELISA demonstrated that four MAbs were specific for subgroup I (S-I) isolates and two for subgroup II (S-II) isolates, whereas another two MAbs could detect both S-I and S-II isolates. TAS-ELISA and immunocapture RT-PCR (IC-RT-PCR) methods were then established for reliable and efficient detection and subgrouping of CMV isolates using the produced MAbs. When 197 field samples collected from six provinces in China were tested by TAS-ELISA, 130 samples were found to be infected by CMV. Among them, 121 samples were infected by S-I isolates (93.1%) and another nine samples by S-II isolates (6.9%). In IC-RT-PCR using the MAbs and specific primers in the region of the coat protein (CP) gene, samples shown to contain S-I isolates by TAS-ELISA gave one specific band about 500 nucleotides in length, whereas samples containing S-II isolates produced a single band with the length of approximately 600 nucleotides. The validity and reliability of the results of TAS-ELISA and IC-RT-PCR was confirmed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of nearly full-length CP genes of the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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25
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Piazzolla G, Nuzzaci M, Tortorella C, Panella E, Natilla A, Boscia D, De Stradis A, Piazzolla P, Antonaci S. Immunogenic Properties of a Chimeric Plant Virus Expressing a Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Derived Epitope: New Prospects for an HCV Vaccine. J Clin Immunol 2005; 25:142-52. [PMID: 15821891 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-005-2820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A vaccine against Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is urgently needed due to the unsatisfactory clinical response to current therapies. We evaluated the immunological properties of a chimeric Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a plant virus engineered to express on its surface a synthetic peptide derived from many HVR1 sequences of the HCV envelope protein E2 (R9 mimotope). Evidence was obtained that the chimeric R9-CMV elicits a specific humoral response in rabbits. Furthermore, in patients with chronic HCV infection, purified preparations of R9-CMV down-modulated the lymphocyte surface density of CD3 and CD8, and induced a significant release of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12 p70 and IL-15 by lymphomonocyte cultures. Finally, an R9 mimotope-specific CD8 T-cell response, as assessed by intracellular IFN-gamma production, was achieved in the majority of the patients studied. Our results open up new prospects for the development of effective vaccines against HCV infection. Moreover, the wide edible host range of CMV makes the production of an edible vaccine conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Piazzolla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Bari, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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26
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Takeshita M, Kikuhara K, Kuwata S, Furuya N, Takanami Y. Competition between wild-type virus and a reassortant from subgroups I and II of CMV and activation of antiviral responses in cowpea. Arch Virol 2004; 149:1851-7. [PMID: 15593425 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-004-0332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the interactions between RNA3 and RNA4 from subgroups I and II in mixed infections, accumulation of CMV RNA were analyzed. In the mixed inoculation assays with CMV-LE (LE, subgroup I) and a reassortant LLm consisting of RNA1 and RNA2 from LE, and RNA3 from CMV-m2 (m2, subgroup II), LE RNA3 and RNA4 could systemically spread in the plants, whereas those of m2 could not. Furthermore, accumulation of virus short RNA and a cowpea-encoded RNA-directed RNA polymerase gene (VuRdRP1) mRNA were found in the plants, suggesting that VIGS and/or distinct antiviral responses (was) were activated by infection with CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takeshita
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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27
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Liu W, Chen J, Li Y. [Molecular identification of Araceae-infecting viruses and their ecology]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2004; 15:566-70. [PMID: 15334946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
A filamentous virus and a spherical virus were detected from partial purification with natural-infected Araceae plants. The filamentous virus was confirmed as dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV) by RNA spot hybridization (RSH) and sequence determination, while the spherical virus was identified as a new strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and sequence determination of the 3' end genes of RNA3. CMV was firstly confirmed as one of the principal viruses infecting the Araceae plants under natural condition. According to the sequence similarity of coat protein, Araceae-infecting CMV was then decided belonging to CMV subgroup I, but independent from other isolates in this subgroup. By dot-RNA hybridization to DsMV and CMV probes with total RNA extracted from leaf tissue, field samples collected from some parts of southern China were detected for their natural infection. The infection ratio of field samples infected by DsMV and CMV were 73.3% and 46.7% for samples collected from Hainan Province, 100% and 38.5% for those from Hunan Province, 93.0% and 38.5% for that from Zhejiang Province, and 100% and no infection for samples from Shanghai, respectively. The infection of viruses on Araceae plants was obviously affected by such ecological factors as geological distribution, climate and host species. The occurrence of CMV was greatly influenced by the above factors, but DsMV always existed as the most commonly distributed virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Liu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Raj SK, Srivastava A, Chowdhury MR, Johri JK. Association of cucumovirus and potyvirus with betelvine (Piper betle L.) as evidenced by ELISA and RT-PCR. Indian J Exp Biol 2003; 41:273-6. [PMID: 15267161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
An attempt was made to detect various viruses of Piper betle grown at Mahoba and Banthara in India. DAC-ELISA and RT-PCR tests were performed in leaf sap samples of betelvine for detection of a cucumovirus (Cucumber mosaic virus) and potyvirus (Bean yellow mosaic virus) using specific antibodies and universal primers of respective viruses. DAC-ELISA could detect only CMV. However, RT-PCR detected both cucumovirus and potyvirus infection in betelvine samples. Association of CMV with betelvine was observed for the first time in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Raj
- Molecular Virology, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
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Takahashi H, Miller J, Nozaki Y, Takeda M, Shah J, Hase S, Ikegami M, Ehara Y, Dinesh-Kumar SP. RCY1, an Arabidopsis thaliana RPP8/HRT family resistance gene, conferring resistance to cucumber mosaic virus requires salicylic acid, ethylene and a novel signal transduction mechanism. Plant J 2002; 32:655-67. [PMID: 12472683 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The dominant locus, RCY1, in the Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype C24 confers resistance to the yellow strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Y). The RCY1 locus was mapped to a 150-kb region on chromosome 5. Sequence comparison of this region from C24 and a CMV-Y-susceptible C24 mutant predicts that the RCY1 gene encodes a 104-kDa CC-NBS-LRR-type protein. The RCY1 gene from C24, when expressed in the susceptible ecotype Wassilewskija (Ws), restricted the systemic spread of virus. RCY1 is allelic to the resistance genes RPP8 from the ecotype Landsberg erecta and HRT from the ecotype Dijon-17, which confer resistance to Peronospora parasitica biotype Emco5 and turnip crinkle virus (TCV), respectively. Examination of RCY1 plants defective in salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene signaling revealed a requirement for SA and ethylene signaling in mounting a resistance response to CMV-Y. The RCY1 nahG etr1 double mutants exhibited an intermediate level of susceptibility to CMV-Y, compared to the resistant ecotype C24 and the susceptible ecotypes Columbia and Nossen. This suggests that in addition to SA and ethylene, a novel signaling mechanism is associated with the induction of resistance in CMV-Y-infected C24 plants. Moreover, our results suggest that the signaling pathways downstream of the RPP8, HRT, and RCY1 have evolved independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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30
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Bowman VD, Chase ES, Franz AWE, Chipman PR, Zhang X, Perry KL, Baker TS, Smith TJ. An antibody to the putative aphid recognition site on cucumber mosaic virus recognizes pentons but not hexons. J Virol 2002; 76:12250-8. [PMID: 12414964 PMCID: PMC136911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.23.12250-12258.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2002] [Accepted: 09/03/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), the type member of the genus Cucumovirus (family Bromoviridae), is transmitted by aphids in a nonpersistent manner. Mutagenesis experiments identified the betaH-betaI loop of the capsid subunit as a potential key motif responsible for interactions with the insect vector. To further examine the functional characteristics of this motif, we generated monoclonal antibodies that bound to native virions but not to betaH-betaI mutants. Fab fragments from these antibodies were complexed with wild-type CMV and the virus-Fab structure was determined to 12-A resolution by using electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction techniques. The electron density attributed to the bound antibody has a turret-like appearance and protrudes from each of the 12 fivefold axes of the icosahedral virus. Thus, the antibody binds only to the pentameric clusters (pentons) of A subunits of the T=3 quasisymmetric virus and does not appear to bind to any of the B and C subunits that occur as hexameric clusters (hexons) at the threefold (quasi-sixfold) axes. Modeling and electron density comparisons were used to analyze the paratope-epitope interface and demonstrated that the antibody binds to three betaH-betaI loops in three adjacent A subunits in each penton. This antibody can discriminate between A and B/C subunits even though the betaH-betaI loop adopts the same structure in all 180 capsid subunits and is therefore recognizing differences in subunit arrangements. Antibodies with such character have potential use as probes of viral assembly. Our results may provide an additional rationale for designing synthetic vaccines by using symmetrical viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valorie D Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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31
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Chae JS, Choi JK, Lim HT, Cha SH. Generation of a murine single chain Fv (scFv) antibody specific for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using a phage display library. Mol Cells 2001; 11:7-12. [PMID: 11266124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the long-term goal of generating CMV-resistant transgenic plants using antibody genes, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody that binds to the cucumber mosaic virus was isolated from a scFv phage display library by four rounds of affinity selection with CMV-Mf as an antigen. The scFv has the identical binding specificity to CMV as a monoclonal antibody that is generated by the hybridoma fusion technique, and recognized purified preparations of CMV isolates belonging to either subgroup I or II in immunoblotting. The nucleotide sequences of the recombinant antibody showed that a heavy chain variable region (V(H)) gene belonged to the VH3 subgroup and the kappa light chain variable region (V kappa) came from the Vkappa4 subgroup. Our results demonstrate that the scFv phage display library, an alternative approach to the traditional hybridoma fusion technique, has a potential applicability in the study of plant virus and plant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Chae
- Division of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
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32
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Abstract
Antigenic sites in the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) coat protein (CP) have been identified using a polyclonal antiserum prepared against glutaraldehyde-fixed virions. Antibodies were used to screen a random peptide library of heptamers displayed on the surface of a bacteriophage. Eight of 36 (22%) sequenced phage clones had inserts resembling a putative virion surface domain of the CMV CP. This region has the sequence LETDEL, corresponding to amino acids 194-199 in the Fny-CMV CP. The binding of phage clones to Fny-CMV antiserum was inhibited by a synthetic peptide representing this region. Six of 36 (17%) phage clones contained sequences corresponding to a C-terminal sequence in the Fny-CMV CP, which is thought to be internal in assembled virions. This sequence, EHQRIPTSGV, represents amino acids 206-215 and all but the P residue were observed in at least one clone. Four of 36 (11%) sequenced phage clones carried sequences that matched a portion of the sequence RLLLPDSV, corresponding to amino acids 89-96 in the Fny-CMV CP. This region was also identified as the antigenic site recognized by a monoclonal antibody (MAb23C10E4). Eleven percent of the phage (4 of 36) contained sequences matching at least three amino acids of the N-terminal region in the CMV CP. The positions of the antigenic sites seen in this study are consistent with a predicted structure for the CMV CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- X He
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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33
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Abstract
Antibody fragments (scFv) that bind specifically to particles of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) were obtained from a library which encodes a diverse array of synthetic antibody fragments, each displayed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage. After four rounds of selection and enrichment, several clones were obtained which produced scFv that bound specifically to purified particles of CMV in ELISA. BstNI digestion of phagemid DNA resulted in the same restriction pattern for all clones. The nucleotide sequences of three of the clones showed that they belonged to the human VH1 family and that they had a complementarity determining region loop of 7 amino acids. Phage-displayed antibodies and soluble scFv secreted by these clones reacted with particles of CMV in sap from infected plants in ELISA. In immunoblotting tests, soluble scFv preparations reacted with SDS-denatured coat protein extracted from purified preparations of CMV isolates belonging to either subgroup I or II and also with protein extracted by SDS treatment of seeds harvested from naturally infected lupin plants. The results demonstrate the feasibility, and potential applicability, of recombinant antibody methods in plant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ziegler
- Virology Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Carr JP, Gal-On A, Palukaitis P, Zaitlin M. Replicase-mediated resistance to cucumber mosaic virus in transgenic plants involves suppression of both virus replication in the inoculated leaves and long-distance movement. Virology 1994; 199:439-47. [PMID: 8122372 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1994.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco plants transformed with a gene encoding a truncated cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2a replicase protein are resistant to systemic CMV disease. Experiments using protoplasts derived from plants of two R2-generation CMV-resistant transgenic plant lines (lines R2-2 and R2-5) showed that resistance operates at the single cell level. Low levels of CMV-specific RNAs were detected in CMV-inoculated protoplasts obtained from both R2-2 and R2-5 plants indicating that resistance is due at least in large part to a marked but incomplete suppression of virus replication. Leaves of immature plants belonging to line R2-2 occasionally exhibited local chlorosis when inoculated with high concentrations of CMV. Areas of local chlorosis were sites of low but detectable levels of CMV RNA, CMV virions, and CMV replicase activity, but did not act as foci for subsequent systemic disease. An antiserum raised against the CMV 2a replicase protein overexpressed in Escherichia coli was used to detect the presence of trace amounts of the truncated CMV 2a replicase protein in CMV-resistant transgenic tobacco plants. It was concluded that expression of the transgene, potentially as protein, engenders resistance primarily by suppressing virus replication but may also, to a lesser extent, do so by inhibiting systemic movement of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Carr
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Sleat DE, Zhang L, Palukaitis P. Mapping determinants within cucumber mosaic virus and its satellite RNA for the induction of necrosis in tomato plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 1994; 7:189-195. [PMID: 8012040 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-7-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A mutant of the WL47 satellite (WL47-sat) RNA of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), constructed in vitro, induces lethal necrosis in tomato plants when associated with either of two subgroup II strains of CMV: LS- or WL-CMV (D. E. Sleat and P. Palukaitis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2946-2950, 1990). The phenotype of this mutant (WLM2-sat RNA) has been examined on tomato plants, after co-inoculation with a wider range of CMV strains. Necrosis was observed when WLM2-sat RNA was associated with any of the subgroup II CMV strains tested. However, WLM2-sat RNA ameliorated the symptoms induced by subgroup I CMV strains without inducing necrosis. Inoculation with WLM2-sat RNA with pseudorecombinants formed between subgroup I and subgroup II CMV strains showed an association of the necrosis induction phenotype with RNA 2 of the subgroup II strains. In contrast to WLM2-sat RNA, infectious transcripts of the naturally necrogenic D4-sat RNA induced lethal necrosis in tomato with all CMV strains tested. Experiments involving the exchange of sequences between WLM2- and D4-sat RNAs indicated that nucleotides sequences in either of two separate regions could influence the necrosis phenotype. Thus, the subgroup-specific necrosis-inducing phenotype may be due to subtle alterations in secondary and/or tertiary structure in the satellite RNA, as well as the presence or absence of particular nucleotide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Sleat
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Hajimorad MR, Dietzgen RG, Wahyuni WS, Francki RI. Alleged reaction in gel-immunodiffusion of an IgM monoclonal antibody with alfalfa mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus is an artefact. J Gen Virol 1994; 75 ( Pt 2):463-5. [PMID: 8113772 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-2-463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A previously reported spurious serological cross-reaction between alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which had been defined by the reaction in gel-immunodiffusion tests of a single IgM monoclonal antibody (MAb), MAb 8, was no longer detected in the presence of 0.1 M-NaCl. The non-specific reactivity of this IgM was also confirmed in Western blotting assays. When skimmed milk was used as a blocking agent and as a diluent of antibodies, MAb 8 failed to recognize AMV and CMV coat proteins. Hence, it is concluded that the alleged cross-reaction between AMV and CMV is due to non-specific binding of MAb 8 and that there is no evidence for a serological relationship between these two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hajimorad
- Department of Crop Protection, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
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