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Huang R, Bornman MSR, Stricker PD, Simoni Brum I, Mutambirwa SBA, Jaratlerdsiri W, Hayes VM. The impact of telomere length on prostate cancer aggressiveness, genomic instability and health disparities. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7706. [PMID: 38565642 PMCID: PMC10987561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The telomere repetitive TTAGGG motif at the ends of chromosomes, serves to preserve genomic integrity and chromosomal stability. In turn, genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer-implicating telomere disturbance. Prostate cancer (PCa) shows significant ancestral disparities, with men of African ancestry at the greatest risk for aggressive disease and associated genomic instability. Yet, no study has explored the role of telomere length (TL) with respect to ancestrally driven PCa health disparities. Patient- and technically-matched tumour-blood whole genome sequencing data for 179 ancestrally defined treatment naïve PCa patients (117 African, 62 European), we assessed for TL (blood and tumour) associations. We found shortened tumour TL to be associated with aggressive PCa presentation and elevated genomic instabilities, including percentage of genome alteration and copy number gains, in men of African ancestry. For European patients, tumour TL showed significant associations with PCa driver genes PTEN, TP53, MSH2, SETBP1 and DDX11L1, while shorter blood TL (< 3200 base pairs) and tumour TL (< 2861 base pairs) were correlated with higher risk for biochemical recurrence. Concurring with previous studies linking TL to PCa diagnosis and/or prognosis, for the first time we correlated TL differences with patient ancestry with important implications for future treatments targeting telomere dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotian Huang
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - M S Riana Bornman
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa
| | - Phillip D Stricker
- Department of Urology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Ilma Simoni Brum
- Endocrine and Tumor Molecular Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Shingai B A Mutambirwa
- Department of Urology, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Medunsa, 0208, South Africa
| | - Weerachai Jaratlerdsiri
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vanessa M Hayes
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Sovenga, 0727, Limpopo, South Africa.
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2
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Gheybi K, Mmekwa N, Lebelo MT, Patrick SM, Campbell R, Nenzhelele M, Soh PXY, Obida M, Loda M, Shirindi J, Butler EN, Mutambirwa SBA, Bornman MSR, Hayes VM. Linking African ancestral substructure to prostate cancer health disparities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20909. [PMID: 38017150 PMCID: PMC10684577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47993-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health burden in Sub-Saharan Africa, with mortality rates loosely linked to African ancestry. Yet studies aimed at identifying contributing risk factors are lacking within the continent and as such exclude for significant ancestral diversity. Here, we investigate a series of epidemiological demographic and lifestyle risk factors for 1387 men recruited as part of the multi-ethnic Southern African Prostate Cancer Study (SAPCS). We found poverty to be a decisive factor for disease grade and age at diagnosis, with other notably significant PCa associated risk factors including sexually transmitted diseases, erectile dysfunction, gynaecomastia, and vertex or complete pattern balding. Aligned with African American data, Black ethnicity showed significant risk for PCa diagnosis (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.05-2.00), and aggressive disease presentation (ISUP ≥ 4: OR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.49-3.40). New to this study, we demonstrate African ancestral population substructure associated PCa disparity, observing increased risk for advanced disease for the southern African Tsonga people (ISUP ≥ 4: OR = 3.43, 95% CI 1.62-7.27). Conversely, South African Coloured were less likely to be diagnosed with aggressive disease overall (ISUP ≥ 3: OR = 0.38, 95% 0.17-0.85). Understanding the basis for PCa health disparities calls for African inclusion, however, lack of available data has limited the power to begin discussions. Here, focusing on arguably the largest study of its kind for the African continent, we draw attention to the contribution of within African ancestral diversity as a contributing factor to PCa health disparities within the genetically diverse region of southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazzem Gheybi
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Naledi Mmekwa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maphuti Tebogo Lebelo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sean M Patrick
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Pamela X Y Soh
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weil Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joyce Shirindi
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eboneé N Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shingai B A Mutambirwa
- Department of Urology, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - M S Riana Bornman
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vanessa M Hayes
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Sovenga, Limpopo, South Africa.
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Vaghjiani VG, Cochrane CR, Jayasekara WSN, Chong WC, Szczepny A, Kumar B, Martelotto LG, McCaw A, Carey K, Kansara M, Thomas DM, Walkley C, Mudge S, Gough DJ, Downie PA, Peacock CD, Matsui W, Watkins DN, Cain JE. Ligand-dependent hedgehog signaling maintains an undifferentiated, malignant osteosarcoma phenotype. Oncogene 2023; 42:3529-3541. [PMID: 37845394 PMCID: PMC10656285 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
TP53 and RB1 loss-of-function mutations are common in osteosarcoma. During development, combined loss of TP53 and RB1 function leads to downregulation of autophagy and the aberrant formation of primary cilia, cellular organelles essential for the transmission of canonical Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Excess cilia formation then leads to hypersensitivity to Hedgehog (Hh) ligand signaling. In mouse and human models, we now show that osteosarcomas with mutations in TP53 and RB1 exhibit enhanced ligand-dependent Hh pathway activation through Smoothened (SMO), a transmembrane signaling molecule required for activation of the canonical Hh pathway. This dependence is mediated by hypersensitivity to Hh ligand and is accompanied by impaired autophagy and increased primary cilia formation and expression of Hh ligand in vivo. Using a conditional genetic mouse model of Trp53 and Rb1 inactivation in osteoblast progenitors, we further show that deletion of Smo converts the highly malignant osteosarcoma phenotype to benign, well differentiated bone tumors. Conversely, conditional overexpression of SHH ligand, or a gain-of-function SMO mutant in committed osteoblast progenitors during development blocks terminal bone differentiation. Finally, we demonstrate that the SMO antagonist sonidegib (LDE225) induces growth arrest and terminal differentiation in vivo in osteosarcomas that express primary cilia and Hh ligand combined with mutations in TP53. These results provide a mechanistic framework for aberrant Hh signaling in osteosarcoma based on defining mutations in the tumor suppressor, TP53.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine R Cochrane
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Wai Chin Chong
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anette Szczepny
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Beena Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew McCaw
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Kirstyn Carey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Maya Kansara
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - David M Thomas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St.Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 1466, Australia
| | - Carl Walkley
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Stuart Mudge
- Mayne Pharma International Pty Ltd, Salisbury Sth, SA, 5106, Australia
| | - Daniel J Gough
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter A Downie
- Monash Children's Cancer Centre, Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Craig D Peacock
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - William Matsui
- Department of Oncology and Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - D Neil Watkins
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E-0V9, Canada.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3A-1R9, Canada.
| | - Jason E Cain
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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Jiang J, Soh PXY, Mutambirwa SBA, Bornman MSR, Haiman CA, Hayes VM, Jaratlerdsiri W. ANO7 African-ancestral genomic diversity and advanced prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2023:10.1038/s41391-023-00722-x. [PMID: 37749167 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-023-00722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health burden for African men, with mortality rates more than double global averages. The prostate specific Anoctamin 7 (ANO7) gene linked with poor patient outcomes has recently been identified as the target for an African-specific protein-truncating PCa-risk allele. METHODS Here we determined the role of ANO7 in a study of 889 men from southern Africa, leveraging exomic genotyping array PCa case-control data (n = 780, 17 ANO7 alleles) and deep sequenced whole genome data for germline and tumour ANO7 interrogation (n = 109), while providing clinicopathologically matched European-derived sequence data comparative analyses (n = 57). Associated predicted deleterious variants (PDVs) were further assessed for impact using computational protein structure analysis. RESULTS Notably rare in European patients, we found the common African PDV p.Ile740Leu (rs74804606) to be associated with PCa risk in our case-control analysis (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, false discovery rate/FDR = 0.03), while sequencing revealed co-occurrence with the recently reported African-specific deleterious risk variant p.Ser914* (rs60985508). Additional findings included a novel protein-truncating African-specific frameshift variant p.Asp789Leu, African-relevant PDVs associated with altered protein structure at Ca2+ binding sites, early-onset PCa associated with PDVs and germline structural variants in Africans (Linear regression models, -6.42 years, 95% CI = -10.68 to -2.16, P-value = 0.003) and ANO7 as an inter-chromosomal PCa-related gene fusion partner in African derived tumours. CONCLUSIONS Here we provide not only validation for ANO7 as an African-relevant protein-altering PCa-risk locus, but additional evidence for a role of inherited and acquired ANO7 variance in the observed phenotypic heterogeneity and African-ancestral health disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Jiang
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Pamela X Y Soh
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Shingai B A Mutambirwa
- Department of Urology, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - M S Riana Bornman
- School of Health Systems & Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa M Hayes
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
- School of Health Systems & Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Weerachai Jaratlerdsiri
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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5
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Haris EM, Bryant RA, Williamson T, Korgaonkar MS. Functional connectivity of amygdala subnuclei in PTSD: a narrative review. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3581-3594. [PMID: 37845498 PMCID: PMC10730419 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02291-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
While the amygdala is often implicated in the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the pattern of results remains mixed. One reason for this may be the heterogeneity of amygdala subnuclei and their functional connections. This review used PRISMA guidelines to synthesize research exploring the functional connectivity of three primary amygdala subnuclei, basolateral (BLA), centromedial (CMA), and superficial nuclei (SFA), in PTSD (N = 331) relative to trauma-exposed (N = 155) and non-trauma-exposed controls (N = 210). Although studies were limited (N = 11), preliminary evidence suggests that in PTSD compared to trauma-exposed controls, the BLA shows greater connectivity with the dorsal anterior cingulate, an area involved in salience detection. In PTSD compared to non-trauma-exposed controls, the BLA shows greater connectivity with the middle frontal gyrus, an area involved in attention. No other connections were replicated across studies. A secondary aim of this review was to outline the limitations of this field to better shape future research. Importantly, the results from this review indicate the need to consider potential mediators of amygdala subnuclei connectivity, such as trauma type and sex, when conducting such studies. They also highlight the need to be aware of the limited inferences we can make with such small samples that investigate small subcortical structures on low field strength magnetic resonance imaging scanners. Collectively, this review demonstrates the importance of exploring the differential connectivity of amygdala subnuclei to understand the pathophysiology of PTSD and stresses the need for future research to harness the strength of ultra-high field imaging to gain a more sensitive picture of the neural connectivity underlying PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Haris
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Williamson
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Mayuresh S Korgaonkar
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
- Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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Sullivan PJ, Gayevskiy V, Davis RL, Wong M, Mayoh C, Mallawaarachchi A, Hort Y, McCabe MJ, Beecroft S, Jackson MR, Arts P, Dubowsky A, Laing N, Dinger ME, Scott HS, Oates E, Pinese M, Cowley MJ. Introme accurately predicts the impact of coding and noncoding variants on gene splicing, with clinical applications. Genome Biol 2023; 24:118. [PMID: 37198692 PMCID: PMC10190034 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting the impact of coding and noncoding variants on splicing is challenging, particularly in non-canonical splice sites, leading to missed diagnoses in patients. Existing splice prediction tools are complementary but knowing which to use for each splicing context remains difficult. Here, we describe Introme, which uses machine learning to integrate predictions from several splice detection tools, additional splicing rules, and gene architecture features to comprehensively evaluate the likelihood of a variant impacting splicing. Through extensive benchmarking across 21,000 splice-altering variants, Introme outperformed all tools (auPRC: 0.98) for the detection of clinically significant splice variants. Introme is available at https://github.com/CCICB/introme .
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Sullivan
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Velimir Gayevskiy
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ryan L Davis
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School-Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Wong
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chelsea Mayoh
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amali Mallawaarachchi
- Division of Genomics and Epigenetics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Institute of Precision Medicine and Bioinformatics, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yvonne Hort
- Division of Genomics and Epigenetics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark J McCabe
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Beecroft
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Matilda R Jackson
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance Between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Australian Genomics, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peer Arts
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance Between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Dubowsky
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nigel Laing
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hamish S Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance Between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Australian Genomics, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance Between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emily Oates
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Pinese
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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