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Miao YR, Thakkar KN, Qian J, Kariolis MS, Huang W, Nandagopal S, Yang TTC, Diep AN, Cherf GM, Xu Y, Moon EJ, Xiao Y, Alemany H, Li T, Yu W, Wei B, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Neutralization of PD-L2 is Essential for Overcoming Immune Checkpoint Blockade Resistance in Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4435-4448. [PMID: 34011561 PMCID: PMC8338886 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer represents a major clinical hurdle for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), with reported low patient response rates. We found that the immune checkpoint ligand PD-L2 is robustly expressed in patient samples of ovarian cancers and other malignancies exhibiting suboptimal response to ICB but not in cancers that are ICB sensitive. Therefore, we hypothesize that PD-L2 can facilitate immune escape from ICB through incomplete blockade of the PD-1 signaling pathway. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We engineered a soluble form of the PD-1 receptor (sPD-1) capable of binding and neutralizing both PD-L2 and PD-L1 with ×200 and ×10,000 folds improvement in binding affinity over wild-type PD-1 leading to superior inhibition of ligand-mediated PD-1 activities. RESULTS Both in vitro and in vivo analyses performed in this study demonstrated that the high-affinity sPD-1 molecule is superior at blocking both PD-L1- and PD-L2-mediated immune evasion and reducing tumor growth in immune-competent murine models of ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this study provide justification for using a dual targeting, high-affinity sPD-1 receptor as an alternative to PD-1 or PD-L1 therapeutic antibodies for achieving superior therapeutic efficacy in cancers expressing both PD-L2 and PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kaushik N Thakkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mihalis S Kariolis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Wei Huang
- ChemPartner Shanghai, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Saravanan Nandagopal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Anh N Diep
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Gerald Maxwell Cherf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yiren Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Haizea Alemany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Tiane Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- China PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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