Production of atheromatosis in the aorta of the bird by the administration of diethylstilbestrol

A new experimental procedure for the production of arteriosclerosis in the bird is described. The subcutaneous implantation of diethylstilbestrol by means of which a sustained increase in the concentration of cholesterol, phospholipid, and neutral fat can be readily established, is shown to induce atherosclerosis of the aorta. The atherosclerosis has been compared with that artificially induced in the bird by the prolonged feeding of cholesterol and also with that occurring spontaneously. The stilbestrol-induced lesion more closely resembled the spontaneously occurring one in the bird than did that produced by cholesterol feeding. But all 3 lesions were fundamentally similar, differing only in the amounts and proportions of the various lipid constituents present. The concentrations of cholesterol in plasma of the stilbestrol-treated and cholesterol-fed birds were of the same order. Yet cholesterol constituted a greater proportion of the lipids deposited in the arterial wall of the cholesterol-fed than in that of the stilbestrol-treated birds. This finding suggests that the cholesterol content of the vascular lesion depends not only on the absolute concentration of cholesterol in plasma, but also on the proportion of cholesterol to other lipid constituents in plasma.

The effect of alloxan diabetes on experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit

A comparison was made of the effects of cholesterol feeding in normal rabbits and in rabbits rendered persistently diabetic by means of alloxan. In the two groups of animals hypercholesterolemia of comparable degree was induced by the feeding procedure. Nevertheless, the severity of the atherosclerosis of the aorta produced in the diabetic rabbits was much less than in the non-diabetic control animals. Indeed, a large proportion of the diabetic animals presented no atherosclerosis whatever. There was a similar inhibition of the deposit of lipid substances in the liver, spleen, and adrenal glands of the diabetic rabbits. The inhibition of the development of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis which was associated with the presence of alloxan diabetes was independent of the administration of alloxan per se. It was not dependent on the sex or weight of the animal, nor upon the daily dosage of cholesterol, the form in which it was administered, nor the duration of cholesterol feeding. It was also independent of changes in body weight occurring during the course of our experiments and of the actual degree of hypercholesterolemia induced by the administration of cholesterol. In addition, there was no gross or histological evidence of a morphological basis for the inhibitory effect either in the aorta or in the other organs in which it was observed. Only two factors were observed to be consistently associated with the inhibition of the expected morphological effects of cholesterol feeding, namely, the diabetic state and a degree of visible lipemia considerably greater than that observed in the control animals. The inhibitory effect observed in these experiments would appear to depend upon some as yet undetermined factor or factors implicit in the diabetic state or closely associated with it. The experimental data presented demonstrate clearly that hypercholesterolemia is not the sole factor concerned in the genesis of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis, but that another factor, or factors, rendered inoperative in our experiments must be essential to the production of the arterial lesions. In view of the inhibitory effect on the development of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis observed in alloxan-diabetic rabbits, the effect of alloxan diabetes on the retrogression of such arterial lesions was studied in another series of experiments. No effect on retrogression could be demonstrated within periods lasting up to a maximum of 4 months after the cessation of cholesterol feeding. The results of our two series of experiments, considered together, indicate that the process of deposition of lipids in the arterial walls is governed by factors different from those that are operative in the process of removal of lipids after they have been deposited. The inhibition of the development of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in alloxan-diabetic rabbits must depend on interference with the process of deposition of lipids and not on a process of removal of lipids as fast as they are deposited. Our experimental results find no direct application to the problem of arterial disease in human diabetes. Nevertheless, the experimental procedures that we have employed provide a new basis for the design of further experiments directed toward the elucidation of the nature of the unknown factors that govern the process of lipid deposition in the walls of arteries.

The effects of cholesterol dosage, cortisone, and DCA on total serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis in the rabbit

The effects of cholesterol dosage, cortisone, and desoxycorticosterone acetate on total serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis were studied over a period of 112 days in thirty-two rabbits. Cholesterol was administered by feeding the rabbits diets containing 0.063, 0.25, and 1.0 per cent cholesterol At intervals measurements were made of total serum cholesterol and of low density lipid and lipoprotein components of three classes, S_f, 5–9, S_f 10–15, and S_f 16–30. All three classes of lipoproteins increased with cholesterol feeding. The total serum cholesterol concentration was linearly related to both the quantity of cholesterol consumed and its concentration in the diet. Lipoprotein and total serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly and equally well correlated with the severity of atherosclerosis. Cortisone administration in the normal rabbit increased the concentrations of total cholesterol and of lipoprotein components of the S_f 10–15 and S_f 16–30 classes, but did not produce atherosclerosis. Cortisone treatment in cholesterol-fed rabbits did not significantly affect the levels of serum lipoproteins, cholesterol concentration, or atherosclerosis produced by a 1.0 per cent cholesterol diet alone. Values for total cholesterol and S_f 5–9 class of lipoproteins in DCA-treated animals were lower than those in controls but the degree of atherosclerosis was not significantly less.

Effects of testosterone and castration on cholesteremia and atherogenesis in chicks on high fat, high cholesterol diets

Testosterone in large doses in intact cholesterol-fed cockerels partially inhibited hypercholesteremia, without effecting aorta or coronary atherosclerosis. Castration, with and without testosterone administration in young male and female chicks, was without influence on hypercholesteremia and atherogenesis.

Experimental atherosclerosis and cardiac infarcts in rats

Marked obesity was induced in rats by feeding a high fat, egg yolk-rich diet. The obese rats were hyperlipemic and showed an increased incidence of lipomatous coronary lesions, but did not develop severe atheromatous lesions. Spontaneous vascular lesions of several kinds have been observed in aging rats. Among them, plaques containing a fibrin-like material seem to be conspicuous. However, these lesions differ from the experimentally induced changes, which were more fatty. Atherosclerosis, as it is defined in human pathology, has not been observed to develop spontaneously in rats. Experimental induction of marked hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia by feeding a high fat egg yolk-rich diet (supplemented with cholesterol, choleate, and thiouracil), and use of viosterol to cause vascular injury, led to severe atherosclerosis, coronary occlusion, and myocardial infarction. A consideration of all the findings reported here leads to renewed support of the concept that atherosclerosis has a combination of causes (Aschoff, Anitschkow, Page). Of all the etiological factors considered here, elevation of blood lipides and vascular injury are thought to be the most important ones.

Triton hyperlipemia in dogs. II. Atheroscieross, diffuse lipidosis, and deletion of fat stores produced by prolonged administration of the non-tonic surface-active agent

Fourteen dogs, fed a regular diet and given 250 mg/kg of triton (a non-ionic surface-active agent) intravenously every 4th day, exhibited a progressively severe hyperlipemia. Serum triglycerides were the first to increase. Cholesterol, mostly in the free form, and phospholipids showed elevation only at a later stage and increased at almost identical rates. The plasma-free fatty acid concentration was from 2 to 3 times above normal. With establishment of sustained hyperlipemia, there was reduction, followed by total disappearance, of the high density D 1.063 to 1.21 lipoprotein. Most of the cholesterol and phospholipids (70 to 75 per cent of the total) were found in the D 1.006 to 1.063 lipoprotein class, the remainder in the D < 1.006 class. Triglycerides were almost evenly distributed between these two classes. The concentration of the serum lipoprotein proteins was within normal limits. All of the animals died within from 4 to 5 months after receiving the first injection of triton. Autopsy findings consistently showed: (a) numerous lipidladen macrophages in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes; (b) significant depletion of all fat stores; (c) presence of lipids, either free or engulfed in macrophages (foam cells), in the subintima of the coronary arteries, aorta, and pulmonary arteries, indicating an early stage of atherosclerosis. Concurrent daily administration of heparin (5 mg per kilogram of body weight) did not substantially change the course of the disease. Withdrawal of triton from animals that had been receiving the detergent for from 3 to 4 months, elicited a slow return to normal of the lipid pattern. In two dogs killed when normolipemia was reestablished, all tissues were normal with the minor exception of a few hepatic macrophages still laden with sudanophilic material. It is postulated that the primary action of the injected triton was on the lipid moieties of plasma lipoproteins with formation of complexes, which, as foreign bodies, were preferentially taken up by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Depletion of fat stores was probably secondary to increased lipid mobilization, as an attempt by these tissues to supply energy to the parenchymal cells unable to utilize triton-bound lipids.

Encrustation and atherosclerosis: the analogy between early in vivo lesions and deposits which occur in extracorporeal circulations

A study was made of the relation between the pattern and topography of thrombus formation in models of various vessel configurations coupled into extracorporeal shunts in swine and the development of atherosclerosis at corresponding sites on swine aortas. The pattern and distribution of deposits formed in the models were strikingly similar to the pattern and distribution of incipient atherosclerosis at comparable sites in the vascular tree. The earliest and only consistent component of the flow chamber deposits was the blood platelet. The platelet deposits would frequently stain with oil red O. The cholesterol level of washed human platelets was found to show a good correlation with that in the plasma. This evidence suggests that deposition of particulate matter (chiefly platelets), largely determined by the hydraulic factors, may be an important factor in the early, as well as later, stages of atherosclerosis.

Lesions in the rabbit aorta produced by feeding a high cholesterol diet followed by a normal diet. An electron microscopic study

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Experimental venous and arterial thromboatherosclerosis: a comparative study

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Atherosclerotic metamorphosis of autologous pulmonary thromboemboli in the rabbit

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