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Silva LMR, Hindenberg S, Balzhäuser L, Moritz A, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Pneumothorax in a persistent canine Angiostrongylus vasorum infection. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100650. [PMID: 34879961 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Canine angiostrongylosis is a gastropod-borne parasitosis caused by the cosmopolitan nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum. It is associated with cardiorespiratory disorders and eventually fatal coagulopathies. A 6-months-old female dog previously diagnosed with bronchopneumonia and pneumothorax, treated accordingly without success, was hospitalized for further treatment. Complementary diagnostics confirmed previous findings plus pneumomediastinum, thoracic exudate, leucocytosis, thrombocytosis, hypercoagulability, and hyperglobulinemia. Coprological analysis showed a severe patent A. vasorum infection. After the third daily fenbendazole administration, all A. vasorum larvae were found dead in follow-up coprological analyses while in intensive care. Upon release, the dog was monitored until full clinical recovery 3 months later. Up to date, A. vasorum infection-related pneumothorax was rarely described, particularly with full recovery of such a young patient. Thus, a parasitological aetiology should be considered for dogs with severe bronchopneumonia or pneumothorax, especially in Europe and South America where increasing numbers of canine angiostrongylosis cases call for enhanced awareness of veterinary practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubert Str. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - S Hindenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - L Balzhäuser
- Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - A Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubert Str. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubert Str. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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De Zan G, Citterio CV, Danesi P, Gaspardis G, Gabassi E, Panciera L, Zanardello C, Binato G, Cocchi M. Angiostrongylosis in northeastern Italy: First report of two autochthonous fatal cases in dogs and first detection in a wild red fox. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2020; 23:100505. [PMID: 33678362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine angiostrongylosis is an emergent cardio-pulmonary gastropod-borne helminthic infection caused by the metastrongyloid nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum. Clinically, it is characterized by a wide spectrum of non-specific signs and the red fox serves as the most important reservoir for dog infections. In Italy, this disease has been well documented both in northwestern and central-southern regions, whereas it is apparently poorly recognized in the northeastern area of the country. This report describes the diagnostic findings of two autochthonous cases of fatal canine angiostrongylosis and of one case in a wild red fox detected in northeastern Italy. Reporting cases is relevant to clinicians in order to increase their awareness for the prompt diagnosis of a potentially life-threatening disease that may go unnoticed or misdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrita De Zan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, SCT4 - UD, Via della Roggia 100, 33030 Basaldella di Campoformido (UD), Italy.
| | - Carlo Vittorio Citterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, SCT2 - BL, Via Cappellari 44/A, 32100 Belluno (BL), Italy.
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, SCS3, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Gloria Gaspardis
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Dr. Gaspardis, Via Gaspardis 2, 33040 Visco (UD), Italy.
| | - Enrico Gabassi
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Dr. Gaspardis, Via Gaspardis 2, 33040 Visco (UD), Italy.
| | - Leonardo Panciera
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Dr. Leonardo Panciera, Via La Cal 99/103, 32020 Limana (BL), Italy.
| | - Claudia Zanardello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, SCS3, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Giovanni Binato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, SCS2, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Monia Cocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, SCT4 - UD, Via della Roggia 100, 33030 Basaldella di Campoformido (UD), Italy.
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Becskei C, Thys M, Doherty P, Mahabir SP. Efficacy of orally administered combination of moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) for the prevention of experimental Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:64. [PMID: 32113483 PMCID: PMC7049383 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Angiostrongylus vasorum may cause severe clinical disease, even death in dogs, however, due to the often non-specific clinical signs, diagnosis is not always straightforward. Regular prophylactic treatment may offer a safe means to protect dogs against infection. The efficacy of a novel oral endectocide containing moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel was investigated for the prevention of angiostrongylosis in dogs in three placebo-controlled, randomized, masked studies. The initial study (Study 1) determined the efficacious dosage of moxidectin in the combination product by evaluating three different dose levels, and two follow-up studies (Studies 2 and 3) confirmed the efficacy of the selected moxidectin dose. METHODS Animals were infected orally with 200 infective third-stage larvae (L3) of A. vasorum and were treated 28 days later with the combination product or with placebo. Timing of dosing relative to infection allowed for efficacy to be evaluated against the immature adult (L5) stage. Dogs in Study 1 received treatments with oral tablets to deliver 3, 12 or 24 µg/kg moxidectin in combination with 2 mg/kg sarolaner and 5.0 mg/kg pyrantel (as pamoate salt) or placebo. In Studies 2 and 3, Simparica Trio™ tablets were administered to provide minimum dosages of 1.2 mg/kg sarolaner, 24 µg/kg moxidectin and 5.0 mg/kg pyrantel (as pamoate salt). Efficacy of the combination product was calculated as the percent reduction in adult worm counts at necropsy relative to placebo. RESULTS In Study 1, the 3, 12 and 24 µg/kg moxidectin dosage in the combination product provided 7.2%, 54.5% and 94.7% efficacy against the immature adult stages of A. vasorum, respectively. Studies 2 and 3 confirmed that the efficacy of 24 µg/kg moxidectin combined with 1.2 mg/kg sarolaner and 5 mg/kg pyrantel in Simparica Trio™ was ≥ 92.9%. All three studies established that a single oral administration of 24 µg/kg moxidectin in the combination product provided effective prophylactic treatment for angiostrongylosis, reduced L1 production and fecal excretion and minimized the tissue damage to the lungs. CONCLUSIONS A single oral treatment of dogs with Simparica Trio™ providing moxidectin at a minimum dose of 24 µg/kg was efficacious in the prevention of angiostrongylosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Becskei
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Mercuriusstraat 20, 1930, Zaventem, Belgium.
| | - Mirjan Thys
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Mercuriusstraat 20, 1930, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Padraig Doherty
- Charles River Laboratories, Pre-Clinical Services, Glenamoy, Mayo, Ireland
| | - Sean P Mahabir
- Zoetis Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
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Leonardo L, Bergquist R, Li SZ, Lv S, Khieu V, Sayasone S, Xu J, Olveda R, Utzinger J, Sripa B, Satrija F, Tangkawattana S, Ullyartha H, Wai KT, Nguyen H, Zhou XN. Multi-disciplinary integration of networking through the RNAS +: Research on other target diseases. Adv Parasitol 2019; 105:95-110. [PMID: 31530397 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2005, the network decided to increase its number of target diseases to include other helminthic zoonoses such as fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis and cysticercosis and in the process expanding membership to include South Korea, Vietnam, Thailand and Japan. NTDs were eventually included as awareness is heightened on these diseases affecting poor and developing countries. Researches on clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis unravel the mechanism by which these diseases eventually predispose to cholangiocarcinoma. The liver cancer associated with these liver fluke infections necessitate the need to clarify the global burden of disease of these infections. The magnitude of these liver fluke diseases in endemic countries like China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand is described. Success in elimination of lymphatic filariasis in PR China and Cambodia is highlighted to show how intensified multisectoral collaboration and strong political become strong ingredients in elimination of parasitic diseases like LF. New advances are presented that clarify species and strain differences in Fasciola spp., Paragonimus spp., Taenia spp. and Echinococcocus spp. Conventional diagnostic techniques are compared with new serologic techniques that are being developed. New control strategies such as the Lawa model are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Leonardo
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman and University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Graduate School, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | | | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Helminth Control Program, National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientianne, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Remigio Olveda
- Asian Tropical Foundation, Filinvest Corporate City, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine Compound, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Juerg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Fadjar Satrija
- Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), JL. Agatis, Kampus IPB, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Khin Thet Wai
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health & Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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Roels E, Merveille AC, Moyse E, Gomart S, Clercx C, Mc Entee K. Diagnostic value of the pulmonary vein-to-right pulmonary artery ratio in dogs with pulmonary hypertension of precapillary origin. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 24:85-94. [PMID: 31405559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-invasive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) relies on estimation of pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) via Doppler echocardiographic measurement of tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG). The pulmonary vein-to-right pulmonary artery ratio (PV/PA) recently has been described for the detection of pulmonary venous congestion. Whether this variable could be used to detect the presence of precapillary PH is unknown. The objective of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic value of PV/PA for prediction of TRPG, as a surrogate of PAP, in dogs with PH of precapillary origin. ANIMALS Sixty-seven client-owned dogs were included in the study. METHODS This was a retrospective study. Dogs with a measurable TRPG were included and classified into group 1 (TRPG < 30 mmHg), group 2 (TRPG 30-49 mmHg), group 3 (TRPG 50-80 mmHg), or group 4 (TRPG > 80 mmHg). The PV/PA, acceleration time-to-ejection time ratio of pulmonary artery flow, main pulmonary artery diameter-to-aortic diameter ratio, and right pulmonary artery distensibility index were measured retrospectively from cineloops in each dog. RESULTS The PV/PA measured by both two-dimensional (2D) and time-motion mode(MM) echocardiography decreased proportionally with PH severity. Using regression analysis, PV/PA (2D) was identified as the strongest predictor for TRPG (R2 = 0.70, p < 0.0001) among other variables studied, with a good diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve = 0.94) for moderate PH (TRPG > 50 mmHg) using a cutoff value of < 0.70 (sensitivity = 96%, specificity = 82%). CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study suggest that PV/PA can be useful as an additional, non-invasive, and indirect variable to identify precapillary PH in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roels
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 1, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - A-C Merveille
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 1, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - E Moyse
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - S Gomart
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium; University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - C Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 1, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - K Mc Entee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 1, 4000, Liege, Belgium; Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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Corda A, Carta S, Varcasia A, Tamponi C, Evangelisti MA, Scala A, Pinna Parpaglia ML. Pulmonary arterial response to Angiostrongylus vasorum in naturally infected dogs: echocardiographic findings in two cases. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:286. [PMID: 31164175 PMCID: PMC6549332 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiostrongylus vasorum is a nematode living in the pulmonary arteries of canids. Infected dogs develop severe pulmonary lesions which can potentially lead to pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, reports of PH in natural infected dogs are scant. One of the possible causes of the low prevalence of PH in A. vasorum-infected dogs could be the establishment of large diameter intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVAs), which attenuate pulmonary vascular resistance, thus reducing the pulmonary arterial pressure. The present report describes the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) response to A. vasorum natural infection in two dogs, assessed by echocardiography and by the saline contrast echocardiographic test (SCE). Results Both dogs showed clinical signs of respiratory disease. At presentation, case 1 did not show echocardiographic signs of PH and the SCE test was positive proving the presence of IPAVAs. However, at the follow-up visit, despite A. vasorum infection resolution, the same dog showed PH and the SCE test resulted negative, which ruled out the presence of IPAVAs. Case 2 suffered from severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and right-side congestive heart failure since the day of presentation. Saline contrast echocardiography was negative both at the time of presentation and at the follow-up visit. Conclusions In the two cases described above, the PH was not associated with IPAVAs. During A. vasorum infection, IPAVAs recruitment mechanism is able to contrast the rise of PAP until a certain level. It probably represents an initial escape mechanism of PH that, over time, exhausts its compensatory capacities allowing PAP to rise and to be detectable on echocardiography. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3544-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Carta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Scala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Shuttleworth A, Dunning M, Wright I, Elsheikha HM. Survey-based pilot study into the chosen therapy and prophylaxis used by UK primary care veterinary surgeons against canine angiostrongylosis. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2018; 14:144-149. [PMID: 31014720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Canine Angiostrongylosis (CA), a gastropod-borne parasitic infection caused by the metastrongyloid nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum, is an important cause of significant morbidity to domestic dogs across the UK as well as in other European countries. This study aimed to ascertain the frequency at which particular drugs were used by primary care practitioners in the UK for therapy against and prophylaxis for CA. Primary care veterinary clinicians were surveyed using an online questionnaire and face-to-face or telephone interviews. Eighty-six veterinary surgeons responded. The majority of practices (n = 52) included lungworm in their standard anthelmintic protocols; moxidectin was the most common drug used for prophylaxis (n = 71). Fenbendazole was the most frequently selected drug, by 45% of vets, for treatment of confirmed cases of CA despite it being unlicensed for this purpose in the UK and the absence of a clear treatment protocol. The results of this pilot study provide an initial insight into the approach taken by primary care practitioners in their approach to CA. This provides an important starting point for future studies investigating the decision-making for CA amongst UK veterinary surgeons, particularly to clarify whether in a larger cohort an unlicensed drug remains the treatment of choice. The absence of a clear protocol for fenbendazole means that treatment of dogs affected by CA may be suboptimal, increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shuttleworth
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mark Dunning
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ian Wright
- Mount Veterinary Practice, Fleetwood FY7 6QX, UK
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
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Sigrist NE, Hofer-Inteeworn N, Jud Schefer R, Kuemmerle-Fraune C, Schnyder M, Kutter APN. Hyperfibrinolysis and Hypofibrinogenemia Diagnosed With Rotational Thromboelastometry in Dogs Naturally Infected With Angiostrongylus vasorum. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1091-1099. [PMID: 28480552 PMCID: PMC5508311 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathomechanism of Angiostrongylus vasorum infection‐associated bleeding diathesis in dogs is not fully understood. Objective To describe rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) parameters in dogs naturally infected with A. vasorum and to compare ROTEM parameters between infected dogs with and without clinical signs of bleeding. Animals A total of 21 dogs presented between 2013 and 2016. Methods Dogs with A. vasorum infection and ROTEM evaluation were retrospectively identified. Thrombocyte counts, ROTEM parameters, clinical signs of bleeding, therapy, and survival to discharge were retrospectively retrieved from patient records and compared between dogs with and without clinical signs of bleeding. Results Evaluation by ROTEM showed hyperfibrinolysis in 8 of 12 (67%; 95% CI, 40–86%) dogs with and 1 of 9 (11%; 95% CI, 2–44%) dogs without clinical signs of bleeding (P = .016). Hyperfibrinolysis was associated with severe hypofibrinogenemia in 6 of 10 (60%; 95% CI, 31–83%) of the cases. Hyperfibrinolysis decreased or resolved after treatment with 10–80 mg/kg tranexamic acid. Fresh frozen plasma (range, 14–60 mL/kg) normalized follow‐up fibrinogen function ROTEM (FIBTEM) maximal clot firmness in 6 of 8 dogs (75%; 95% CI, 41–93%). Survival to discharge was 67% (14/21 dogs; 95% CI, 46–83%) and was not different between dogs with and without clinical signs of bleeding (P = .379). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Hyperfibrinolysis and hypofibrinogenemia were identified as an important pathomechanism in angiostrongylosis‐associated bleeding in dogs. Hyperfibrinolysis and hypofibrinogenemia were normalized by treatment with tranexamic acid and plasma transfusions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Sigrist
- Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N Hofer-Inteeworn
- Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Jud Schefer
- Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Kuemmerle-Fraune
- Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Schnyder
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A P N Kutter
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Fellner A, Hellmann MA, Kolianov V, Bishara J. A non-travel related case of Angiostrongylus cantonensis eosinophilic meningomyelitis acquired in Israel. J Neurol Sci 2016; 370:241-3. [PMID: 27772767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Diakou A, Psalla D, Migli D, Di Cesare A, Youlatos D, Marcer F, Traversa D. First evidence of the European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) as definitive host of Angiostrongylus chabaudi. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1235-44. [PMID: 26637312 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus chabaudi (Strongylida, Angiostrongylidae) is a parasitic nematode described for the first time last century from the pulmonary arteries of six European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) in central Italy. Since then, this parasite remained practically unknown until recently, when immature A. chabaudi have been reported from one wildcat in Germany and two domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) in Italy. The present report describes the first record of A. chabaudi in Greece and, most importantly, the first known case of patent infection by A. chabaudi. The necropsy of a road-killed F. s. silvestris found near the lake Kerkini, in the municipality of Serres (Macedonia, Greece), revealed the presence of nematodes of both sexes in the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery of the heart. All parasites were mature adults and numerous eggs were present in the uteruses of females. The morphological characteristics of the parasites were consistent with those of A. chabaudi. Moreover, Angiostrongylus-like first stage larvae (L1) were present in the faeces of the animal that was negative for any other cardio-pulmonary parasite. Genetic examination of adult parasites and L1 confirmed the morphological identification as A. chabaudi. Histopathological examination of the lungs showed severe, multifocal to coalescing, chronic, interstitial granulomatous pneumonia due to the presence of adult parasites, larvae and eggs. These findings demonstrate for the first unequivocal time that this nematode reproduces in the European wildcat which should be ultimately considered a definitive host of A. chabaudi. Finally, the L1 of A. chabaudi are described here for the first time, opening new prospects for further studies on this neglected parasite.
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Jolly S, Poncelet L, Lempereur L, Caron Y, Bayrou C, Cassart D, Grimm F, Losson B. First report of a fatal autochthonous canine Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in Belgium. Parasitol Int 2014; 64:97-9. [PMID: 25449287 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine angiostrongylosis is considered as an emergent disease in Europe and Canada. A fatal case of Angiostrongylus vasorum infection is described in a four and a half month old puppy born in Belgium. The dog was presented with marked neurological disorders, body weight loss, a profound weakness and mild respiratory signs. The dog was given antibiotics and mucolytic compounds with very little improvement and consequently was referred to a specialist for additional examinations. As the general condition of the dog was rapidly declining, the animal was euthanized shortly after on its owners' request and a necropsy was carried out. Extensive gross pulmonary lesions were observed and histopathological examination revealed the presence of numerous larvae with morphology compatible with A. vasorum. Larvae were also found in the product of a bronchoalveolar lavage but fecal material was not examined. The presence of A. vasorum circulating serum antigen was demonstrated through ELISA; additionally an A. vasorum specific PCR was performed on brain material and yielded a positive result. This case confirms that the clinical diagnosis of canine angiostrongylosis can be very challenging especially when respiratory signs are absent or very mild such in the present case. This is the first reported case of canine angiostrongylosis in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jolly
- Laboratory of Pathology, Dept of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster, 20 Building 43, Sart Tilman 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Luc Poncelet
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Lempereur
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Dept of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster, 20 Building 43, Sart Tilman 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yannick Caron
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Dept of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster, 20 Building 43, Sart Tilman 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Calixte Bayrou
- Laboratory of Pathology, Dept of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster, 20 Building 43, Sart Tilman 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique Cassart
- Laboratory of Pathology, Dept of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster, 20 Building 43, Sart Tilman 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Felix Grimm
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurstrasse 266a, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Losson
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Dept of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster, 20 Building 43, Sart Tilman 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Eleni C, De Liberato C, Azam D, Morgan ER, Traversa D. Angiostrongylus vasorum in wolves in Italy. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2013; 3:12-4. [PMID: 24918072 PMCID: PMC4047958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes found in dead wolves in Rome province, Italy, were confirmed to be Angiostrongylus vasorum. Molecular evidence further showed homology with lungworm larvae in sympatric dogs. It is not known whether wolves represent ancentral hosts or are subject to more recent spill-over from dogs and foxes. The parasite is pathogenic, emerging, and should be borne in mind in wolf conservation programmes in endemic areas.
In the past decade, the parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum has attracted attention for its emergence in previously free areas and for the rise in clinical cases in domestic dogs. Italy is regarded as one of the countries where this potentially life-threatening parasite is spreading, especially due to bridging infections between wildlife and domestic dogs. The present article describes the presence of A. vasorum in wolves from Italy. Nematodes were observed in histological sections of three wolves found dead in Rome province, central Italy. Morphological and molecular identification of the nematodes, by polymerase chain reaction of rDNA ITS-2 and sequencing, confirmed the nematodes to be A. vasorum, with 99% genetic homology with A. vasorum from sympatric dogs. This is the second report of this species in wolves and the first in this host in Italy, and coincides with increasing records of A. vasorum in dogs and foxes in Italy. Implications for the epidemiology of this emerging parasite and for wildlife health are concisely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Eleni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Italy
| | | | - Dena Azam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Eric R Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
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