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Cassioli E, Rossi E, Vizzotto C, Malinconi V, Vignozzi L, Ricca V, Castellini G. Avoidant Attachment Style Moderates the Recovery of Healthy Sexuality in Women With Anorexia Nervosa Treated With Enhanced Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT-E): A 2-Year Follow-Up Study. J Sex Med 2022; 19:347-355. [PMID: 35000889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecure Attachment style has been associated with interpersonal problems in persons with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), and it might moderate the recovery of healthy sexuality in these subjects. AIM The aim of the present 2-year follow-up study was to evaluate the role of insecure attachment style as a moderator of the recovery of healthy sexuality in women with AN. METHODS 63 Italian women with AN treated with a multidisciplinary approach including Enhanced Cognitive Behavior Therapy were evaluated by means of a clinical interview and self-administered questionnaires. Individual psychotherapy sessions were administered by experienced psychotherapists over the course of at least 40 weeks (median number of sessions = 43, range: 38-50); trained dieticians provided personalized nutritional counselling to facilitate weight recovery. The assessment was performed at baseline (T0) and after 1 (T1) and 2 (T2) years. OUTCOMES The administered questionnaires investigated general psychopathology (SCL-90-R), eating disorder-specific psychopathology (EDE-Q), female sexuality (FSFI) and adult attachment style (ECR). RESULTS At baseline, avoidant attachment style was associated with all domains of sexual dysfunction. Longitudinal analysis showed a significant decrease in both eating disorder-specific psychopathology and sexual dysfunctions at follow-up evaluations. However, only 45% of remitted subjects also recovered healthy sexuality: these women reported significantly lower avoidance scores than those who only recovered from AN. Moderation analysis indicated that sexual desire did not increase in participants with higher levels of avoidant attachment. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS These novel findings highlighted the importance of the assessment of adult attachment in the clinical setting, for better characterization and treatment of persons suffering from AN. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS The long follow-up duration, the multidisciplinary nature of the treatment, and the novelty of the topic were major strengths of the study, whereas the limited sample size and the absence of biological data were the main limitations. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the crucial role of avoidant attachment in the relationship between AN and sexual dysfunctions, underlining the importance of integrating treatments with attachment-focused interventions. Cassioli E, Rossi E, Vizzotto C, et al. Avoidant Attachment Style Moderates the Recovery of Healthy Sexuality in Women With Anorexia Nervosa Treated With Enhanced Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT-E): A 2-Year Follow-Up Study. J Sex Med 2022;19:347-355.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cassioli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rossi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Camilla Vizzotto
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Viola Malinconi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio," University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Castellini
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Abstract
The death of a loved one has been associated with a range of emotional and cognitive impacts, with up to 10% of the bereaved population experiencing a prolonged grief reaction. Direct investigation of the role of self-identity in the maintenance of grief symptoms is limited and has not discriminated between relationship type. This longitudinal study investigated the differences in grief symptoms over time depending on relationship to the deceased person (partner or adult child), as well as the association between long-term grief symptoms and identity, attachment, and cognitive interdependence. Data from bereaved partners and adult children in The Aarhus Bereavement Study at two- and 18-months post-bereavement were included in this study. They completed questionnaires measuring their grief symptoms at both time points, a measure of attachment at Time 1, and measures of the interdependence of their pre- and post-loss identity with the deceased, their cognitive interdependence, and everyday memory retrieval failures at Time 4. Compared with adult children, bereaved partners experienced more intense grief symptoms at both time points. Regression analysis identified that over and above immediate grief symptoms, key predictors of prolonged grief symptoms were a merged post-bereavement identity with the deceased, younger age, and everyday memory retrieval difficulties. Relationship type and pre-bereavement identity contributed to initial but not prolonged grief symptoms. We discuss these findings in terms of the role of interdependence in prolonged grief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia B. Harris
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Australia, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2214 Australia
| | - Ruth Brookman
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Australia, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2214 Australia
| | - Maja O’Connor
- Unit for Bereavement Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 11, Building 1351, 319, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Unit for Psycho-Oncology and Health Psychology, Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Center for Grief, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lampe A, Daniels JK, Trawöger I, Beck T, Riedl D. Did domestic violence really increase in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic? Results of an interview-based observational study. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 2021;:OA8. [PMID: 34074222 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2021.67.oa8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The COVID-19 lockdown may lead to rising numbers of domestic violence (DV), especially among previously victimized individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the development and influential factors of DV during the early COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: In this telephone-based study, previous participants with (n = 34) and without (n = 33) DV completed questionnaires on DV, attachment and COVID-19 related stressors. Development of DV and influential factors were investigated with repeated measures ANOVAs and linear regression models. Results: Individuals with prior DV reported significantly higher DV than previously not affected individuals. However, a statistically significant decrease of DV was found in the group with prior DV. Past DV, childlessness and insecure attachment, but not COVID-19 related stressors predicted current DV. Conclusions: In light of an insecure attachment style lockdown measures may have led to a temporary relationship stabilization. However, a reassessment is necessary to evaluate whether this stabilization was a short-time trend only.
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Flemming E, Lübke L, Masuhr O, Jaeger U, Brenk-Franz K, Spitzer C. [Psychometric evaluation of the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised German 12-item version (ECR-RD 12) in a sample of psychotherapeutic inpatients]. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 2021; 67:56-69. [PMID: 33565379 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2021.67.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Psychometric evaluation of the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised German 12-item version (ECR-RD 12) in a sample of psychotherapeutic inpatients Objectives: The ECR-R assesses the self-description of adult attachment strategies in romantic relationships. The present study evaluates the psychometric properties of the German 12-item short version ECR-RD 12 in a large sample of patients in psychotherapeutic inpatient treatment. Method: Inpatients in psychotherapeutic treatment (N = 2231) were assessed using the ECR-RD 12 and other clinical questionnaires. Its psychometric properties and factor structure of were evaluated. Results: The psychometric properties of the short form measure were in line with the German full length version (ECR-RD). In contrast to theoretical assumptions, factor analysis suggested a three factor solution in the present sample. Discussion: The ECR-RD 12 can be recommended as a screening measure for assessing attachment styles in inpatient psychotherapeutic settings. Further studies are required to investigate the factor structure of the measure in clinical samples.
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Nikendei C, Mölle C, Fischer K, Granov M, Huber J, Dinger U, Herzog W, Schauenburg H, Ehrenthal JC. [Level of personality functioning and attachment style as predictors of the successful referral to outpatient psychotherapy]. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 2020; 66:178-92. [PMID: 32552587 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2020.66.2.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Level of personality functioning and attachment style as predictors of the successful referral to outpatient psychotherapy Objectives: Outpatient psychotherapy is a key element in the effective treatment of mental health problems. First results suggest that interpersonal problems lead to difficulties in receiving outpatient psychotherapeutic treatment. The relationship between these difficulties, attachment style, and the level of personality functioning is still unclear. Methods: We invited 1011 patients of a psychosomatic-psychotherapeutic university outpatient clinic to participate in the study. The clinical diagnoses according to ICD-10, as well as symptoms of depression (PHQ-D), and quality of life (SF-36) were recorded. Hypothesized predictors for the successful referral to outpatient therapy were patient age, availability of local outpatient treatment, number of ICD-10 diagnoses, the motivation for psychotherapy (FPTM), fear of stigmatization (Stig-9), level of personality functioning (OPD-SQ), and attachment style (ECR-RD). Results: We were able to catamnestically reassess n = 300 patients (67.3 % of patients initially referred to outpatient therapy). A smaller number of clinical diagnoses, greater availability of psychotherapeutic care and higher therapy motivation, as well as a lower level of personality functioning predicted the successful referral to outpatient psychotherapy, while the combination of impaired personality functioning and avoidant attachment style was a negative predictor. Conclusions: Contrary to expectations, patients with a lower level of personality functioning are more successful in receiving outpatient psychotherapy. However, patients with a combination of impaired personality functioning and a high degree of attachment avoidance run the risk of not asserting their need for treatment.
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Ciocca G, Zauri S, Limoncin E, Mollaioli D, D'Antuono L, Carosa E, Nimbi FM, Simonelli C, Balercia G, Reisman Y, Jannini EA. Attachment Style, Sexual Orientation, and Biological Sex in their Relationships With Gender Role. Sex Med 2020; 8:76-83. [PMID: 31607585 PMCID: PMC7042169 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Masculinity and femininity constitute the gender role construct into the general concept of sexual identity. AIM To investigate the relationships of attachment style, sexual orientation and biological sex with the gender role. METHODS A convenience sample of 344 subjects (females = 207; males = 137) was recruited. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the Kinsey Scale, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory assessed, respectively, attachment styles, sexual orientation, and masculinity/femininity was administered. RESULTS Regression analysis revealed that the confidence scale of the ASQ (secure attachment) and relationship as secondary scale of ASQ (insecure/dismissing attachment) have a predictive role toward a higher score of masculinity (β = 0.201; P = .000 and β = 0.208; P = .000, respectively), whereas the need of approval scale of the ASQ (insecure/fearful-preoccupied attachment) shows a reverse association on it (β = -0.228; P = .001). Moreover, to be a male is predictive for masculinity (β = 0.196; P = .000). Also, femininity is predicted by the confidence (β = 0.173; P = .002) and the need of approval (β = 0.151; P = .03) scales of ASQ. Instead, the relationship as secondary scale of ASQ is negatively related to femininity (β = -0.198; P = .0001). No association between non-heterosexual orientation and gender role was found. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS A better knowledge of links between relational patterns and gender roles for assessment and anamnesis phases in sexual medicine. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS This is the first study considering sexual orientation and biological sex in the relationship between attachment styles and gender role. The main limitation is the use of self-reported psychometric tests. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that a secure attachment is related to both masculinity and femininity. On the contrary, different and reverse aspects of insecure attachment style characterize masculinity and femininity. Masculinity is mostly linked to insecure/dismissing attachment, whereas femininity is linked to insecure/fearful-preoccupied attachment. Moreover, although being male is a further element in support of masculinity, sexual orientation is not associated with gender role. Ciocca G, Zauri S, Limoncin E, et al. Attachment Style, Sexual Orientation, and Biological Sex in their Relationships with Gender Role. Sex Med. 2019;8:76-83.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Ciocca
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Selene Zauri
- Chair in Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Limoncin
- Chair in Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Mollaioli
- Chair in Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Carosa
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Filippo M Nimbi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Simonelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Balercia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Umberto I Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | - Yacov Reisman
- Ziekenhuis Amstelland, Department of Urology, Amstelveen, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuele A Jannini
- Chair in Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Schmidt AC, Gablonski TC, Wladika W, Oberlerchner H, Lex C, Andreas S. [Adult ADHD and borderline personality disorder: A pilot study on differences in attachment and early traumatization]. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 2018; 64:262-80. [PMID: 30829161 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2018.64.3.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adult ADHD and borderline personality disorder: A pilot study on differences in attachment and early traumatization Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood and borderline personality disorder (BPD) share commondiagnostic criteria.The present study examined how ADHD in adulthood can be distinguished from BPDregarding attachment style and traumatic experiences. METHOD The sample consists of N = 30 persons with 50% (n = 15) ADHD patients and 50% (n = 15) BPD patients. The patients were asked to fill out different questionnaires to investigate the criteria for specific symptoms. RESULTS The results show that most of the patients are insecurely attached. In addition, 80% of both the ADHD and BPD sample claimed traumatic experiences in their childhood or adolescence. Most frequently, patients reported traumatisation following emotional neglect and emotional abuse. No group-specific differences concerning traumatic experiences and the individual attachment style were determined. CONCLUSION The etiological factors attachment style and traumatic experiences are not suitable for differentiating ADHD in adulthood and BPD.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Past studies have shown an association between low sexual functioning and engaging in sexually coercive behaviors among men. The mechanism of this relationship is not well understood. Moreover, most studies in this area have been done in incarcerated sex offenders. AIMS The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of potential distal predictors of sexual coercion, including insecure attachment style and dysfunctional sexual beliefs, in mediating the relationship between sexual functioning and sexual coercion. The study also seeks to extend past findings to a novel non-forensic population. METHODS Male university students (N = 367) anonymously completed online questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed the Sexual Experiences Survey, Improved Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, Hostility Towards Women Scale, Likelihood of Rape Item, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, Dysfunctional Sexual Beliefs Scale, and Brief Sexual Functioning Questionnaire. RESULTS Sexual functioning was not significantly associated with sexually coercive behaviors in our sample (r = 0.08, P = 0.247), though a significant correlation between sexual functioning and rape myth acceptance was found (r = 0.18, P = 0.007). Path analysis of all variables showed that the likelihood of rape item was the strongest correlate of sexually coercive behaviors (β = 0.34, P < 0.001), while dysfunctional sexual beliefs appeared to mediate the association between anxious attachment and likelihood of rape item score. Anxious (r = -0.27, P = 0.001) and avoidant (r = -0.19, P = 0.004) attachment also correlated significantly with lower sexual functioning. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the relationship between sexual functioning and sexual coercion may be less robust than previously reported, and may be due to a shared association with other factors. The results elaborate on the interrelation between attachment style and dysfunctional sexual beliefs as predictors of sexual coercion proclivity, suggesting avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvain S Dang
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Corresponding Author: Silvain S. Dang, MA, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Tel: 604-822-2952; Fax: 604-822-6923; E-mail:
| | - Boris B Gorzalka
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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Sepahvand E, Zakiei A, Rafieian K, Roumani S, Komasi S, Reshadat S. The Intervening Role of Alexithymia in the Relationship between Attachment Styles and Test Anxiety among Gifted High School Students. Korean J Fam Med 2015. [PMID: 26217481 PMCID: PMC4515510 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2015.36.4.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given the importance of test anxiety among gifted students, the present study was conducted to assess the intervening role of alexithymia in the relationship between test anxiety and attachment styles. Methods By means of simple random sampling, 300 participants were selected out of all the students at two high schools in Khorramabad, which are affiliated with the Iranian National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents (SAMPAD). Test anxiety, alexithymia, and attachment style questionnaires were used for data collection. Pearson correlation and path analysis tests were used to analyze the data. Results The results showed a positive relationship between test anxiety and avoidant and anxious attachment styles. Alexithymia and test anxiety were also positively related. Moreover, the results indicated that 12% of changes in test anxiety were explained by avoidant and anxious attachment styles as well as alexithymia. The relationship between the avoidant attachment style and test anxiety was 0.06 through alexithymia. However, no significant relationship between anxious attachment and test anxiety through alexithymia was found. Conclusion The avoidant attachment style leads to test anxiety when the level of alexithymia increases in an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esfandiar Sepahvand
- Department of Educational Psychology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Zakiei
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Keivan Rafieian
- Department of Educational Psychology, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeid Roumani
- Department of Curriculum Development, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Komasi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soheyla Reshadat
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Craparo G, Gori A, Petruccelli I, Cannella V, Simonelli C. Intimate partner violence: relationships between alexithymia, depression, attachment styles, and coping strategies of battered women. J Sex Med 2014; 11:1484-94. [PMID: 24621112 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the most common forms of violence against women is the intimate partner violence (IPV). This term includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and controlling behaviors by an intimate partner. AIM This exploratory study investigates the relationship between alexithymia, adult attachment styles, depression, and coping strategies in a group of female victims of IPV and a control group. METHODS Participants were 80 female victims of IPV with an age range from 18 years to 54 years (mean 31.62; standard deviation 9.81). The control group included 80 women with no history of IPV with an age range from 19 years to 37 years (mean 25.05; standard deviation 3.67). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We administered the following self-report questionnaires: (i) 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20); (ii) Coping Orientation Problems Experienced; (iii) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II; and (iv) Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). RESULTS Compared with control group, the IPV group showed higher mean scores on TAS-20 (52.9 vs. 41.1, P < 0.001) and BDI-II (19.50 vs. 9.95, P < 0.001). In both groups, we found significant correlations between BDI-II and TAS-20 total scores (P < 0.001) and between BDI-II and the following dimensions of ASQ: confidence (P < 0.001), discomfort with closeness (P = 0.002), relationships as secondary (P < 0.001), need for approval (P < 0.001), and preoccupation with relationships (P < 0.001). Differently from the control group, in the IPV group, social support correlated significantly and positively (P < 0.001) with the dimension preoccupation with relationships on ASQ, but not with the secure attachment style. CONCLUSIONS In comparison to the control group, alexithymia, depressive symptoms, and an insecure attachment style were negatively correlated with the ability to cope with stress for women in the IPV group.
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Zeinali A, Sharifi H, Enayati M, Asgari P, Pasha G. The mediational pathway among parenting styles, attachment styles and self-regulation with addiction susceptibility of adolescents. J Res Med Sci 2011; 16:1105-21. [PMID: 22973379 PMCID: PMC3430035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of present study was to create and test a model that illustrates variables that influence the development of addiction susceptibility and determine how different styles of parenting may indirectly influence the addiction susceptibility of children through the mediators of attachment style and self-regulation. METHODS Using random cluster sampling, 508 adolescent high school boys and girls aged 14-19 years were enrolled. Data were analyzed using structural equations modeling (path analysis). RESULTS The results showed that authoritative and permissive parenting styles were associated with secure attachment whereas authoritarian and neglectful parenting styles were associated with insecure attachment. Insecure attachment was associated with a low level of self-regulation whereas secure attachment was associated with a high level of self-regulation. We found that a low level of self-regulation increased the adolescent's addiction susceptibility whereas a high level of self-regulation decreased their addiction susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS The findings of present study suggest the authoritative and permissive parenting styles as the most efficient styles and authoritarian and neglectful parenting styles as the most inefficient styles in terms of addiction susceptibility. Accordingly, efficient parenting style training to parents should be the main goal of drug demand reduction program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zeinali
- PhD Student of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Khouzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Hassanpasha Sharifi
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch, Roudehen, Iran
| | - Mirsalahadine Enayati
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Khouzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Parviz Asgari
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gohlamreza Pasha
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, Iran
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