1
|
Ngernsaengsaruay C, Puangsin B, Leksungnoen N, Khantayanuwong S, Chanton P, Thaepthup T, Wessapak P, Meeboonya R, Yimlamai P, Wanitpinyo K, Chitbanyong K, Andriyas T, Banjatammanon N. Morphology, Taxonomy, Culm Internode and Leaf Anatomy, and Palynology of the Giant Reed ( Arundo donax L.), Poaceae, Growing in Thailand. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12091850. [PMID: 37176909 PMCID: PMC10181382 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the morphology, taxonomy, anatomy, and palynology of Arundo donax. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the species are provided, along with information about the identification, distribution, the specimens examined, habitat and ecology, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) conservation assessment, phenology, etymology, vernacular name, and uses. The species can be distinguished by its large, tall rhizomatous perennial reed; cauline leaves; an open, large, plumose panicle inflorescence; subequal glumes as long as the spikelets; glabrous rachilla; all bisexual florets; and a lemma with a straight awn and with long white hairs outside below the middle part. In this study, two names were lectotypified: Arundo bifaria and A. bengalensis, which are synonyms of A. donax. The culm internodes in the transverse section have numerous vascular bundles scattered in the ground tissue, and the parenchyma cells have significantly lignified cell walls. Vascular bundles are composed of phloem and xylem and are enclosed in a continuous sclerenchymatous bundle sheath. The chloroplasts in the transverse section of the leaf blades are found only in the mesophyll cells but are absent in the bundle sheath cells, which indicates that it is a C3 grass. The leaves have stomata on both surfaces and are confined to the intercostal zones. The stomata are typically paracytic, with two lateral subsidiary cells placed parallel to the guard cells. The stomatal density is higher on the abaxial surface [450-839/mm2 (606.83 ± 72.71)] relative to the adaxial surface [286-587/mm2 (441.27 ± 50.72)]. The pollen grains are spheroidal or subspheroidal [polar axis length/equatorial axis length ratio (P/E ratio) = 0.89-1.16 (1.02 ± 0.07)] with a single pore surrounded by a faint annulus, and the exine sculpturing is granular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Biodiversity Center Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Buapan Puangsin
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nisa Leksungnoen
- Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Somwang Khantayanuwong
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pichet Chanton
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Thirawat Thaepthup
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Paweena Wessapak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Rumrada Meeboonya
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Mueang, Samut Songkhram, Bangkaeo 75000, Thailand
| | - Piyawan Yimlamai
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kapphapaphim Wanitpinyo
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Korawit Chitbanyong
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Tushar Andriyas
- Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Banjatammanon
- Department of Music, Faculty of Humanities, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Borrajo CI, Sánchez-Moreiras AM, Reigosa MJ. Ecophysiological Responses of Tall Wheatgrass Germplasm to Drought and Salinity. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:1548. [PMID: 35736699 PMCID: PMC9227858 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth and D.R. Dewey) is an important, highly salt-tolerant C3 forage grass. The objective of this work was to learn about the ecophysiological responses of accessions from different environmental origins under drought and salinity conditions, to provide information for selecting superior germplasm under combined stress in tall wheatgrass. Four accessions (P3, P4, P5, P9) were irrigated using combinations of three salinity levels (0, 0.1, 0.3 M NaCl) and three drought levels (100%, 50%, 30% water capacity) over 90 days in a greenhouse. The control treatment showed the highest total biomass, but water-use efficiency (WUE), δ13C, proline, N concentration, leaf length, and tiller density were higher under moderate drought or/and salinity stress than under control conditions. In tall wheatgrass, K+ functions as an osmoregulator under drought, attenuated by salinity, and Na+ and Cl- function as osmoregulators under salinity and drought, while proline is an osmoprotector under both stresses. P3 and P9, from environments with mild/moderate stress, prioritized reproductive development, with high evapotranspiration and the lowest WUE and δ13C values. P4 and P5, from more stressful environments, prioritized vegetative development through tillering, showing the lowest evapotranspiration, the highest δ13C values, and different mechanisms for limiting transpiration. The δ13C value, leaf biomass, tiller density, and leaf length had high broad-sense heritability (H2), while the Na+/K+ ratio had medium H2. In conclusion, the combined use of the δ13C value, Na+/K+ ratio, and canopy structural variables can help identify accessions that are well-adapted to drought and salinity, also considering the desirable plant characteristics. Tall wheatgrass stress tolerance could be used to expand forage production under a changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celina I. Borrajo
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.M.S.-M.); (M.J.R.)
- Agricultural Experimental Station Cuenca del Salado of INTA (National Institute of Agricultural Technology), Av. Belgrano 416, Rauch 7203, Argentina
| | - Adela M. Sánchez-Moreiras
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.M.S.-M.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Manuel J. Reigosa
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.M.S.-M.); (M.J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kivlin SN, Kazenel MR, Lynn JS, Lee Taylor D, Rudgers JA. Plant Identity Influences Foliar Fungal Symbionts More Than Elevation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Microb Ecol 2019; 78:688-698. [PMID: 30715579 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite colonizing nearly every plant on Earth, foliar fungal symbionts have received little attention in studies on the biogeography of host-associated microbes. Evidence from regional scale studies suggests that foliar fungal symbiont distributions are influenced both by plant hosts and environmental variation in climate and soil resources. However, previous surveys have focused on either one plant host across an environmental gradient or one gradient and multiple plant hosts, making it difficult to disentangle the influence of host identity from the influence of the environment on foliar endophyte communities. We used a culture-based approach to survey fungal symbiont composition in the leaves of nine C3 grass species along replicated elevation gradients in grasslands of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. In these ecosystems, the taxonomic richness and composition of foliar fungal symbionts were mostly structured by the taxonomic identity of the plant host rather than by variation in climate. Plant traits related to size (height and leaf length) were the best predictors of foliar fungal symbiont composition and diversity, and composition did not vary predictably with plant evolutionary history. The largest plants had the most diverse and distinctive fungal communities. These results suggest that across the ~ 300 m elevation range that we sampled, foliar fungal symbionts may indirectly experience climate change by tracking the shifting distributions of plant hosts rather than tracking climate directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA.
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Melanie R Kazenel
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - Joshua S Lynn
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - D Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
| | - Jennifer A Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nokelainen O, Ripley BS, van Bergen E, Osborne CP, Brakefield PM. Preference for C4 shade grasses increases hatchling performance in the butterfly, Bicyclus safitza. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5246-55. [PMID: 27551380 PMCID: PMC4984501 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Miocene radiation of C4 grasses under high-temperature and low ambient CO 2 levels occurred alongside the transformation of a largely forested landscape into savanna. This inevitably changed the host plant regime of herbivores, and the simultaneous diversification of many consumer lineages, including Bicyclus butterflies in Africa, suggests that the radiations of grasses and grazers may be evolutionary linked. We examined mechanisms for this plant-herbivore interaction with the grass-feeding Bicyclus safitza in South Africa. In a controlled environment, we tested oviposition preference and hatchling performance on local grasses with C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways that grow either in open or shaded habitats. We predicted preference for C3 plants due to a hypothesized lower processing cost and higher palatability to herbivores. In contrast, we found that females preferred C4 shade grasses rather than either C4 grasses from open habitats or C3 grasses. The oviposition preference broadly followed hatchling performance, although hatchling survival was equally good on C4 or C3 shade grasses. This finding was explained by leaf toughness; shade grasses were softer than grasses from open habitats. Field monitoring revealed a preference of adults for shaded habitats, and stable isotope analysis of field-sampled individuals confirmed their preference for C4 grasses as host plants. Our findings suggest that plant-herbivore interactions can influence the direction of selection in a grass-feeding butterfly. Based on this work, we postulate future research to test whether these interactions more generally contribute to radiations in herbivorous insects via expansions into new, unexploited ecological niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ossi Nokelainen
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EJUK
| | - Brad S. Ripley
- Department of BotanyRhodes UniversityP.O. Box 94Grahamstown6140South Africa
| | - Erik van Bergen
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EJUK
| | - Colin P. Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mueller KE, Blumenthal DM, Pendall E, Carrillo Y, Dijkstra FA, Williams DG, Follett RF, Morgan JA. Impacts of warming and elevated CO2 on a semi-arid grassland are non-additive, shift with precipitation, and reverse over time. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:956-66. [PMID: 27339693 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear how elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) and the corresponding shifts in temperature and precipitation will interact to impact ecosystems over time. During a 7-year experiment in a semi-arid grassland, the response of plant biomass to eCO2 and warming was largely regulated by interannual precipitation, while the response of plant community composition was more sensitive to experiment duration. The combined effects of eCO2 and warming on aboveground plant biomass were less positive in 'wet' growing seasons, but total plant biomass was consistently stimulated by ~ 25% due to unique, supra-additive responses of roots. Independent of precipitation, the combined effects of eCO2 and warming on C3 graminoids became increasingly positive and supra-additive over time, reversing an initial shift toward C4 grasses. Soil resources also responded dynamically and non-additively to eCO2 and warming, shaping the plant responses. Our results suggest grasslands are poised for drastic changes in function and highlight the need for long-term, factorial experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Mueller
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - D M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - E Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Y Carrillo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - F A Dijkstra
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - D G Williams
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - R F Follett
- Soil Plant and Nutrient Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - J A Morgan
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| |
Collapse
|