Peperzak L. The critical adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration in treated ballast water.
Mar Pollut Bull 2023;
187:114506. [PMID:
36621300 DOI:
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114506]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Measuring Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) provides a proxy to check compliance with IMO's ballast water D-2 standard: <10 cells mL-1 in the 10-50 μm size class. Measured with standard boiling techniques the ATP concentration in aquatic eukaryotic microorganisms is 0.6 mol m-3. Model calculations with 10-50 μm spherical organisms show their ATP content is 0.2 to 20 pg cell-1, in line with several cell lysis data. However, at 10 cells mL-1, these ATP contents lead to a maximum of only 2 to 200 pg ATP mL-1, at least 7.5× below a D-2 test kit 1500 pg ATP mL-1 upper limit. Different cell shape and ATP extraction scenarios to reach 1500 pg ATP mL-1 are discussed but remain improbable. Because cell lysis data are inconclusive, and a novel phosphoric acid-benzalkonium chloride method indicates up to 3× higher ATP concentrations, an independent test kit validation and a comparison of all three techniques are recommended.
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