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French Polynesia. Deliberation No. 88-176 AT authorizing the sale of only those condoms conforming to certain standards. Annu Rev Popul Law 1989; 16:15. [PMID: 12344154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Nelson
- Women's Health Care Programs, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance 90509-2110, USA
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sulak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott and White Clinic, Temple, Texas 76508, USA
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4
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Increasing access to combination oral contraceptives. Contracept Rep 1998; 8:4-8. [PMID: 12293165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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5
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Benton KW, Jolley D, Smith AM, Gerofi J, Moodie R. An actual use comparison of condoms meeting Australian and Swiss standards: results of a double-blind crossover trial. Int J STD AIDS 1997; 8:427-31. [PMID: 9228589 DOI: 10.1258/0956462971920479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The performance of condoms in actual use has been poorly researched in the past, especially in comparing condoms that met different quality control standards as indicated by laboratory testing. The present study used a double-blind crossover design to compare the performance of 2 types of condoms in actual use; one that met the Australian and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for condom quality and one that met the more stringent Swiss Quality Seal requirements. Ninety-two men recruited from Metropolitan Melbourne completed a self-report diary sheet after each condom was used which assessed the performance of the condom and the conditions under which it was used. From a total of 1917 condom uses, there was an overall breakage risk of 2.7%. The breakage risk ratio (Australian/ISO:Swiss) for all types of use was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 0.68-1.99). When subanalyses by method of entry were performed, the condoms meeting the Swiss standard appeared to fare better than the Australian/ ISO standards for anal sex (RR = 4.84, 95% CI 1.07-21.8, P = 0.022), while the opposite was the case for vaginal sex (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.35-1.53, P = 0.41). The result for anal use was statistically significant at the 5% level, despite being based on fewer condom trials than that for vaginal use, but this result needs to be replicated. Although the participants appeared representative of the general male population in Melbourne in the age bracket 18-46 years, there was a significant history of condom usage reported. This may have influenced the risk of breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Benton
- International Health Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Fairfield, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Carnall D. Condom trade barriers come down across Europe. BMJ 1996; 312:597. [PMID: 8595325 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.312.7031.597b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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7
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Janaud A. [The condom: a badly known method in 1995]. Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1996; 24:117-22. [PMID: 12320462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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8
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Meyboom RH, Havinga JS, Lastdrager CJ, de Koning GH. [Damage to condoms caused by vaginally administered drug]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1995; 139:1602-5. [PMID: 7675146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A 28-year-old woman who was treated for vaginal candidiasis with Gyno-Daktarin vaginal capsules (miconazole nitrate) became pregnant because a condom used during intercourse had ruptured. Incubation in vitro with 400 and 1200 mg miconazole nitrate vaginal capsules (Gyno-Daktarin 3 and Gyno-Daktarin I), but not miconazole nitrate vaginal cream (20 mg/g), was shown to damage rubber condoms. Patients using vaginal medicines should be aware of a possible adverse effect on rubber condoms or contraceptive diaphragms and a subsequent increased risk of pregnancy or contagious diseases such as AIDS. Fatty excipients such as glycerin, paraffin, petrolatum or Witepsol may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Meyboom
- Stichting Landelijke Registratie Evaluatie Bijwerkingen, Tilburg
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9
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New Advantage 24 contraceptive gel claims 24-hour effectiveness. But proposed FDA rule could put N-9 products to the test. Contracept Technol Update 1995; 16:45-9. [PMID: 12347026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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10
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Avanti overcomes safety concerns raised by FDA. Contracept Technol Update 1995; 16:20-2. [PMID: 12290715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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11
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Special report: the truth about condoms. Restrictive label could impede plastic condom sales. Contracept Technol Update 1995; 16:9-10. [PMID: 12319322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
You walk into a drugstore to buy a package of plastic condoms. You happen to notice the label says that no one's sure how well they protect you from pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like AIDS. Then, the label indirectly points you in the direction of latex condoms. What would you do? Some observers familiar with the condom industry speculate that the restrictive labeling carried on each package of the new plastic condoms for men will not interfere with consumers' purchasing decisions. Other predict an instant replay of the situation faced by makers of the polyurethane Reality female condom: A lack of data on pregnancy rates and STD rates resulted in a label touting latex as a superior product, which in turn caused an onslaught of negative press about the first plastic condom. The US Food and Drug Administration, finding itself in a similar position with approving plastic condoms for men, recently released interim labeling to be followed by all manufacturers who want to sell the new male condoms. Essentially, the manufacturers must point out on the front of the condom box that the product is "for latex-sensitive condom users," and on the back of the box must tell a potential buyer that risks for pregnancy and STDs are not known for the product. Upon reading this disclaimer, the consumer then reads that "latex condoms for men, if used correctly with every act of vaginal intercourse, are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, as well as STDs, including AIDS (HIV infection)."
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12
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Odlind V. [Documented effect of the morning-after pill. New elements in contraception counseling]. Lakartidningen 1993; 90:3749-50. [PMID: 8231523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Tovey
- Lloyd Clinic, Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London
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US company supplies defective Copper-Ts. Indian Med Trib 1993; 1:5. [PMID: 12179216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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16
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Abstract
The barrier efficacy of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) and three brands of latex condoms was compared in a passive-leak test and in a dynamic model of simulated intercourse. Fifteen replicates of each of the condoms were challenged with bacteriophage T7 (100 nm) and the polio virus Type 1 (PV-1, 27 nm). In the passive test, no condom leaked either virus. In the dynamic model, no TPE condoms leaked either virus and no latex condoms leaked T7. Two samples of one commercially available latex condom leaked T7 but not PV-1. These data support that intact latex condoms are effective in vivo viral barriers and extend the finding to TPE condoms as well. Given its substantial equivalence to latex as a viral barrier, TPE condoms are an alternative choice for individuals with latex allergies. The TPE material is also more resistant to common environmental conditions that affect latex adversely and should therefore be a superior choice if condoms must be stored for extended periods in suboptimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kettering
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, California 92354
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Carey RF, Herman WA, Retta SM, Rinaldi JE, Herman BA, Athey TW. Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use. Sex Transm Dis 1992; 19:230-4. [PMID: 1411838 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199207000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Condoms were tested in an in vitro system simulating key physical conditions that can influence viral particle leakage through condoms during actual coitus. The system quantitatively addresses pressure, pH, temperature, surfactant properties, and anatomical geometry. A suspension of fluorescence-labeled, 110-nm polystyrene microspheres models free human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in semen, and condom leakage is detected spectrofluorometrically. Leakage of HIV-sized particles through latex condoms was detectable (P less than 0.03) for as many as 29 of the 89 condoms tested. Worst-case condom barrier effectiveness (fluid transfer prevention), however, is shown to be at least 10(4) times better than not using a condom at all, suggesting that condom use substantially reduces but does not eliminate the risk of HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Carey
- Division of Physical Sciences, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland
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Manuel J, Finger W. [Improvement of quality standards for condoms]. Netw Fr 1992:4-7. [PMID: 12285339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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19
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Condom breakage studied. Popline 1992; 14:2. [PMID: 12343550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
4 specific reasons why condoms--even those of high quality--break have been identified following a series of studies in 8 countries among 1700 people. According to the studies, breakage falls into 4 general categories: incorrect methods of putting on condoms, use of oil-based lubricants, reuse of condoms, and duration or intensity of coitus. The studies, conducted by Family Health International, a North Carolina based contraceptive research and AIDS prevention organization, was the 1st large scale effort to examine condom breakage. Used properly and consistently, condoms are considered to be highly reliable for prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. An estimated 40 million couples worldwide currently use condoms for pregnancy prevention. The studies found that human factors caused condoms to break at rates that ranged up to 13%, with a 4-5% average breakage rate reported at most sites. Preliminary research data indicate that the vast majority of condom users very seldom experienced condom failure. Past condom "failure," as defined by the number of accidental pregnancies among US couples who used condoms for contraception, was estimated at 12% (12 of 100 couples using condoms for 1 year will experience a pregnancy). But the 12% failure rate was attributable primarily to nonuse or inconsistent use of condoms, not breakage. "W now have some guideposts as to what types of behavior lead to breakage," said Dr. Nancy Williamson, director of Family Health International's program evaluation division, which directed the studies. "We need to inform condom users and providers about which errors users make." The studies provide an important cross-cultural data base on condom use. "The causes of condom breakage were usually associated with individual behavior, not with culturally based practices," said Dr. Williamson. the 8 countries where the studies were conducted are: Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Sri Lanka, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Mexico.
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Retta SM, Herman WA, Rinaldi JE, Carey RF, Herman BA, Athey TW. Test method for evaluating the permeability of intact prophylactics to viral-size microspheres under simulated physiologic conditions. Sex Transm Dis 1991; 18:111-8. [PMID: 1862459 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199118020-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The alarming number of AIDS cases has increased the attention given to barrier devices such as condoms. The authors describe a new test method that evaluates the permeability of the intact condom when subjected to simulated physiologic conditions. Fluorescent-labelled polystyrene microspheres (110 nm diameter) are used to model cell-free virus. Physical and chemical conditions that are present during coitus, such as pressure, pH, and temperature, are considered in the design of the method. The testing chamber is designed to be continuously monitored for changes in fluorescence due to leakage across the condom surface. The sensitivity of the system is 1 x 10(-5) of the original concentration of microsphere solution (3.4 x 10(11) particles/mL), which corresponds to leak rates as small as .001 microL/sec. The test provides an in vitro test of barrier material permeability relevant to actual use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Retta
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Physical Sciences, Rockville, Maryland 208577
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Abstract
Current Food and Drug Administration guidelines for assessing the differences in bioavailability between generic oral contraceptives and brand-name products are inadequate to ensure therapeutic equivalence. The guidelines do not take into account those women who may have blood levels of active ingredients well outside the range of acceptability. Due to the narrow therapeutic range of steroids, these women may become pregnant or experience an increased incidence of breakthrough bleeding. Furthermore, oral contraceptive packaging is unique to each manufacturer, and any change in brands (and therefore packaging) can easily negate the sequential administration of the appropriate tablet. These are among the reasons proposed for placing oral contraceptives in the critical drug category, in which generic substitution and interchangeability of products should not be allowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ansbacher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0718
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22
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Abstract
The ability of the condom wall to maintain its integrity throughout sexual intercourse is critical to its role in halting the spread of major sexually transmissible pathogens including the human immunodeficiency virus. There are three principal in vitro performance tests applied to condoms: a test for freedom from holes, an inflation test, and tensile testing. In this study we subjected condoms that had broken in use to tensile tests in order to determine any correlation between their in vivo and in vitro performance. Condoms which had broken in use showed similar tensile properties to those which had not. All passed all tensile test criteria. Thus, the inclusion of tensile testing in National Standards for condoms is not sufficient to insure strong products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerofi
- Enersol Consulting Engineers, Annandale, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Commercial non-lubricated latex condoms were unpackaged and exposed in an environmental chamber to ozone levels (0.3 ppm) commonly present in urban smog conditions. Deterioration was observed by scanning electron microscopy after 18 hours exposure. Loss of mechanical strength was quantitated by measurement of the air pressures necessary to burst the condom and volumes at burst. After 24 hours exposure to ozone the latex surface was covered with craters and after 48 hours the pressure required to burst the condom was 44% that of control samples. Data suggest the need for study of the effectiveness of lubrication and packaging in protecting condoms from environmental factors which may accelerate deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Clark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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Abstract
Since their introduction in the early 1960s, the oral contraceptive (OCs) steroids have been subjected to preclinical and clinical investigations unprecedented in medical history. As a result of such extensive studies, it is now possible to make a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical data on oral contraceptives. The OCs were introduced at a time when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was undergoing drastic changes as a result of the thalidomide tragedy, the introduction of the Kefauver-Harris Amendment, and the desire for greater control over the pharmaceutical industry. The initial requirements for the safety evaluation of OCs were identical to those of other drugs. There were no explicit requirements for OCs although it was generally felt that the requirements should be more stringent because the OCs were being used in otherwise healthy women for long periods of time and with minimal medical supervision. In the 1960s when it became apparent from ongoing studies that there was an increased incidence of mammary tumors in dogs treated with some progestins, the FDA made the decision to terminate clinical studies and established the requirement for 7- and 10-yr studies in dogs and monkeys, respectively. The primary purpose of this paper is to present an historical perspective of the evolution of the preclinical requirements for the evaluation of the safety of OCs prior to their use in the various phases (I, II, III) of clinical trials. Some proposed changes in the requirements are discussed. This information will form the basis for other presentations dealing with the safety assessment of OCs in rats, dogs, and monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E McKenzie
- R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, Raritan, New Jersey 08869-0602
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High condom quality essential to reduce HIV spread. Netw Res Triangle Park N C 1988; 10:6-7. [PMID: 12342121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Condom makers struggle to handle increased demand. Contracept Technol Update 1987; 8:97-9. [PMID: 12268776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Pyle CJ. Nursing protocol for diaphragm contraception. Nurse Pract 1984; 9:35, 38, 40. [PMID: 6709245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The diaphragm is becoming the more popular method of birth control in the United States. When used properly, it is a safe and effective alternative for those women who are unable to take birth control pills or prefer another method. The protocol presented here is a comprehensive approach to diaphragm fitting, client instruction and follow-up. The practitioner utilizing such an approach will insure a safe and highly effective method of birth control to those patients who choose the diaphragm as their method of contraception.
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Mellstam S. International standardization of mechanical contraceptives. IPPF Med Bull 1983; 17:2-4. [PMID: 12279411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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29
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Snowden R. Why an international IUD standard is not possible. IPPF Med Bull 1982; 16:2-4. [PMID: 12338237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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30
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Program for the Introduction and Adaptation of Contraceptive Technology PIACT. Relationship of condom strength to failure during use. PIACT Prod News 1980; 2:1-2. [PMID: 12264044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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31
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Mitchell GD. Letter: Kilopascals. Control of oral contraceptive clinical trails. Br Med J 1975; 1:333. [PMID: 1089453 PMCID: PMC1672498 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5953.333-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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32
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Kestelman P. Condom testing: part 2. IPPF Eur Reg Inf 1974; 3:4-6. [PMID: 12178324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Harvey PD. Condoms--a new look. Fam Plann Perspect 1972; 4:27-30. [PMID: 4680251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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The safety of contraceptives. IPPF Med Bull 1971; 5:4. [PMID: 12256203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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35
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Second FDA report on the pill. IPPF Med Bull 1970; 4:4. [PMID: 12255090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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