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Song S, Wang N, Huang XW, Jiang Q, Cheng XR, Pang N, Lei L. Daxx knockdown promoted rDNA transcription without impairing H3.3 expression in mouse preimplantation embryos. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e12974. [PMID: 37767699 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
During fertilization, DAXX (death domain-associated protein) mediates histone variant H3.3 incorporation into heterochromatin, which plays an important role in the maintenance of genomic integrity. rDNA, the ribosomal gene, is included in the first wave of gene activation after fertilization. Our and other studies indicated that loss of Daxx disturbs rDNA heterochromatinization and promotes rDNA transcription without change in protein expression of H3.3. However, maternal and zygotic deletion of Daxx impairs blastocyst development. Whether Daxx knockdown affects H3.3 expression and improves the rDNA transcription in preimplantation development has not been reported. In the present study, we injected HA-labelled H3.3 (H3.3-HA) into oocytes during ICSI procedure, and detected H3.3 and DAXX by immunofluorescent staining. Then, we knockdowned Daxx and detected the gene expression levels of Daxx, H3.3, 18s and 47s rRNA. We also performed immunofluorescent staining of B23, γH2A and EdU incorporation to demonstrate nuclear structure, DNA damage and replication. We found injection of H3.3-HA did not impair preimplantation development. Daxx siRNA did not change expression of H3.3 mRNA, and the development of two-cell embryos and blastocysts, but the overall replication and expression levels of rRNA were increased compared with that in the control group. Finally, knockdown of DAXX did not aggravate the DNA damage but loosened the nucleolus. We concluded that Daxx knockdown promoted DNA replication and rDNA transcription, but did not affect H3.3 expression and subsequent preimplantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihang Song
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xing-Wei Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Cheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Pang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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2
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Pergaris A, Genaris I, Stergiou IE, Klijanienko J, Papadakos SP, Theocharis S. The Clinical Impact of Death Domain-Associated Protein and Holliday Junction Recognition Protein Expression in Cancer: Unmasking the Driving Forces of Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5165. [PMID: 37958340 PMCID: PMC10650673 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Death domain-associated protein (DAXX) and Holliday junction recognition protein (HJURP) act as chaperones of H3 histone variants H3.3 and centromere protein A (CENPA), respectively, and are implicated in many physiological processes, including aging and epigenetic regulation, by controlling various genes' transcription and subsequently protein expression. Research has highlighted both these biomolecules as participants in key procedures of tumorigenesis, including cell proliferation, chromosome instability, and oncogene expression. As cancer continues to exert a heavy impact on patients' well-being and bears substantial socioeconomic ramifications, the discovery of novel biomarkers for timely disease detection, estimation of prognosis, and therapy monitoring remains of utmost importance. In the present review, we present data reported from studies investigating DAXX and HJURP expression, either on mRNA or protein level, in human tissue samples from various types of neoplasia. Of note, the expression of DAXX and HJURP has been associated with a multitude of clinicopathological parameters, including disease stage, tumor grade, patients' overall and disease-free survival, as well as lymphovascular invasion. The data reveal the tumor-promoting properties of DAXX and HJURP in a number of organs as well as their potential use as diagnostic biomarkers and underline the important association between aberrations in their expression and patients' prognosis, rendering them as possible targets of future, personalized and precise therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Pergaris
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (I.G.); (S.P.P.)
| | - Ioannis Genaris
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (I.G.); (S.P.P.)
| | - Ioanna E. Stergiou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Stavros P. Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (I.G.); (S.P.P.)
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (I.G.); (S.P.P.)
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Canat A, Veillet A, Batrin R, Dubourg C, Lhoumaud P, Arnau-Romero P, Greenberg MVC, Bonhomme F, Arimondo PB, Illingworth R, Fabre E, Therizols P. DAXX safeguards heterochromatin formation in embryonic stem cells. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261092. [PMID: 37655670 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomes comprise a large fraction of repetitive sequences folded into constitutive heterochromatin, which protect genome integrity and cell identity. De novo formation of heterochromatin during preimplantation development is an essential step for preserving the ground-state of pluripotency and the self-renewal capacity of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the remodeling of constitutive heterochromatin are largely unknown. Here, we identify that DAXX, an H3.3 chaperone essential for the maintenance of mouse ESCs in the ground state, accumulates in pericentromeric regions independently of DNA methylation. DAXX recruits PML and SETDB1 to promote the formation of heterochromatin, forming foci that are hallmarks of ground-state ESCs. In the absence of DAXX or PML, the three-dimensional (3D) architecture and physical properties of pericentric and peripheral heterochromatin are disrupted, resulting in de-repression of major satellite DNA, transposable elements and genes associated with the nuclear lamina. Using epigenome editing tools, we observe that H3.3, and specifically H3.3K9 modification, directly contribute to maintaining pericentromeric chromatin conformation. Altogether, our data reveal that DAXX is crucial for the maintenance and 3D organization of the heterochromatin compartment and protects ESC viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Canat
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Génomes, Biologie Cellulaire et Thérapeutiques, CNRS UMR7212, INSERM U944, Institut de Recherche St Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Adeline Veillet
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Génomes, Biologie Cellulaire et Thérapeutiques, CNRS UMR7212, INSERM U944, Institut de Recherche St Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Batrin
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Génomes, Biologie Cellulaire et Thérapeutiques, CNRS UMR7212, INSERM U944, Institut de Recherche St Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Clara Dubourg
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Génomes, Biologie Cellulaire et Thérapeutiques, CNRS UMR7212, INSERM U944, Institut de Recherche St Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Pol Arnau-Romero
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Epigenetic Chemical Biology, UMR 3523, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Epigenetic Chemical Biology, UMR 3523, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Robert Illingworth
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Fabre
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Génomes, Biologie Cellulaire et Thérapeutiques, CNRS UMR7212, INSERM U944, Institut de Recherche St Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Therizols
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Génomes, Biologie Cellulaire et Thérapeutiques, CNRS UMR7212, INSERM U944, Institut de Recherche St Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
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Mapelli P, Bezzi C, Muffatti F, Ghezzo S, Baldassi F, Schiavo Lena M, Andreasi V, Canevari C, Magnani P, De Cobelli F, Gianolli L, Partelli S, Falconi M, Picchio M. Somatostatin receptor activity assessed by 68Ga-DOTATOC PET can preoperatively predict DAXX/ATRX loss of expression in well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2818-2829. [PMID: 37010579 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of 68Ga-DOTATOC PET parameters in predicting DAXX/ATRX loss of expression in patients with Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET) candidate to surgery. METHODS This retrospective study included 72 consecutive patients with PanNET (January 2018-March 2022) who underwent to 68Ga-DOTATOC PET for preoperative staging. Image analysis: qualitative assessment and extraction of SUVmax, SUV mean, somatostatin receptor density (SRD), and total lesion somatostatin receptor density (TLSRD) from primary PanNET. Radiological diameter and biopsy information (grade, Ki67) were collected. Loss of expression (LoE) of DAXX/ATRX was assessed by immunohistochemistry on surgical specimen. Student t-test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression and ROC curves have been used to investigate the predictive value of PET parameters on DAXX/ATRX LoE. RESULTS Forty-two/72 patients had a G1, 28/72 a G2, and 2/72 a G3 PanNET. Seven/72 patients had DAXX LoE, 10/72 ATRX LoE, and 2/72 DAXX/ATRX LoE. SRD and TLSRD could predict DAXX LoE (p = 0.002, p = 0.018, respectively). By evaluating SRD in combination with radiological diameter, only SRD maintained statistical significance (multivariate logistic regression: p = 0.020, OR = 1.05), providing the best prediction (AUC-ROC = 79.01%; cut-off = 46.96; sensitivity = 77.78%; specificity = 88.89%). In the sub-analysis performed on 55 patients with biopsy availability, SRD demonstrated its role in providing useful and additional information (multivariate logistic regression: SRD p = 0.007; grade p = 0.040). CONCLUSION SRD has a predictive role on DAXX LoE in PanNETs, with higher probability of LoE at increasing SRD values. SRD provides complementary/additional information to grade assessed on biopsy material, and the combined use of these approaches might support patients' management by preoperatively identifying subjects with more aggressive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mapelli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Bezzi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Muffatti
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Samuele Ghezzo
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Valentina Andreasi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Canevari
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Magnani
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco De Cobelli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Gianolli
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Partelli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Picchio
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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5
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Trier I, Black EM, Joo YK, Kabeche L. ATR protects centromere identity by promoting DAXX association with PML nuclear bodies. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112495. [PMID: 37163376 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromere protein A (CENP-A) defines centromere identity and nucleates kinetochore formation for mitotic chromosome segregation. Here, we show that ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, a master regulator of the DNA damage response, protects CENP-A occupancy at interphase centromeres in a DNA damage-independent manner. In unperturbed cells, ATR localizes to promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs), which house the histone H3.3 chaperone DAXX (death domain-associated protein 6). We find that ATR inhibition reduces DAXX association with PML NBs, resulting in the DAXX-dependent loss of CENP-A and an aberrant increase in H3.3 at interphase centromeres. Additionally, we show that ATR-dependent phosphorylation within the C terminus of DAXX regulates CENP-A occupancy at centromeres and DAXX localization. Lastly, we demonstrate that acute ATR inhibition during interphase leads to kinetochore formation defects and an increased rate of lagging chromosomes. These findings highlight a mechanism by which ATR protects centromere identity and genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Trier
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Black
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Yoon Ki Joo
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Lilian Kabeche
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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Shrestha RL, Balachandra V, Kim JH, Rossi A, Vadlamani P, Sethi SC, Ozbun L, Lin S, Cheng KCC, Chari R, Karpova TS, Pegoraro G, Foltz DR, Caplen NJ, Basrai MA. Histone H3/H4 chaperone CHAF1B prevents the mislocalization of CENP-A for chromosomal stability. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:307402. [PMID: 37129573 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Restricting the localization of the evolutionarily conserved centromeric histone H3 variant CENP-A to centromeres prevents chromosomal instability (CIN). The mislocalization of CENP-A to non-centromeric regions contributes to CIN in yeasts, flies, and human cells. Even though overexpression and mislocalization of CENP-A have been reported in cancers the mechanisms responsible for its mislocalization remain poorly understood. Here, we used an imaging-based high-throughput RNAi screen to identify factors that prevent mislocalization of overexpressed YFP-tagged CENP-A (YFP-CENP-A) in HeLa cells. Amongst the top five lead candidates of the screen that showed increased nuclear YFP-CENP-A fluorescence were depletions of histone chaperones (CHAF1B/p60 and CHAF1A/p150). Follow-up validation and characterization experiments showed that CHAF1B-depleted cells exhibit CENP-A mislocalization, CIN phenotypes, and increased enrichment of CENP-A in the chromatin fraction. The depletion of DAXX, a histone H3.3 chaperone, suppressed CENP-A mislocalization and CIN in CHAF1B-depleted cells. We propose that in CHAF1B-depleted cells, DAXX promotes mislocalization of the overexpressed CENP-A to non-centromeric regions, resulting in CIN. In summary, we have identified regulators of CENP-A localization and defined a role for CHAF1B in preventing DAXX-dependent CENP-A mislocalization and CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jee Hun Kim
- Yeast Genome Stability Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, USA
| | - Austin Rossi
- Yeast Genome Stability Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, USA
| | - Pranathi Vadlamani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, USA
| | | | - Laurent Ozbun
- High-Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, CCR, NCI, NIH, USA
| | - Shinjen Lin
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, USA
| | - Ken Chin-Chien Cheng
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, USA
| | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program at the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, USA
| | - Tatiana S Karpova
- Optical Microscopy Core, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, CCR, NCI, NIH, USA
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- High-Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, CCR, NCI, NIH, USA
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Natasha J Caplen
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, USA
| | - Munira A Basrai
- Yeast Genome Stability Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, USA
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Hackeng WM, Brosens LAA, Dreijerink KMA. Aggressive versus indolent insulinomas: new clinicopathological insights. Endocr Relat Cancer 2023; 30:e220321. [PMID: 36779771 DOI: 10.1530/erc-22-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Insulinomas are rare functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. While most insulinomas are indolent and cured after surgery, 10-15% of cases show aggressive or malignant tumor behavior and metastasize locally or to distant organs. Patients with metastatic insulinoma survive significantly shorter. Recognizing aggressive insulinomas can help to predict prognosis, guide therapy and determine follow-up intensity after surgery. This review offers a summary of the literature on the significant clinical, pathological, genetic and epigenetic differences between indolent and aggressive insulinomas. Aggressive insulinomas are characterized by rapid onset of symptoms, larger size, expression of ARX and alpha-1-antitrypsin and decreased or absent immunohistochemical expression of insulin, PDX1 and GLP-1R. Moreover, aggressive insulinomas often harbor ATRX or DAXX mutations, the alternative lengthening of telomeres phenotype and chromosomal instability. Tumor grade and MEN1 and YY1 mutations are less useful for predicting behavior. Aggressive insulinomas have similarities to normal alpha-cells and non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, while indolent insulinomas remain closely related to normal beta-cells. In conclusion, indolent and aggressive insulinoma are different entities, and distinguishing these will have future clinical value in determining prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzel M Hackeng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen M A Dreijerink
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lamberti G, Prinzi N, Bongiovanni A, Torniai M, Andrini E, Biase DD, Malvi D, Mosca M, Berardi R, Ibrahim T, Pusceddu S, Campana D. Targeted Genomic Profiling and Chemotherapy Outcomes in Grade 3 Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (G3 GEP-NET). Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091595. [PMID: 37174986 PMCID: PMC10178589 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grade 3 gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (G3 GEP-NET) are poorly characterized in terms of molecular features and response to treatments. METHODS Patients with G3 GEP-NET were included if they received capecitabine and temozolomide (CAPTEM) or oxaliplatin with either 5-fluorouracile (FOLFOX) or capecitabine (XELOX) as first-line treatment (chemotherapy cohort). G3 NET which successfully undergone next-generation sequencing (NGS) were included in the NGS cohort. RESULTS In total, 49 patients were included in the chemotherapy cohort: 15 received CAPTEM and 34 received FOLFOX/XELOX. Objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were 42.9%, 9.0 months, and 33.6 months, respectively. Calculating a Ki67 cutoff using ROC curve analysis, tumors with Ki67 ≥ 40% had lower ORR (51.2% vs. 0%; p = 0.007) and shorter PFS (10.6 months vs. 4.4 months; p < 0.001) and OS (49.4 months vs. 10.0 months; p = 0.023). In patients who received FOLFOX/XELOX as a first-line treatment, ORR, PFS, and OS were 38.2%, 7.9 months, and 30.0 months, respectively. In the NGS cohort (N = 13), the most mutated genes were DAXX/ATRX (N = 5, 38%), MEN1 (N = 4, 31%), TP53 (N = 4, 31%), AKT1 (N = 2, 15%), and PIK3CA (N = 1, 8%). CONCLUSIONS FOLFOX/XELOX chemotherapy is active as the first-line treatment of patients with G3 GEP-NET. The mutational landscape of G3 NET is more similar to well-differentiated NETs than NECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lamberti
- Department of Medical or Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant'Orsola-Malpighi di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Natalie Prinzi
- Medical Oncology, Foundation IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Bongiovanni
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumor Center (CDO-TR), IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Mariangela Torniai
- Department of Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche-AOU delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Andrini
- Department of Medical or Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Deborah Malvi
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirta Mosca
- Department of Medical or Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Department of Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche-AOU delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Toni Ibrahim
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumor Center (CDO-TR), IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Sara Pusceddu
- Medical Oncology, Foundation IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Campana
- Department of Medical or Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant'Orsola-Malpighi di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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9
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Liu Y, Huang Z, Liu H, Ji Z, Arora A, Cai D, Wang H, Liu M, Simko EAJ, Zhang Y, Periz G, Liu Z, Wang J. DNA-initiated epigenetic cascades driven by C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat. Neuron 2023; 111:1205-1221.e9. [PMID: 36822200 PMCID: PMC10121948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) is the most frequent genetic cause of the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, we describe the pathogenic cascades that are initiated by the C9orf72 HRE DNA. The HRE DNA binds to its protein partner DAXX and promotes its liquid-liquid phase separation, which is capable of reorganizing genomic structures. An HRE-dependent nuclear accumulation of DAXX drives chromatin remodeling and epigenetic changes such as histone hypermethylation and hypoacetylation in patient cells. While regulating global gene expression, DAXX plays a key role in the suppression of basal and stress-inducible expression of C9orf72 via chromatin remodeling and epigenetic modifications of the promoter of the major C9orf72 transcript. Downregulation of DAXX or rebalancing the epigenetic modifications mitigates the stress-induced sensitivity of C9orf72-patient-derived motor neurons. These studies reveal a C9orf72 HRE DNA-dependent regulatory mechanism for both local and genomic architectural changes in the relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Honghe Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amit Arora
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Danfeng Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hongjin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eric A J Simko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Goran Periz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhe Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Jiou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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10
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Carraro M, Hendriks IA, Hammond CM, Solis-Mezarino V, Völker-Albert M, Elsborg JD, Weisser MB, Spanos C, Montoya G, Rappsilber J, Imhof A, Nielsen ML, Groth A. DAXX adds a de novo H3.3K9me3 deposition pathway to the histone chaperone network. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1075-1092.e9. [PMID: 36868228 PMCID: PMC10114496 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of histone chaperones are required to support histones from their biosynthesis until DNA deposition. They cooperate through the formation of histone co-chaperone complexes, but the crosstalk between nucleosome assembly pathways remains enigmatic. Using exploratory interactomics, we define the interplay between human histone H3-H4 chaperones in the histone chaperone network. We identify previously uncharacterized histone-dependent complexes and predict the structure of the ASF1 and SPT2 co-chaperone complex, expanding the role of ASF1 in histone dynamics. We show that DAXX provides a unique functionality to the histone chaperone network, recruiting histone methyltransferases to promote H3K9me3 catalysis on new histone H3.3-H4 prior to deposition onto DNA. Hereby, DAXX provides a molecular mechanism for de novo H3K9me3 deposition and heterochromatin assembly. Collectively, our findings provide a framework for understanding how cells orchestrate histone supply and employ targeted deposition of modified histones to underpin specialized chromatin states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Carraro
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivo A Hendriks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Colin M Hammond
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Jonas D Elsborg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melanie B Weisser
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christos Spanos
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Bioanalytics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Bioanalytics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Imhof
- EpiQMAx GmbH, Planegg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, Protein Analysis Unit, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anja Groth
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Harold J, Bellone S, Manavella DD, Mutlu L, McNamara B, Hartwich TMP, Zipponi M, Yang-Hartwich Y, Demirkiran C, Verzosa MS, Choi J, Dong W, Buza N, Hui P, Altwerger G, Huang GS, Andikyan V, Clark M, Ratner E, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Santin AD. Elimusertib (BAY1895344), a novel ATR inhibitor, demonstrates in vivo activity in ATRX mutated models of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 168:157-165. [PMID: 36442427 PMCID: PMC9797429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) is a rare, highly aggressive malignancy. Recent data suggest 50% of uLMS may harbor alterations in the ATRX gene and such mutations may confer sensitivity to ataxia-telangiectasia-and-Rad3-related (ATR) kinase inhibitors. We sought to investigate the in vivo activity of Elimusertib (BAY1895344), a novel ATR-inhibitor, against ATRX-mutated uLMS patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). METHODS Two fully characterized uLMS (i.e., LEY-11 and LEY-16) were grafted into female CB-17/SCID mice. Treatments with control vehicle or BAY1895344 (20 mg/kg dosed twice daily 3 days on 4 days off) were given via oral gavage and tumor measurements as well as weights obtained twice weekly. Tumor volume differences were calculated with a two-way ANOVA. Mechanistic studies were performed ex vivo using BAY1895344 treated uLMS tumor samples by western blot analysis. RESULTS Both PDX LEY-11 and PDX LEY-16 harboring ATRX gene mutations demonstrated an aggressive behavior in vivo (i.e., control mice were euthanized on average at day 12.5 for PDX LEY-11 and at day 33 for PDX LEY-16). In both tumor models BAY1895344 20 mg/kg dosed with an intermittent oral schedule was able to induce significant growth inhibition compared to vehicle control treatment (p < 0.001 for both LEY-11 and LEY-16) and prolong median overall survival [PDX LEY-11 (12.5 vs. 42 days, p < 0.001) and PDX LEY-16 (33 vs. 60 days, p < 0.001)]. There were not significant changes in weight between treatment and controls. By western blot assays BAY1895344 exposure decreased phosphorylated-ATR and increased expression of apoptotic molecules in LMS PDXs. CONCLUSIONS BAY1895344 demonstrates promising in vivo activity against biologically aggressive PDX models of uLMS harboring ATRX mutations, with no significant toxicity. Clinical trials of BAY1895344 in uLMS patients are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harold
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Diego D Manavella
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Levent Mutlu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Blair McNamara
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tobias Max Philipp Hartwich
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Margherita Zipponi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yang Yang-Hartwich
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Cem Demirkiran
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Miguel Skyler Verzosa
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Weilai Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Natalia Buza
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Pei Hui
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gary Altwerger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gloria S Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vaagn Andikyan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mitchell Clark
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA.
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Viol F, Sipos B, Fahl M, Clauditz TS, Amin T, Kriegs M, Nieser M, Izbicki JR, Huber S, Lohse AW, Schrader J. Novel preclinical gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia models demonstrate the feasibility of mutation-based targeted therapy. Cell Oncol 2022. [PMID: 36269546 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN) form a rare and remarkably heterogeneous group of tumors. Therefore, establishing personalized therapies is eminently challenging. To achieve progress in preclinical drug development, there is an urgent need for relevant tumor models. METHODS We successfully established three gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP-NET) cell lines (NT-18P, NT-18LM, NT-36) and two gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (GEP-NEC) cell lines (NT-32 and NT-38). We performed a comprehensive characterization of morphology, NET differentiation, proliferation and intracellular signaling pathways of these five cell lines and, in addition, of the NT-3 GEP-NET cell line. Additionally, we conducted panel sequencing to identify genomic alterations suitable for mutation-based targeted therapy. RESULTS We found that the GEP-NEN cell lines exhibit a stable neuroendocrine phenotype. Functional kinome profiling revealed a higher activity of serine/threonine kinases (STK) as well as protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) in the GEP-NET cell lines NT-3 and NT-18LM compared to the GEP-NEC cell lines NT-32 and NT-38. Panel sequencing revealed a mutation in Death Domain Associated Protein (DAXX), sensitizing NT-18LM to the Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR) inhibitor Berzosertib, and a mutation in AT-Rich Interaction Domain 1A (ARID1A), sensitizing NT-38 to the Aurora kinase A inhibitor Alisertib. Small interfering RNA-mediated knock down of DAXX in the DAXX wild type cell line NT-3 sensitized these cells to Berzosertib. CONCLUSIONS The newly established GEP-NET and GEP-NEC cell lines represent comprehensive preclinical in vitro models suitable to decipher GEP-NEN biology and pathogenesis. Additionally, we present the first results of a GEP-NEN-specific mutation-based targeted therapy. These findings open up new potentialities for personalized therapies in GEP-NEN.
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13
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Gaspar TB, Lopes JM, Soares P, Vinagre J. An update on genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2022; 29:R191-R208. [PMID: 36197786 DOI: 10.1530/erc-22-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) are rare and clinically challenging entities. At the molecular level, PanNENs' genetic profile is well characterized, but there is limited knowledge regarding the contribution of the newly identified genes to tumor initiation and progression. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are the most versatile tool for studying the plethora of genetic variations influencing PanNENs' etiopathogenesis and behavior over time. In this review, we present the state of the art of the most relevant PanNEN GEMMs available and correlate their findings with the human neoplasms' counterparts. We discuss the historic GEMMs as the most used and with higher translational utility models. GEMMs with Men1 and glucagon receptor gene germline alterations stand out as the most faithful models in recapitulating human disease; RIP-Tag models are unique models of early-onset, highly vascularized, invasive carcinomas. We also include a section of the most recent GEMMs that evaluate pathways related to cell cycle and apoptosis, Pi3k/Akt/mTOR, and Atrx/Daxx. For the latter, their tumorigenic effect is heterogeneous. In particular, for Atrx/Daxx, we will require more in-depth studies to evaluate their contribution; even though they are prevalent genetic events in PanNENs, they have low/inexistent tumorigenic capacity per se in GEMMs. Researchers planning to use GEMMs can find a road map of the main clinical features in this review, presented as a guide that summarizes the chief milestones achieved. We identify pitfalls to overcome, concerning the novel designs and standardization of results, so that future models can replicate human disease more closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bordeira Gaspar
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Vinagre
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Ishikura S, Yoshida K, Tsunoda T, Shirasawa S. Death domain-associated protein DAXX regulates non-coding RNA transcription at the centromere through the transcription regulator ZFAT. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102528. [PMID: 36162510 PMCID: PMC9579039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The centromere is an essential chromosomal structure for faithful chromosome segregation during cell division. No protein-coding genes exist at the centromeres, but centromeric DNA is actively transcribed into noncoding RNA (ncRNA). This centromeric transcription and its ncRNA products play important roles in centromere functions. We previously reported that the transcriptional regulator ZFAT (zinc-finger protein with AT hook) plays a pivotal role in ncRNA transcription at the centromere; however, it was unclear how ZFAT involvement was regulated. Here, we show that the death domain–associated protein (DAXX) promotes centromeric localization of ZFAT to regulate ncRNA transcription at the centromere. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis of endogenous proteins clearly reveals that DAXX interacts with ZFAT. In addition, we show that ectopic coexpression of ZFAT with DAXX increases the centromeric levels of both ZFAT and ncRNA, compared with ectopic expression of ZFAT alone. On the other hand, we found that siRNA-mediated depletion of DAXX decreases the centromeric levels of both ZFAT and ncRNA in cells ectopically expressing ZFAT. These results suggest that DAXX promotes the centromeric localization of ZFAT and ZFAT-regulated centromeric ncRNA transcription. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depletion of endogenous DAXX protein is sufficient to cause a decrease in the ncRNA levels at the centromeres of chromosomes 17 and X in which ZFAT regulates the transcription, indicating a physiological significance of DAXX in ZFAT-regulated centromeric ncRNA transcription. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DAXX regulates centromeric ncRNA transcription through ZFAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ishikura
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Research institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yoshida
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Research institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Research institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Research institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) represent a clinically challenging disease because these tumors vary in clinical presentation, natural history, and prognosis. Novel prognostic biomarkers are needed to improve patient stratification and treatment options. Several putative prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers (eg, alternative lengthening of telomeres, alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation, X-linked (ATRX)/Death Domain Associated Protein (DAXX) loss) have been independently validated. Additionally, recent transcriptomic and epigenetic studies focusing on endocrine differentiation have identified PanNET subtypes that display similarities to either α-cells or β-cells and differ in clinical outcomes. Thus, future prospective studies that incorporate genomic and epigenetic biomarkers are warranted and have translational potential for individualized therapeutic and surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzel M Hackeng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hussein A Assi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 820 Harrison Avenue, FGH 2011, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Florine H M Westerbeke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Room 444, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Room 444, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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16
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Levidou G, Palamaris K, Sykaras AG, Andreadakis G, Masaoutis C, Theochari I, Korkolopoulou P, Rontogianni D, Theocharis S. Unraveling the Role of Histone Variant CENP-A and Chaperone HJURP Expression in Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158339. [PMID: 35955489 PMCID: PMC9368969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent advances demonstrate the role of chromatin regulators, including histone variants and histone chaperones, in cancer initiation and progression. Methods: Histone H3K4me3, histone variant centromere protein (CENP-A) and histone chaperones Holliday junction recognition protein (HJURP) as well as DAXX expression were examined immunohistochemically in 95 thymic epithelial tumor (TET) specimens. Our results were compared with the expression profile of DAXX, HJURP and CENP-A in gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA2). Results: The lymphocyte-poor B3- and C-type TETs were more frequently DAXX negative (p = 0.043). B3 and C-Type TETs showed higher cytoplasmic and nuclear CENP-A (p = 0.007 and p = 0.002) and higher cytoplasmic HJURP H-score (p < 0.001). Higher nuclear CENP-A and cytoplasmic HJURP expression was associated with advanced Masaoka−Koga stage (p = 0.048 and p < 0.001). A positive correlation between HJURP and CENP-A was also observed. The presence of cytoplasmic CENP-A expression was correlated with a favorable overall survival (p = 0.03). CENP-A overexpression in survival analysis of TCGA TETs showed similar results. H3K4me3 expression was not associated with any clinicopathological parameters. Conclusions: Our results suggest a significant interaction between CENP-A and HJURP in TETs. Moreover, we confirmed the presence of a cytoplasmic CENP-A immunolocalization, suggesting also a possible favorable prognostic value of this specific immunostaining pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Levidou
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (K.P.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.); (C.M.); (I.T.); (P.K.); (D.R.)
- Department of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Palamaris
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (K.P.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.); (C.M.); (I.T.); (P.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Alexandros G. Sykaras
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (K.P.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.); (C.M.); (I.T.); (P.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Georgios Andreadakis
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (K.P.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.); (C.M.); (I.T.); (P.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Christos Masaoutis
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (K.P.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.); (C.M.); (I.T.); (P.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Irene Theochari
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (K.P.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.); (C.M.); (I.T.); (P.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (K.P.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.); (C.M.); (I.T.); (P.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Dimitra Rontogianni
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (K.P.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.); (C.M.); (I.T.); (P.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (K.P.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.); (C.M.); (I.T.); (P.K.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Gisder DM, Overheu O, Keller J, Nöpel-Dünnebacke S, Uhl W, Reinacher-Schick A, Tannapfel A, Tischoff I. DAXX, ATRX, and MSI in PanNET and Their Metastases: Correlation with Histopathological Data and Prognosis. Pathobiology 2022; 90:71-80. [PMID: 35691289 DOI: 10.1159/000524920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies on pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) regarding loss of ATRX, DAXX, or frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI) show inconclusive results. So far, data on corresponding metastaseshave not been published. METHODS We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) of ATRX, DAXX, MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2 on 74 PanNETs and 19 metastases. ATRX- and DAXX-negative PanNETs were further sequenced for mutations. We used polymerase chain reaction for MSI on cases with IHC loss of MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2. RESULTS Immunohistochemical loss of DAXX and ATRX was observed in 8/74 (11%) and 6/74 (8%) PanNETs. Loss of DAXX immunoreactivity was statistically associated with higher tumor grade and showed a tendency toward a decreased overall survival. Sequencing of DAXX- (7/11 [64%]) and ATRX-negative (5/11 [45%]) PanNETs revealed a mutation in 6/7 (86%) and 2/5 (40%). The specificity of immunohistochemical loss of DAXX and ATRX for mutation was 80% and 67%, respectively. The expression status of DAXX compared to primary tumor differs in 2/12 (17%) lymph node metastases. We further identified 3/74 (4%) tumors as MSI, associated with a poor prognosis. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Our study supports the hypothesis that a loss of DAXX immunoreactivity can identify a more aggressive subtype of PanNET with high confidence, while ATRX loss is a weaker indicator. Our results also strengthen the role of DAXX immunolabeling as a prognostic marker. We could show that ATRX might be less suitable as a surrogate for sequencing. Our results indicate that IHC of DAXX and ATRX may identify PanNET subtypes as targets for more aggressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Overheu
- Department of Haematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Keller
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefanie Nöpel-Dünnebacke
- Department of Haematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Waldemar Uhl
- Katholisches Klinikum Bochum gGmbH, Institute of General and Visceral Surgery, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anke Reinacher-Schick
- Department of Haematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Iris Tischoff
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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18
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Sharaf R, Montesion M, Hopkins JF, Song J, Frampton GM, Albacker LA. A pan-cancer landscape of telomeric content shows that RAD21 and HGF alterations are associated with longer telomeres. Genome Med 2022; 14:25. [PMID: 35227290 PMCID: PMC8883689 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells can proliferate indefinitely through telomere maintenance mechanisms. These mechanisms include telomerase-dependent elongation, mediated by TERT activation, and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), linked to loss of ATRX or DAXX. Methods We analyzed the telomeric content of 89,959 tumor samples within the Foundation Medicine dataset and investigated the genomic determinants of high telomeric content, linking them to clinical outcomes, when available. Results Telomeric content varied widely by disease type with leiomyosarcoma having the highest and Merkel cell carcinoma having the lowest telomeric content. In agreement with previous studies, telomeric content was significantly higher in samples with alterations in TERC, ATRX, and DAXX. We further identified that amplifications in two genes, RAD21 and HGF, were enriched in samples with high telomeric content, which was confirmed using the PCAWG/ICGC dataset. We identified the minimal amplified region associated with high telomeric content for RAD21 (8q23.1–8q24.12), which excludes MYC, and for HGF (7q21.11). Our results demonstrated that RAD21 and HGF exerted an additive telomere lengthening effect on samples with existing alterations in canonical genes previously associated with telomere elongation. Furthermore, patients with breast cancer who harbor RAD21 alterations had poor median overall survival and trended towards higher levels of Ki-67 staining. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of the role played by RAD21 (8q23.1–8q24.12) and HGF (7q21.11) in the lengthening of telomeres, supporting unlimited replication in tumors. These findings open avenues for work aimed at targeting this crucial pathway in tumorigenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-022-01029-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Sharaf
- Foundation Medicine Inc, 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Meagan Montesion
- Foundation Medicine Inc, 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Julia F Hopkins
- Foundation Medicine Inc, 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Jiarong Song
- Foundation Medicine Inc, 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | | | - Lee A Albacker
- Foundation Medicine Inc, 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.
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Dreijerink KM, Hackeng WM, Singhi AD, Heaphy CM, Brosens LA. Clinical implications of cell-of-origin epigenetic characteristics in non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Pathol 2022; 256:143-148. [PMID: 34750813 DOI: 10.1002/path.5834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PanNETs) are a heterogeneous group of neuroendocrine neoplasms that display highly variable clinical behavior. Therefore, NF-PanNETs often present clinical teams with a dilemma: the uncertain metastatic potential of the tumor has to be weighed against the morbidity associated with surgical resection. Thus, rather than utilizing current radiologic thresholds, there is an urgent need for improved prognostic biomarkers. Recent studies aimed at understanding the epigenetic underpinnings of NF-PanNETs have led to the identification of tumor subgroups based on histone modification and DNA methylation patterns. These molecular profiles tend to resemble the cellular origins of PanNETs. Subsequent retrospective analyses have demonstrated that these molecular signatures are of prognostic value and, importantly, may be useful in the preoperative setting. These studies have highlighted that sporadic NF-PanNETs displaying biomarkers associated with disease progression and poor prognosis, such as alternative lengthening of telomeres, inactivating alpha thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) or death domain-associated protein (DAXX) gene mutations, or copy number variations, more often display alpha cell characteristics. Conversely, NF-PanNETs with beta cell characteristics often lack these unfavorable biomarkers. Alternative lengthening of telomeres, transcription factor protein expression, and possibly DNA methylation can be assessed in endoscopic ultrasound-guided tumor biopsies. Prospective studies focusing on cell-of-origin and epigenetic profile-driven decision making prior to surgery are likely to be routinely implemented into clinical practice in the near future. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Ma Dreijerink
- Amsterdam Center for Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors, Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wenzel M Hackeng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lodewijk Aa Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pinto L, Baidarjad H, Entz-Werlé N, Van Dyck E. Impact of Chromatin Dynamics and DNA Repair on Genomic Stability and Treatment Resistance in Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5678. [PMID: 34830833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs) are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric neuro-oncology, due in great part to treatment resistance driven by complex DNA repair mechanisms. pHGGs have recently been divided into molecular subtypes based on mutations affecting the N-terminal tail of the histone variant H3.3 and the ATRX/DAXX histone chaperone that deposits H3.3 at repetitive heterochromatin loci that are of paramount importance to the stability of our genome. This review addresses the functions of H3.3 and ATRX/DAXX in chromatin dynamics and DNA repair, as well as the impact of mutations affecting H3.3/ATRX/DAXX on treatment resistance and how the vulnerabilities they expose could foster novel therapeutic strategies. Abstract Despite their low incidence, pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric neuro-oncology. Recurrent, mutually exclusive mutations affecting K27 (K27M) and G34 (G34R/V) in the N-terminal tail of histones H3.3 and H3.1 act as key biological drivers of pHGGs. Notably, mutations in H3.3 are frequently associated with mutations affecting ATRX and DAXX, which encode a chaperone complex that deposits H3.3 into heterochromatic regions, including telomeres. The K27M and G34R/V mutations lead to distinct epigenetic reprogramming, telomere maintenance mechanisms, and oncogenesis scenarios, resulting in distinct subgroups of patients characterized by differences in tumor localization, clinical outcome, as well as concurrent epigenetic and genetic alterations. Contrasting with our understanding of the molecular biology of pHGGs, there has been little improvement in the treatment of pHGGs, with the current mainstays of therapy—genotoxic chemotherapy and ionizing radiation (IR)—facing the development of tumor resistance driven by complex DNA repair pathways. Chromatin and nucleosome dynamics constitute important modulators of the DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we summarize the major DNA repair pathways that contribute to resistance to current DNA damaging agent-based therapeutic strategies and describe the telomere maintenance mechanisms encountered in pHGGs. We then review the functions of H3.3 and its chaperones in chromatin dynamics and DNA repair, as well as examining the impact of their mutation/alteration on these processes. Finally, we discuss potential strategies targeting DNA repair and epigenetic mechanisms as well as telomere maintenance mechanisms, to improve the treatment of pHGGs.
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21
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Cavalcante SG, Pereira BJA, Lerario AM, Sola PR, Oba-Shinjo SM, Marie SKN. The chromatin remodeler complex ATRX- DAXX-H3.3 and telomere length in meningiomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 210:106962. [PMID: 34624827 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ATRX-DAXX-H3.3 chromatin remodeler complex is a well known epigenetic factor responsible for the heterochromatin maintenance and control. ATRX is an important nucleosome controller, especially in tandem repeat regions, and DAXX is a multi-function protein with particular role in histone H3.3 deposition due to its chaperone characteristic. Abnormalities in this complex have been associated with telomere dysfunction and consequently with activation of alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism, genomic instability, and tumor progression in different types of cancer. However, the characterization of this complex is still incomplete in meningioma. We analyzed ATRX, DAXX and H3.3 expressions and the telomere length in a cohort of meningioma of different malignant grades. We observed ATRX upregulation at gene and protein levels in grade II/III meningiomas. A low variability of telomere length was observed in meningiomas across different ages and malignant grades, in contrast to the shortening of telomere length with aging in normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella G Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - 4º floor, room 4110, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Benedito J A Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - 4º floor, room 4110, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Brehm Tower, Suite 5100, SPC 5714, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Paula R Sola
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - 4º floor, room 4110, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - 4º floor, room 4110, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - 4º floor, room 4110, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Boeynaems S, Gitler AD. You come at the misfolded proteins, you best not miss. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 47:1-2. [PMID: 34654581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A recent study by Huang et al. unexpectedly uncovered that DAXX moonlights as a booster of protein folding, including counteracting aggregation of tumor suppressor p53. Since p53 aggregation is a common hallmark of cancer, this finding provides a potential pathway to therapeutically reactivate p53 signaling and halt tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Boeynaems
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Luchini C, Lawlor RT, Bersani S, Vicentini C, Paolino G, Mattiolo P, Pea A, Cingarlini S, Milella M, Scarpa A. Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Ready for Prime-Time in Clinical Practice? Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:106. [PMID: 34269919 PMCID: PMC8285324 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomerase-independent mechanism used by some types of malignancies, including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, to overcome the issue of telomere shortening, thus supporting tumor growth and cell proliferation. This review is focused on the most important achievements and opportunities deriving from ALT assessment in PanNET onco-pathology, highlighting the most promising fields in which such biomarker could be implemented in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS In pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET), ALT is strongly correlated with the mutational status of two chromatin remodeling genes, DAXX and ATRX. Recent advances in tumor biology permitted to uncover important roles of ALT in the landscape of PanNET, potentially relevant for introducing this biomarker into clinical practice. Indeed, ALT emerged as a reliable indicator of worse prognosis for PanNET, helping in clinical stratification and identification of "high-risk" patients. Furthermore, it is a very specific marker supporting the pancreatic origin of neuroendocrine neoplasms and can be used for improving the diagnostic workflow of patients presenting with neuroendocrine metastasis from unknown primary. The activation of this process can be determined by specific FISH analysis. ALT should be introduced in clinical practice for identifying "high-risk" PanNET patients and improving their clinical management, and as a marker of pancreatic origin among neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Samantha Bersani
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Vicentini
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaetano Paolino
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Mattiolo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Pea
- Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Cingarlini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Oncology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Department of Medicine, Section of Oncology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy. .,ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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24
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MacKenzie D, Watters AK, To JT, Young MW, Muratori J, Wilkoff MH, Abraham RG, Plummer MM, Zhang D. ALT Positivity in Human Cancers: Prevalence and Clinical Insights. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2384. [PMID: 34069193 PMCID: PMC8156225 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many exciting advances in cancer-related telomere biology have been made in the past decade. Of these recent advances, great progress has also been made with respect to the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) pathway. Along with a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of this unique telomere maintenance pathway, many studies have also evaluated ALT activity in various cancer subtypes. We first briefly review and assess a variety of commonly used ALT biomarkers. Then, we provide both an update on ALT-positive (ALT+) tumor prevalence as well as a systematic clinical assessment of the presently studied ALT+ malignancies. Additionally, we discuss the pathogenetic alterations in ALT+ cancers, for example, the mutation status of ATRX and DAXX, and their correlations with the activation of the ALT pathway. Finally, we highlight important ALT+ clinical associations within each cancer subtype and subdivisions within, as well as their prognoses. We hope this alternative perspective will allow scientists, clinicians, and drug developers to have greater insight into the ALT cancers so that together, we may develop more efficacious treatments and improved management strategies to meet the urgent needs of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria M. Plummer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (D.M.J.); (A.K.W.); (J.T.T.); (M.W.Y.); (J.M.); (M.H.W.); (R.G.A.)
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (D.M.J.); (A.K.W.); (J.T.T.); (M.W.Y.); (J.M.); (M.H.W.); (R.G.A.)
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Bogolyubova I, Bogolyubov D. DAXX Is a Crucial Factor for Proper Development of Mammalian Oocytes and Early Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031313. [PMID: 33525665 PMCID: PMC7866053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Death-domain associated protein 6 (DAXX) is an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein that is implicated in many cellular processes, including transcription, cellular proliferation, cell cycle regulation, Fas-induced apoptosis, and many other events. In the nucleus, DAXX interacts with transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, and chromatin-remodeling proteins such as the transcription regulator ATRX-the α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked ATP-dependent helicase II. Accordingly, DAXX is considered one of the main players involved in chromatin silencing and one of the most important factors that maintain integrity of the genome. In this brief review, we summarize available data regarding the general and specific functions of DAXX in mammalian early development, with special emphasis on the function of DAXX as a chaperone of the histone variant H3.3. Since H3.3 plays a key role in the developmental processes, especially in the pronounced rearrangements of heterochromatin compartment during oogenesis and embryogenesis, DAXX can be considered as an important factor supporting proper development. Specifically, loss of DAXX affects the recruitment of ATRX, transcription of tandem repeats and telomere functions, which results in a decrease in the viability of early embryos.
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26
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Wang F, Xu X, Ye Z, Qin Y, Yu X, Ji S. Prognostic Significance of Altered ATRX/ DAXX Gene in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:691557. [PMID: 34220718 PMCID: PMC8253224 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.691557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with increasing incidence and unpredictable behavior. Whole-exome sequencing recently has shown very frequent somatic mutations in the alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) and death domain-associated protein (DAXX) genes in PanNETs. And the prognostic significance of altered ATRX/DAXX genes in PanNETs patients have been revealed in several reports. However, many of these include small sample size and hold controversial opinions. To increase statistical power, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine a pooled conclusion. We examined the impact of altered ATRX/DAXX genes mainly on overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in PanNETs. METHODS Eligible studies were identified and quality was assessed using multiple search strategies (last search May 2021). Data were collected from studies about prognostic significance of altered ATRX/DAXX in PanNETs. Studies were pooled, and combined hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate strength of the associations. RESULTS Fourteen studies involving 2313 patients treated for PanNETs were included. After evaluating for publication bias, disease-free survival and relapse-free survival was significantly shortened in patients with altered ATRX/DAXX gene, with combined HR 5.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.58-16.20, P = 0.01) and 3.21 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.44-7.16, P < 0.01) respectively. However, the combined data showed there were no difference between patients with altered ATRX/DAXX gene or not in overall survival, with a combined HR 0.71 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44-1.15, P = 0.23). We also performed a subgroup analysis with metastatic patients in overall survival, showing a combined HR 0.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11-0.48, P = 0.96). The small number of studies and paucity of multivariate analyses are the limitations of our study. CONCLUSIONS This is the first rigorous pooled analysis assessing ATRX/DAXX mutation as prognostic biomarkers in PanNETs. Patients with altered ATRX/DAXX gene would have poor DFS according to the combined data. And altered ATRX/DAXX genes in metastatic patients showed a trend towards improved overall survival, although the difference did not reach statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xianjun Yu, ; Shunrong Ji,
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xianjun Yu, ; Shunrong Ji,
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Arakelyan J, Zohrabyan D, Philip PA. Molecular profile of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs): Opportunities for personalized therapies. Cancer 2020; 127:345-353. [PMID: 33270905 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (panNENs) are the second most common epithelial tumors of the pancreas. Despite improvements in prognostic grading and staging systems, it remains a challenge to predict the clinical behavior of panNENs and the response to specific therapies given the high degree of heterogeneity of these tumors. Most panNENs are nonfunctional and present as advanced disease. However, systemic therapies provide modest benefits. Therefore, there is a need for predictive biomarkers to develop personalized treatment and to advance new drug development. The somatostatin receptors remain the only clinically established prognostic and predictive biomarkers in panNENs. Oncogenic drivers are at a very low frequency. Commonly mutated genes in panNENs include MEN1, chromatin remodeling genes (DAXX and ATRX), and mammalian target of rapamycin pathway genes. In contrast, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (panNECs), which carry a very poor prognosis, have distinctive mutations in certain genes (eg, RB1 and p53). Ongoing research to integrate epigenomics will provide tremendous opportunities to improve current understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and provide invaluable insight into the biology of these tumors, new drug development, and establishing personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Arakelyan
- Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.,Adult Solid Tumor Chemotherapy Clinic, Professor Yeolan Hematology Center, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Davit Zohrabyan
- Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.,Adult Solid Tumor Chemotherapy Clinic, Professor Yeolan Hematology Center, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Philip A Philip
- Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.,Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, Michigan
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Boisguérin P, Covinhes A, Gallot L, Barrère C, Vincent A, Busson M, Piot C, Nargeot J, Lebleu B, Barrère-Lemaire S. A novel therapeutic peptide targeting myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:633-644. [PMID: 31147690 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Regulated cell death is a main contributor of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury during acute myocardial infarction. In this context, targeting apoptosis could be a potent therapeutical strategy. In a previous study, we showed that DAXX (death-associated protein) was essential for transducing the FAS-dependent apoptotic signal during IR injury. The present study aims at evaluating the cardioprotective effects of a synthetic peptide inhibiting FAS:DAXX interaction. METHODS AND RESULTS An interfering peptide was engineered and then coupled to the Tat cell penetrating peptide (Tat-DAXXp). Its internalization and anti-apoptotic properties were demonstrated in primary cardiomyocytes. Importantly, an intravenous bolus injection of Tat-DAXXp (1 mg/kg) 5 min before reperfusion in a murine myocardial IR model decreased infarct size by 48% after 24 h of reperfusion. In addition, Tat-DAXXp was still efficient after a 30-min delayed administration, and was completely degraded and eliminated within 24 h thereby reducing risks of potential side effects. Importantly, Tat-DAXXp reduced mouse early post-infarction mortality by 67%. Mechanistically, cardioprotection was supported by both anti-apoptotic and pro-survival effects, and an improvement of myocardial functional recovery as evidenced in ex vivo experiments. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that a single dose of Tat-DAXXp injected intravenously at the onset of reperfusion leads to a strong cardioprotection in vivo by inhibiting IR injury validating Tat-DAXXp as a promising candidate for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Boisguérin
- CRBM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, F-34293 Montpellier, France.,DIMNP, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Covinhes
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Laura Gallot
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Christian Barrère
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Anne Vincent
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Muriel Busson
- IRCM, Univ. Montpellier, INSERM, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Piot
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France.,Département de Cardiologie Interventionnelle, Clinique du Millénaire, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Joël Nargeot
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Bernard Lebleu
- DIMNP, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Barrère-Lemaire
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France
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29
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Chen Q, Njenga R, Leuchs B, Chiocca S, Kleinschmidt J, Müller M. SUMOylation Targets Adeno-associated Virus Capsids but Mainly Restricts Transduction by Cellular Mechanisms. J Virol 2020; 94:e00871-20. [PMID: 32669341 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00871-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has proven to be a promising candidate for gene therapy due to its nonpathogenic nature, ease of production, and broad tissue tropism. However, its transduction capabilities are not optimal due to the interaction with various host factors within the cell. In a previous study, we identified members of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway as significant restriction factors in AAV gene transduction. In the present study, we explored the scope of this restriction by focusing on the AAV capsid and host cell proteins as targets. We show that during vector production, the capsid protein VP2 becomes SUMOylated, as indicated by deletion and point mutations of VP2 or the obstruction of its N terminus via the addition of a tag. We observed that SUMOylated AAV capsids display higher stability than non-SUMOylated capsids. Prevention of capsid SUMOylation by VP2 mutations did not abolish transduction restriction by SUMOylation; however, it reduced activation of gene transduction by shutdown of the cellular SUMOylation pathway. This indicates a link between capsid SUMOylation and SUMOylation of cellular proteins in restricting gene transduction. Infection with AAV triggers general SUMOylation of cellular proteins. In particular, the DAXX protein, a putative host cell restriction factor that can become SUMOylated, is able to restrict AAV gene transduction by reducing the intracellular accumulation of AAV vectors. We also observe that the coexpression of a SUMOylation inhibitor with an AAV2 reporter gene vector increased gene transduction significantly.IMPORTANCE Host factors within the cell are the major mode of restriction of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and keep it from fulfilling its maximum potential as a gene therapy vector. A better understanding of the intricacies of restriction would enable the engineering of better vectors. Via a genome-wide short interfering RNA screen, we identified that proteins of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway play an important role in AAV restriction. In this study, we investigate whether this restriction is targeted to the AAV directly or indirectly through host cell factors. The results indicate that both targets act in concert to restrict AAV.
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30
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Hussien MT, Shaban S, Temerik DF, Helal SR, Mosad E, Elgammal S, Mostafa A, Hassan E, Ibrahim A. Impact of DAXX and ATRX expression on telomere length and prognosis of breast cancer patients. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2020; 32:34. [PMID: 32856116 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-020-00045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomere stability is one of the hallmarks of cancer that promotes cellular longevity, the accumulation of genetic alterations, and tumorigenesis. The loss of death domain-associated protein (DAXX) and α-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked protein (ATRX) plays a role in telomere lengthening and stability. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic significance of telomere length (TL) and its association with DAXX and ATRX proteins in breast cancer (BC). Our study used the FISH technique to detect peptide nucleic acid (PNA) in the peripheral blood cells of a cohort of BC patients (n = 220) and a control group of apparently healthy individuals (n = 100). Expression of DAXX and ATRX proteins was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in all BC tissues. RESULTS Patients with a shorter TL had worse disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). There were significant associations between shorter TL and advanced disease stages, lymph node metastasis, and positive HER2/neu expression. DAXX protein expression was significantly correlated with TL. Lower DAXX expression was significantly with shorter DFS. CONCLUSION Assessing TL can be used as a worthy prognostic indicator in BC patients. Specifically, short TL had a poor impact on the prognosis of BC patients. Low DAXX expression is associated with poor outcomes in BC. Further mechanistic studies are warranted to reveal the underlying mechanisms of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa T Hussien
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Shaban
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa F Temerik
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Shaaban R Helal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman Mosad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sahar Elgammal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abeer Mostafa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman Hassan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abeer Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Oncology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Shan Z, Liu L, Shen J, Hao H, Zhang H, Lei L, Liu F, Wang Z. Enhanced UV Resistance Role of Death Domain-Associated Protein in Human MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells by Regulation of G2 DNA Damage Checkpoint. Cell Transplant 2020; 29:963689720920277. [PMID: 32662684 PMCID: PMC7586275 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720920277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Death domain–associated protein (DAXX) is a multifunctional nuclear protein involved in apoptosis, transcription, deoxyribonucleic acid damage response, and tumorigenesis. However, the role of DAXX in breast cancer development and progression remains elusive. In this study, we examined the expression patterns and function of DAXX in human breast cancer samples and cell lines. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression and localization patterns of DAXX. Additionally, we investigated whether DAXX played an intrinsic role in the cellular response to damage induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (isolated at M D Anderson from a pleural effusion of a patient with invasive ductal carcinoma). Results: Our results showed that nucleus size, chromatin organization, and DAXX localization were altered in breast cancer tissues compared with those in control tissues. Compared with cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in benign breast tissues, DAXX was colocalized with promyelocytic leukemia in nuclei with a granular distribution. Endogenous DAXX messenger ribonucleic acid levels were upregulated upon UV radiation in MDA-MB-231 cells. DAXX-deficient cells tended to be more sensitive to irradiation than control cells. Conversely, DAXX-overexpressing cells exhibited reduced phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) accumulation, increased cell survival, and resistance to UV-induced damage. The protective effects of DAXX may be related to the activation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-checkpoint kinase 2 (ATM-CHK2)-cell division cycle 25c (CDC25c) signaling pathways in Gap2/Mitosis (G2/M) checkpoint and ultimately cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggested that DAXX may be an essential component in breast cancer initiation, malignant progression, and radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Shan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Jingling Shen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haiyue Hao
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Blood Transfusion Department of Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Wang S, Wu M, Qin L, Song Y, Peng A. DAXX mediates high phosphate-induced endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro through activating ERK signaling. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9203. [PMID: 32596036 PMCID: PMC7307556 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD AND PURPOSE Hyperphosphatemia, which is a high inorganic phosphate (Pi) level in the serum, promotes endothelial cells dysfunction and is associated with cardiovascular diseases in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, the underlying mechanism of high Pi-induced endothelia cell apoptosis remains unclear. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with normal Pi (1.0 mM) and high Pi (3.0 mM), and then cell apoptosis, abnormal gene expression and potential signaling pathway involvement in simulated hyperphosphatemia were examined using flow cytometry, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot analysis. A two-step 5/6 nephrectomy was carried out to induce CKD and biochemical measurements were taken. RESULTS The rat model of CKD revealed that hyperphosphatemia is correlated with an increased death-domain associated protein (DAXX) expression in endothelial cells. In vitro, high Pi increased the mRNA and protein expression level of DAXX in HUVECs, effects that were reversed by additional phosphonoformic acid treatment. Functionally, high Pi resulted in a significantly increased apoptosis in HUVECs, whereas DAXX knockdown markedly repressed high Pi-induced cell apoptosis, indicating that DAXX mediated high Pi-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. High Pi treatment and DAXX overexpression induced the activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERKs), while DAXX knockdown inhibited high Pi-induced ERKs activation. Finally, we demonstrated that DAXX overexpression induced HUVECs apoptosis in the presence of normal Pi, whereas additional treatment with U0126 (a specific ERK inhibitor) reversed that effect. CONCLUSION Upregulated DAXX promoted high Pi-induced HUVECs apoptosis by activating ERK signaling and indicated that the DAXX/ERK signaling axis may be served as a potential target for CKD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyu Wu
- Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxiang Song
- Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai Peng
- Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Davidson B, McFadden E, Holth A, Brunetti M, Flørenes VA. Death domain-associated protein ( DAXX) expression is associated with poor survival in metastatic high-grade serous carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2020; 477:857-64. [PMID: 32533344 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the expression and clinical role of mitosis regulators α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) and death-domain-associated protein (DAXX) in metastatic high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). ATRX and DAXX protein expression by immunohistochemistry was analyzed in 400 HGSC effusions. DAXX expression was additionally studied in 15 cancer cell lines, including 4 ovarian carcinoma lines, and in 81 of the 400 HGSC effusions using Western blotting. ATRX and DAXX were expressed in HGSC cells in 386/400 (96%) and 348/400 (87%) effusions, respectively. Western blotting showed DAXX expression in all 15 cell lines and in 70/81 (86%) HGSC effusions. DAXX expression by immunohistochemistry was higher in pleural compared to peritoneal effusions (p = 0.006) and in post-chemotherapy compared to pre-chemotherapy effusions (p = 0.004), and its expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival in univariate of the entire cohort (p = 0.014), as well as analysis limited to chemo-naïve effusions tapped at diagnosis (p = 0.038). The former association retained its prognostic role in Cox multivariate survival analysis (p = 0.011). ATRX expression was unrelated to clinicopathologic parameters or survival. In conclusion, DAXX is associated with disease progression and could be a prognostic marker in metastatic HGSC. Silencing this molecule may have therapeutic relevance in this cancer.
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Kumar S, Tchounwou PB. Trisenox Disrupts MDM2- DAXX-HAUSP Complex and Induces Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of Acute Leukemia. J Cancer 2020; 11:4373-4383. [PMID: 32489456 PMCID: PMC7255370 DOI: 10.7150/jca.39996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisenox (TX) is successfully used for both de novo and relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) treatment. Although TX toxicity to APL cells is mediated by oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, its mode of action in the transgenic mice model of APL is poorly understood. We hypothesized that TX regulates cell cycle and apoptosis in APL mice by p53 activation, DNA damage, and reduced expression of MDM2-DAXX-HAUSP complex. To test hypothesis, we treated APL mice with different doses (0, 1.25.2.5.5.0 & 7.5 mg/kg body wt) of TX and collected the liver and bone marrow cells. We applied several techniques to check the expression of PML-RARα, complex molecules, and DNA damage in APL mice bone marrow cells and liver. Our findings indicate that TX reduced the expression of PML-RARα and complex molecules, induced DNA damage and activated p53 leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in APL mice liver. We found that TX promoted more promyelocytes formation with dense granules in bone marrow cells. It also transmitted the DNA damage signal through protein kinase (ATM & ATR) leading to disruption of complex and activation of p53 in APL mice liver. TX induced cell cycle arrest through activation of p53, p21, and reduced expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin dependent kinases (CDK 2, 4 & 6) in mice liver. It also caused apoptosis through upregulation of caspase 3 and Bax expression, and down-regulation of Bcl2 expression. Taken together, these molecular targets provide new insights into TX mode of action in APL mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD-RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD-RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
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Liu Y, Guo F, Zhu X, Guo W, Fu T, Wang W. Death Domain-Associated Protein Promotes Colon Cancer Metastasis through Direct Interaction with ZEB1. J Cancer 2020; 11:750-758. [PMID: 31942198 PMCID: PMC6959037 DOI: 10.7150/jca.34233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Death domain-associated protein (DAXX) is a tumor suppressor and its loss has been found in a variety of cancer types. Dysregulation of DAXX is strongly correlated with cancer metastasis. However, the role and functions of DAXX in colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis are not fully understood. Methods: We validated the mRNA and protein expression of DAXX in CRC specimens and CRC cell lines using real-time reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot, respectively. The overexpression plasmids of ZEB1 and E-cadherin and the siRNAs for DAXX and ZEB1 knockdown were constructed to study the impact of these factors on cells. Wound-healing assay and Transwell assay were performed to examine the cell motility and cell migration and invasion abilities, respectively. Luciferase assay was performed to assess the E-cadherin promoter activity. Immunoprecipitation assay was performed to investigate the interaction between proteins. The rescue experiment was carried out to verify whether the effect of DAXX on E-cadherin expression is depended on ZEB1. Results: DAXX expression was lower in liver metastases than in primary colon cancer tissues. Our results demonstrated that DAXX directly interacted with ZEB1 and suppressed its inhibitory effect on promoter activity of E-cadherin through a ZEB1-dependent manner, and thus suppresses the cell motility, migration, and invasion of CRC cell lines. Conclusion: In sum, these findings supported that the loss of DAXX is associated with cancer cell metastases in CRC. ZEB1-mediated transcriptional suppression of E-cadherin is a possible mechanism. DAXX/ZEB-1 pathway could be a potential therapeutic target for preventing cancer metastasis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fengqin Guo
- Department of Gynaecology and obstetrics II, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenyi Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tao Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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He L, Shi X, Chen R, Wu Z, Yang Z, Li Z. Association of Mental Health-Related Proteins DAXX, DRD3, and DISC1 With the Progression and Prognosis of Chondrosarcoma. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:134. [PMID: 31850367 PMCID: PMC6888811 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is the second most common malignant bone tumor. Current therapies remain ineffective, resulting in poor prognoses. Biomarkers for chondrosarcoma and predictors of its prognosis have not been established. Mental health-related proteins have been associated with the pathogenesis, progression, and prognosis of many cancers, but their association with chondrosarcoma has not been reported. In this study, the expression and clinicopathological significance of the mental health-related proteins DAXX, DRD3, and DISC1 in chondrosarcoma tissue samples were examined, over an 84-months follow-up period. In immunohistochemical analysis, the rates of positive DAXX, DRD3, and DISC1 expression were significantly higher in chondrosarcoma than in osteochondroma tissue (P < 0.01). The percentages of positive DAXX, DRD3, and DISC1 expression were significantly lower in tissues with good differentiation (P < 0.01), AJCC stage I/ II (P < 0.01), Enneking stage I (P < 0.01), and non-metastasis (P < 0.05), respectively. In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, significantly shorter mean survival times were associated with moderate and poor differentiation (P = 0.000), AJCC stage III/IV (P = 0.000), Enneking stage II/III (P = 0.000), metastasis (P = 0.019), invasion (P = 0.013), and positive DAXX (P = 0.012), and/or DRD3 (P = 0.018) expression. In Cox regression analysis, moderate and poor differentiation (P = 0.006), AJCC stage III/IV (P = 0.013), Enneking stage II/III (P = 0.016), metastasis (P = 0.033), invasion (P = 0.011), and positive DAXX (P = 0.033), and/or DRD3 (P = 0.025) staining correlated negatively with the postoperative survival rate and positively with mortality. In competing-risks regression analysis, differentiation (P = 0.005), metastasis (P = 0.014), invasion (P = 0.028), AJCC stage (P = 0.003), Enneking stage (P = 0.036), and DAXX (P = 0.039), and DRD3(P = 0.019) expression were independent predictors of death from chondrosarcoma. The areas under receiver operating characteristic curves for DAXX, DRD3, and DISC1 expression were 0.673 (95% CI, 0.557-0.788; P = 0.010), 0.670 (95% CI, 0.556-0.784; P = 0.011), and 0.688 (95% CI, 0.573-0.802; P = 0.005), respectively. These results suggest that DAXX, DRD3, and DISC1 could serve as biomarkers of chondrosarcoma progression and predictors of its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lile He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyu Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengchun Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhulin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Changsha, China
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Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy cargo receptor SQSTM1/p62 puncta or clustering formation is critical for its function in cargo recognition and LC3 interaction. Evidence suggests that SQSTM1 puncta formation is a process of liquid-liquid phase separation. It is poorly understood how SQSTM1 liquid-liquid phase separation is regulated. We found that cytoplasmic DAXX enhances SQSTM1 puncta formation, and further demonstrated that DAXX drives SQSTM1 liquid phase condensation through increasing SQSTM1 oligomerization. DAXX promotes SQSTM1 recruitment of KEAP1, subsequently activating an NFE2L2/NRF2-mediated stress response. This study suggests a new mechanism of SQSTM1 phase condensation by a protein-protein interaction, and indicates that cytoplasmic DAXX can play a role to regulate redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Evelina Valionyte
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jack Kelly
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Shouqing Luo
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Chen YC, Lee TH, Tzeng SL. Reduced DAXX Expression Is Associated with Reduced CD24 Expression in Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:E1242. [PMID: 31614769 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an activating mutation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is found in ~90% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. Death domain-associated protein (DAXX), a nuclear protein, interacts with β-catenin in CRC cells. We investigated DAXX expression in 106 matched sample pairs of CRC and adjacent normal tissue by Western blotting. This study evaluated DAXX expression and its clinical implications in CRC. The results revealed that DAXX expression was significantly lower in the patients with the positive serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) screening results compared to the patients with negative CEA screening levels (p < 0.001). It has been reported that CD24 is a Wnt target in CRC cells. Here, we further revealed that DAXX expression was significantly correlated with CD24 expression (rho = 0.360, p < 0.001) in 106 patients. Consistent with this, in the CEA-positive subgroup, of which the carcinomas expressed DAXX at low levels, they were significantly correlated with CD24 expression (rho = 0.461, p < 0.005). Therefore, reduced DAXX expression is associated with reduced CD24 expression in CRC. Notably, in the Hct116 cells, DAXX knockdown using short-hairpin RNA against DAXX (shDAXX) not only caused significant cell proliferation, but also promoted metastasis. The DAXX-knockdown cells also demonstrated significantly decreased CD24 expression, however the intracellular localization of CD24 did not change. Thus, DAXX might be considered as a potential regulator of CD24 or β-catenin expression, which might be correlated with proliferative and metastatic potential of CRC.
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Herpesviruses have a double-stranded DNA genome, and viral genome replication takes place inside the nucleus. Upon entering the nucleus, herpesviruses have to overcome the obstacle of cellular proteins in order to enable viral gene expression and genome replication. In this review, we want to highlight cellular proteins that sense incoming viral genomes of the DNA-damage repair (DDR) pathway and of PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that all can act as antiviral restriction factors within the first hours after the viral genome is released into the nucleus. We show the function and significance of both nuclear DNA sensors, the DDR and PML-NBs, and demonstrate for three human herpesviruses of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-subfamilies, HSV-1, HCMV and KSHV respectively, how viral tegument proteins antagonize these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Full
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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40
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Jin C, Hacking S, Komforti MK, Nasim M. A Comparison of Death Domain-Associated Protein 6 in Different Endometrial Carcinomas Histotypes. Biomark Insights 2019; 14:1177271919864892. [PMID: 31384126 PMCID: PMC6651668 DOI: 10.1177/1177271919864892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Death domain-associated protein 6 (DAXX) is involved in regulating apoptosis via subcellular localization. The presence of DAXX point mutations correlates well with loss of nuclear expression on immunohistochemistry (IHC). In this study, we sought to determine (1) whether DAXX expression pattern is the same across different uterine carcinoma subtypes, and (2) which uterine carcinomas show loss of nuclear DAXX IHC. Design: We studied 65 uterine carcinomas of the following histologic types: 30 endometrioid (12 FIGO [The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics] grade 1, 12 FIGO grade 2, and 6 FIGO grade 3), 8 serous, 14 clear cell, and 13 undifferentiated/dedifferentiated type (UEC/DDEC). Nuclear DAXX IHC was assessed in each tumor and was graded semi-quantitatively as follows: 0% to 50%, 50% to 75%, and greater than 75% of lesional cells react. Results: A total of 61% (25/41) of high-grade carcinomas (FIGO grade 3, serous, clear cell, and UEC/DDEC]) showed retained DAXX nuclear staining in >75% of lesional cells, compared with only 4.2% (1/24) of the low-grade carcinomas (FIGO grades 1 and 2) (P = .0001), where DAXX expression was cytoplasmic. In addition, in the 11 DDEC cases, all the differentiated components showed loss of nuclear DAXX compared with the undifferentiated components which retained nuclear DAXX expression. Conclusions: We demonstrate that loss of nuclear DAXX is present in low-grade endometrial carcinomas and the differentiated components in UEC/DDEC, but not in high-grade ones, suggesting DAXX’s role in tumor progression and its potential as a therapeutic target in high-grade endometrial carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Jin
- Department of Pathology, Northwell Health Systems, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Sean Hacking
- Department of Pathology, Northwell Health Systems, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | | | - Mansoor Nasim
- Department of Pathology, Northwell Health Systems, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
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41
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Pipinikas CP, Berner AM, Sposito T, Thirlwell C. The evolving (epi)genetic landscape of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R519-R544. [PMID: 31252410 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a relatively rare group of heterogeneous tumours originating from neuroendocrine cells found throughout the body. Pancreatic NENs (PanNENs) are the second most common pancreatic malignancy accounting for 1-3% of all neoplasms developing in the pancreas. Despite having a low background mutation rate, driver mutations in MEN1, DAXX/ATRX and mTOR pathway genes (PTEN, TSC1/2) are implicated in disease development and progression. Their increased incidence coupled with advances in sequencing technologies has reignited the interest in PanNEN research and has accelerated the acquisition of molecular data. Studies utilising such technological advances have further enriched our knowledge of PanNENs' biology through novel findings, including higher-than-expected presence of germline mutations in 17% of sporadic tumours of no familial background, identification of novel mutational signatures and complex chromosomal rearrangements and a dysregulated epigenetic machinery. Integrated genomic studies have progressed the field by identifying the synergistic action between different molecular mechanisms, while holding the promise for deciphering disease heterogeneity. Although our understanding is far from being complete, these novel findings have provided the optimism of shaping the future of PanNEN research, ultimately leading to an era of precision medicine for NETs. Here, we recapitulate the existing knowledge on pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs) and discuss how recent, novel findings have furthered our understanding of these complex tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison M Berner
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Teresa Sposito
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Christina Thirlwell
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit and Department of Oncology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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42
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Cavalcante SG, Silva CPN, Sola PR, Tanaka LY, Oba-Shinjo SM, Marie SKN. ATRX- DAXX Complex Expression Levels and Telomere Length in Normal Young and Elder Autopsy Human Brains. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:955-961. [PMID: 31361513 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromatin-remodeling complex ATRX/DAXX is one of the major epigenetic factors that controls heterochromatin maintenance due to its role in histone deposition. ATRX is involved in nucleosome configuration and maintenance of higher order chromatin structure, and DAXX is a specific histone chaperone for H3.3 deposition. Dysfunctions in this complex have been associated with telomere shortening, which influences cell senescence. However, data about this complex in brain tissue related to aging are still scarce. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed ATRX and DAXX expressions in autopsied human brain specimens and the telomere length. A significant decrease in gene and protein expressions was observed in the brain tissues from the elderly compared with those from the young, which were related to short telomeres. These findings may motivate further functional analysis to confirm the ATRX-DAXX complex involvement in telomere maintenance and brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella G Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarisse P N Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula R Sola
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Shastrula PK, Sierra I, Deng Z, Keeney F, Hayden JE, Lieberman PM, Janicki SM. PML is recruited to heterochromatin during S phase and represses DAXX-mediated histone H3.3 chromatin assembly. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.220970. [PMID: 30796101 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.220970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of the histone H3 variant, H3.3, into chromatin by the H3.3-specific chaperone DAXX and the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor ATRX is a critical mechanism for silencing repetitive DNA. DAXX and ATRX are also components of promyelocytic nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), which have been identified as sites of H3.3 chromatin assembly. Here, we use a transgene array that can be visualized in single living cells to investigate the mechanisms that recruit PML-NB proteins (i.e. PML, DAXX, ATRX, and SUMO-1, SUMO-2 and SUMO-3) to heterochromatin and their functions in H3.3 chromatin assembly. We show that DAXX and PML are recruited to the array through distinct SUMOylation-dependent mechanisms. Additionally, PML is recruited during S phase and its depletion increases H3.3 deposition. Since this effect is abrogated when PML and DAXX are co-depleted, it is likely that PML represses DAXX-mediated H3.3 chromatin assembly. Taken together, these results suggest that, at heterochromatin, PML-NBs coordinate H3.3 chromatin assembly with DNA replication, which has important implications for understanding how transcriptional silencing is established and maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Krishna Shastrula
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Department of Biological Sciences, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Isabel Sierra
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhong Deng
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederick Keeney
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James E Hayden
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul M Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susan M Janicki
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Vandamme T, Beyens M, Boons G, Schepers A, Kamp K, Biermann K, Pauwels P, De Herder WW, Hofland LJ, Peeters M, Van Camp G, Op de Beeck K. Hotspot DAXX, PTCH2 and CYFIP2 mutations in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:1-12. [PMID: 30021865 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in DAXX/ATRX, MEN1 and genes involved in the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway have been implicated in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs). However, mainly mutations present in the majority of tumor cells have been identified, while proliferation-driving mutations could be present only in small fractions of the tumor. This study aims to identify high- and low-abundance mutations in pNENs using ultra-deep targeted resequencing. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded matched tumor-normal tissue of 38 well-differentiated pNENs was sequenced using a HaloPlex targeted resequencing panel. Novel amplicon-based algorithms were used to identify both single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertion-deletions (indels) present in >10% of reads (high abundance) and in <10% of reads (low abundance). Found variants were validated by Sanger sequencing. Sequencing resulted in 416,711,794 reads with an average target base coverage of 2663 ± 1476. Across all samples, 32 high-abundance somatic, 3 germline and 30 low-abundance mutations were withheld after filtering and validation. Overall, 92% of high-abundance and 84% of low-abundance mutations were predicted to be protein damaging. Frequently, mutated genes were MEN1, DAXX, ATRX, TSC2, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK-ERK pathway-related genes. Additionally, recurrent alterations on the same genomic position, so-called hotspot mutations, were found in DAXX, PTCH2 and CYFIP2. This first ultra-deep sequencing study highlighted genetic intra-tumor heterogeneity in pNEN, by the presence of low-abundance mutations. The importance of the ATRX/DAXX pathway was confirmed by the first-ever pNEN-specific protein-damaging hotspot mutation in DAXX. In this study, both novel genes, including the pro-apoptotic CYFIP2 gene and hedgehog signaling PTCH2, and novel pathways, such as the MAPK-ERK pathway, were implicated in pNEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vandamme
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Beyens
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - G Boons
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Schepers
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - K Kamp
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Biermann
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Pauwels
- Department of Pathology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - W W De Herder
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Hofland
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Peeters
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - G Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - K Op de Beeck
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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45
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Liu SB, Lin XP, Xu Y, Shen ZF, Pan WW. DAXX promotes ovarian cancer ascites cell proliferation and migration by activating the ERK signaling pathway. J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:90. [PMID: 30336783 PMCID: PMC6193355 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The death-domain-associated protein (DAXX) was originally identified as a protein that binds to the transmembrane death receptor FAS and enhances both FAS-induced and transforming growth factor-β-dependent apoptosis. In a previous study, we found that nude mice injected with DAXX-overexpressing cells (ES-2-DAXX) accumulated large concentrations of first-generation ascites cells (I ascites cells). The role of DAXX in the development of ascites is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of DAXX on proliferation and migration of ascites cells in ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Nude mice were housed in cages with a 14:10 h light:dark cycle; water and food were provided ad libitum. ES-2-DAXX cells (1×106) were injected intraperitoneally into athymic nude mice (8-week-old female mice). After 4 weeks, I ascites cells were collected. The I ascites cells were injected intraperitoneally into athymic nude mice (8-week-old female mice). After 4 weeks, II ascites cells were collected and cultured. Ascites cell survival, migration, and colony formation were measured using colony formation and cell growth assays. Immunofluorescent staining revealed the co-localization of DAXX and promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) in ascites cell nuclei. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed that extracellular signal-related kinase (p-ERK) 1/2 and CEBP-β were highly expressed in tumor tissues formed by II ascites cells. Through immunoprecipitation, we also found that DAXX can interact with CEBP-β. RESULTS DAXX enhanced ascites cell survival, migration, and colony formation. DAXX and PML nuclear foci dramatically increased in a passage-dependent manner in ascites cells, DAXX promoted the tumor growth of ascites cells in vivo, increased ascites cell proliferation in vivo, and enhanced ascites cell survival and migration by activating the ERK signalling pathway and integrating with CEBP-β. CONCLUSIONS DAXX can interact with CEBP-β. DAXX can induce ovarian cancer ascites formation by activating the ERK signal pathway and binding to CEBP-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Bing Liu
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Xue-Ping Lin
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Zhong-Fei Shen
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Wei-Wei Pan
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
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46
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Elbakry A, Juhász S, Mathes A, Löbrich M. DNA repair synthesis and histone deposition partner during homologous recombination. Mol Cell Oncol 2018; 5:e1511210. [PMID: 30263950 PMCID: PMC6154852 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2018.1511210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling is critical for the regulation of the DNA damage response. We highlight findings from our recent study showing that the deposition of the histone variant H3.3 by the alpha-thalassemia mental retardation X-linked protein (ATRX) and the death domain associated protein (DAXX) chromatin remodeling complex regulates DNA repair synthesis during homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Elbakry
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Szilvia Juhász
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Arthur Mathes
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Löbrich
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
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47
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Bouchard JJ, Otero JH, Scott DC, Szulc E, Martin EW, Sabri N, Granata D, Marzahn MR, Lindorff-Larsen K, Salvatella X, Schulman BA, Mittag T. Cancer Mutations of the Tumor Suppressor SPOP Disrupt the Formation of Active, Phase-Separated Compartments. Mol Cell 2018; 72:19-36.e8. [PMID: 30244836 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor SPOP (speckle-type POZ protein) cause prostate, breast, and other solid tumors. SPOP is a substrate adaptor of the cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligase and localizes to nuclear speckles. Although cancer-associated mutations in SPOP interfere with substrate recruitment to the ligase, mechanisms underlying assembly of SPOP with its substrates in liquid nuclear bodies and effects of SPOP mutations on assembly are poorly understood. Here, we show that substrates trigger phase separation of SPOP in vitro and co-localization in membraneless organelles in cells. Enzymatic activity correlates with cellular co-localization and in vitro mesoscale assembly formation. Disease-associated SPOP mutations that lead to the accumulation of proto-oncogenic proteins interfere with phase separation and co-localization in membraneless organelles, suggesting that substrate-directed phase separation of this E3 ligase underlies the regulation of ubiquitin-dependent proteostasis.
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48
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Demicco EG, Wani K, Ingram D, Wagner M, Maki RG, Rizzo A, Meeker A, Lazar AJ, Wang WL. TERT promoter mutations in solitary fibrous tumour. Histopathology 2018; 73:843-851. [PMID: 29985536 DOI: 10.1111/his.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS TERT promoter mutations have been reported in 22% of solitary fibrous tumours (SFT) and have been associated with poor outcomes. We performed testing for TERT hot-spot mutations in a large series of SFT in order to confirm this finding and explore clinicopathological correlates of mutation status. METHODS AND RESULTS PCR for TERT hot-spot mutations C250T and C228T was performed on DNA extracted from 216 SFT and mutation status correlated with clinicopathological factors, including predicted risk for metastasis using a previously published model. Testing was successful in 189 tumours from 172 patients, and mutations were present in 29%. The presence of TERT promoter mutation was associated with larger primary tumour size, necrosis and older patient age. TERT promoter mutations were most common in high-risk tumours (nine of 20, 45%), and were present in 11 of 26 (42%) moderate-risk tumours and 14 of 67 (21%) low-risk tumours (P = 0.004). Overall, TERT mutations were associated with shorter time to first metastasis (P = 0.04), but had no impact on overall survival. TERT promoter mutation status was found not to provide additional prognostic information in low- and high-risk SFT, but did identify a group of patients with intermediate risk SFT who had an increased risk of metastasis. CONCLUSIONS TERT promoter mutations were more frequent in SFT with higher risk of metastasis, but TERT promoter mutation status was not a reliable predictor of clinical outcome by itself. However, mutations in the TERT promoter may be useful in further stratifying patients with intermediate risk tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Demicco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khalida Wani
- Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Davis Ingram
- Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert G Maki
- Northwell Cancer Institute, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Rizzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Brosnan-Cashman
- Christopher M. Heaphy: Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mindy K Graham
- Christopher M. Heaphy: Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Christopher M. Heaphy: Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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50
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Singhi AD, Klimstra DS. Well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs) and poorly differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (PanNECs): concepts, issues and a practical diagnostic approach to high-grade (G3) cases. Histopathology 2018; 72:168-177. [PMID: 29239037 DOI: 10.1111/his.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With increasing accessibility and advancements in abdominal imaging modalities, the incidence of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms has increased steadily during the past few decades. By definition, neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreas show neuroendocrine differentiation, but they represent a broad and heterogeneous group of neoplasms with diverse clinical and pathological characteristics. The majority of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms can be classified as well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs) or poorly differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (PanNECs). While PanNETs and PanNECs are distinct entities with respect to clinical presentation, outcome and therapeutic approach, they may exhibit overlapping histopathological features. Moreover, the frequent modifications in nomenclature and prognostic grading systems over the years of not only pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, but neuroendocrine neoplasms from other organ sites, has created confusion for both pathologists and clinicians as to the appropriate use of terminology and grading when evaluating these neoplasms. This review examines the current concepts and issues of nomenclature and grading of PanNETs and PanNECs. In addition, considering the morphological overlap between high-grade (G3) PanNETs and PanNECs, we discuss an integrative and practical diagnostic approach to aid in discriminating challenging cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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