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Semerci Sevimli T, Ghorbani A, Demir Cevizlidere B, Altuğ B, Sevimli M. Boric Acid Affects the Expression of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Factors in A549 Cells and A549 Cancer Stem Cells: An In Vitro Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04082-y. [PMID: 38367174 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair genes interact with tumor stemness- and resistance-associated processes in cancer stem cells (CSCs). Therefore, targeting DNA DSB genes in cancer treatment is important for the CSC phenotype. Although the anti-cancer effect of boric acid (BA) has been studied, its effect on DNA DSB is unclear. Moreover, no studies investigate BA's effects on DNA DSB of lung cancer stem cells (LC-SCs). To fill the gap, we aimed to assess the effects of BA on A549 cancer stem cells. CSCs were isolated from human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549) and characterized by flow cytometry. Different concentrations of BA (at doses ranging from 1 to 100 mM) were applied to cancer stem cells. Cytotoxic activities were determined using the cell viability assay (MTT assay) at 24 and 48 h. Expression levels of DNA DSB genes that BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, KU70/80, ATM, and XRCC4 were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining analysis was exploited for caspase-3 and E-cadherin. ATM expression increased significantly (p < 0.001). No significant change was observed in the expression of other genes. Moreover, BA up-regulated caspase-3 and E-cadherin expression. Consequently, we can say that BA affects DNA DSB and the apoptotic abilities of LC-SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Semerci Sevimli
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production, Application, and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, 26040, Turkey.
| | - Aynaz Ghorbani
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production, Application, and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, 26040, Turkey
| | - Bahar Demir Cevizlidere
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production, Application, and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, 26040, Turkey
| | - Burcugül Altuğ
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production, Application, and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, 26040, Turkey
| | - Murat Sevimli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Chen BR, Tyler JK, Sleckman BP. A Flow Cytometry-Based Method for Analyzing DNA End Resection in G 0- and G 1-Phase Mammalian Cells. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4413. [PMID: 35813018 PMCID: PMC9183964 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) constantly arise in cells during normal cellular processes or upon exposure to genotoxic agents, and are repaired mostly by homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). One key determinant of DNA DSB repair pathway choice is the processing of broken DNA ends to generate single strand DNA (ssDNA) overhangs, a process termed DNA resection. The generation of ssDNA overhangs commits DSB repair through HR and inhibits NHEJ. Therefore, DNA resection must be carefully regulated to avoid mis-repaired or persistent DSBs. Accordingly, many approaches have been developed to monitor ssDNA generation in cells to investigate genes and pathways that regulate DNA resection. Here we describe a flow cytometric approach measuring the levels of replication protein A (RPA) complex, a high affinity ssDNA binding complex composed of three subunits (RPA70, RPA32, and RPA14 in mammals), on chromatin after DNA DSB induction to assay DNA resection. This flow cytometric assay requires only conventional flow cytometers and can easily be scaled up to analyze a large number of samples or even for genetic screens of pooled mutants on a genome-wide scale. We adopt this assay in G0- and G1- phase synchronized cells where DNA resection needs to be kept in check to allow normal NHEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ruei Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
,O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
,
*For correspondence:
| | - Jessica K. Tyler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barry P. Sleckman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
,O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Cheng J, Fan YQ, Jiang HX, Chen SF, Chen J, Liao XY, Zou YY, Lan HY, Cui Y, Chen ZB, Chen QX, Wan Q. Transcranial direct-current stimulation protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through regulating Cezanne-dependent signaling. Exp Neurol 2021; 345:113818. [PMID: 34324860 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is proved safe and shows therapeutic effect in cerebral ischemic stroke in clinical trials. But the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that tDCS treatment reduces the infarct volume after rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and results in functional improvement of stroke animals. At the cellular and molecular level, tDCS suppresses I/R-induced upregulation of Cezanne in the ischemic neurons. Cezanne inhibition confers neuroprotection after rat I/R and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in the cortical neuronal cultures. Inhibiting Cezanne increases the level of SIRT6 that is downregulated in the ischemic neurons. Suppressing SIRT6 blocks Cezanne inhibition-induced neuroprotective effect and overexpressing SIRT6 attenuates OGD-induced neuronal death. We further show that downregulating Cezanne reduces DNA double-strand break (DSB) through upregulation of SIRT6 in OGD-insulted neurons. Together, this study suggests that Cezanne-dependent SIRT6-DNA DSB signaling pathway may mediate the neuroprotective effect of tDCS in ischemic neurons.
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Müller B, Ellinwood NM, Lorenz B, Stieger K. Detection of DNA Double Strand Breaks by γH2AX Does Not Result in 53bp1 Recruitment in Mouse Retinal Tissues. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:286. [PMID: 29765300 PMCID: PMC5938408 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing is an attractive potential treatment of inherited retinopathies. However, it often relies on endogenous DNA repair. Retinal DNA repair is incompletely characterized in humans and animal models. We investigated recruitment of the double stranded break (DSB) repair complex of γH2AX and 53bp1 in both developing and mature mouse neuroretinas. We evaluated the immunofluorescent retinal expression of these proteins during development (P07-P30) in normal and retinal degeneration models, as well as in potassium bromate induced DSB repair in normal adult (3 months) retinal explants. The two murine retinopathy models used had different mutations in Pde6b: the severe rd1 and the milder rd10 models. Compared to normal adult retina, we found increased numbers of γH2AX positive foci in all retinal neurons of the developing retina in both model and control retinas, as well as in wild type untreated retinal explant cultures. In contrast, the 53bp1 staining of the retina differed both in amount and character between cell types at all ages and in all model systems. There was strong pan nuclear staining in ganglion, amacrine, and horizontal cells, and cone photoreceptors, which was attenuated. Rod photoreceptors did not stain unequivocally. In all samples, 53bp1 stained foci only rarely occurred. Co-localization of 53bp1 and γH2AX staining was a very rare event (< 1% of γH2AX foci in the ONL and < 3% in the INL), suggesting the potential for alternate DSB sensing and repair proteins in the murine retina. At a minimum, murine retinal DSB repair does not appear to follow canonical pathways, and our findings suggests further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Müller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - N M Ellinwood
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Clinical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Knut Stieger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Mujoo K, Hunt CR, Horikoshi N, Pandita TK. A multifaceted role for MOF histone modifying factor in genome maintenance. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:177-180. [PMID: 27038808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MOF (males absent on the first) was initially identified as a dosage compensation factor in Drosophila that acetylates lysine 16 of histone H4 (H4K16ac) and increased gene transcription from the single copy male X-chromosome. In humans, however, the ortholog of Drosophila MOF has been shown to interact with a range of proteins that extend its potential significance well beyond transcription. For example, recent results indicate MOF is an upstream regulator of the ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) protein, the loss of which is responsible for ataxia telangiectasia (AT). ATM is a key regulatory kinase that interacts with and phosphorylates multiple substrates that influence critical, cell-cycle control and DNA damage repair pathways in addition to other pathways. Thus, directly or indirectly, MOF may be involved in a wide range of cellular functions. This review will focus on the contribution of MOF to cellular DNA repair and new results that are beginning to examine the in vivo physiological role of MOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Mujoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Clayton R Hunt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Nobuo Horikoshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Markiewicz E, Barnard S, Haines J, Coster M, van Geel O, Wu W, Richards S, Ainsbury E, Rothkamm K, Bouffler S, Quinlan RA. Nonlinear ionizing radiation-induced changes in eye lens cell proliferation, cyclin D1 expression and lens shape. Open Biol 2016; 5:150011. [PMID: 25924630 PMCID: PMC4422125 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated cataract risk after radiation exposure was established soon after the discovery of X-rays in 1895. Today, increased cataract incidence among medical imaging practitioners and after nuclear incidents has highlighted how little is still understood about the biological responses of the lens to low-dose ionizing radiation (IR). Here, we show for the first time that in mice, lens epithelial cells (LECs) in the peripheral region repair DNA double strand breaks (DSB) after exposure to 20 and 100 mGy more slowly compared with circulating blood lymphocytes, as demonstrated by counts of γH2AX foci in cell nuclei. LECs in the central region repaired DSBs faster than either LECs in the lens periphery or lymphocytes. Although DSB markers (γH2AX, 53BP1 and RAD51) in both lens regions showed linear dose responses at the 1 h timepoint, nonlinear responses were observed in lenses for EdU (5-ethynyl-2′-deoxy-uridine) incorporation, cyclin D1 staining and cell density after 24 h at 100 and 250 mGy. After 10 months, the lens aspect ratio was also altered, an indicator of the consequences of the altered cell proliferation and cell density changes. A best-fit model demonstrated a dose-response peak at 500 mGy. These data identify specific nonlinear biological responses to low (less than 1000 mGy) dose IR-induced DNA damage in the lens epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Markiewicz
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Jackie Haines
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Margaret Coster
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Orry van Geel
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK Faculty of Science, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 11, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Weiju Wu
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Shane Richards
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Roy A Quinlan
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Liu M, Lee S, Liu B, Wang H, Dong L, Wang Y. Ku-dependent non-homologous end-joining as the major pathway contributes to sublethal damage repair in mammalian cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:867-871. [PMID: 26189733 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1075178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sublethal damage repair (SLDR) is a type of repair that occurs in split-dose irradiated cells, which was discovered more than 50 years ago. However, due to conflicting reported data, it remains unclear which DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway, non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair, homologous recombination repair (HRR) or both, contributes to SLDR, particularly in human cells. We were interested in clarifying this question. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mammalian cell lines, including human, mouse and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, wild type, deficient in NHEJ or HRR were irradiated with either single dose or two split doses at 2- or 4-h intervals. The clonogenic assay was used to evaluate these cell radiosensitivities. RESULTS All wild-type or HRR-deficient cells (including human, mouse and CHO cells) showed a higher survival rate after exposure to split-dose versus single-dose radiation; however, all classical NHEJ-deficient cells (including human, mouse and hamster cells) did not show any apparent sensitivity changes between single-dose and split-dose irradiation. CONCLUSION Classical NHEJ mainly contributes to SLDR in mammalian cells (including human cells). These results have the potential to improve radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Solah Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bailong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Kashino G, Hayashi K, Douhara K, Kobashigawa S, Mori H. Comparison of the biological effects of (18)F at different intracellular levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:7-11. [PMID: 25301551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We herein examined the biological effects of cells treated with (18)F labeled drugs for positron emission tomography (PET). The relationship between the intracellular distribution of (18)F and levels of damaged DNA has yet to be clarified in detail. We used culture cells (Chinese Hamster Ovary cells) treated with two types of (18)F labeled drugs, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and fluorine ion (HF). FDG efficiently accumulated in cells, whereas HF did not. To examine the induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSB), we measured the number of foci for 53BP1 that formed at the site of DNA DSB. The results revealed that although radioactivity levels were the same, the induction of 53BP1 foci was stronger in cells treated with (18)F-FDG than in those treated with (18)F-HF. The clonogenic survival of cells was significantly lower with (18)F-FDG than with (18)F-HF. We concluded that the efficient accumulation of (18)F in cells led to stronger biological effects due to more severe cellular lethality via the induction of DNA DSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genro Kashino
- Advanced Molecular Imaging Center, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Kazutaka Hayashi
- Advanced Molecular Imaging Center, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Douhara
- Advanced Molecular Imaging Center, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shinko Kobashigawa
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiromu Mori
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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