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Kim C, Lee SE. Developmental toxicity of fipronil and its two metabolites towards zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Environ Pollut 2023; 333:122119. [PMID: 37385358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil (FIL) use is currently regulated in several countries due to its specific toxicity to bees. This study investigated the possible developmental toxicities as well as the acute toxicities of FIL, fipronil sulfide (FIL-SI), and fipronil sulfone (FIL-SO) to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. At concentrations up to 5000 μg L-1, FIL- and FIL-SI-treated embryos exhibited significant mortality at 96 h postfertilization. Body length was significantly shortened with increasing concentrations in FIL- and FIL-SI-treated embryos. However, FIL-SO-treated embryos exhibited low mortality with high hatching rates. Body length was also significantly shortened in FIL-SO-treated embryos. Regarding the number of intersegmental vessels (ISVs), all chemical-treated embryos showed high ISV numbers with increasing concentrations of each chemical. FIL and FIL-SI induced abnormal heart formation with heart dysfunction in embryos, whereas FIL-SO did not induce any difference in heart development compared with the control. Abnormal heart formation may be related to the upregulation of nppa responsible for the expression of natriuretic peptides in embryos. Embryonic acetylcholinesterase activity was decreased gradually according to the increase in FIL and FIL-SI concentrations, whereas FIL-SO did not cause any change in enzyme activity. Il-1β responsible for the occurrence of injury or infection was highly upregulated in FIL-SI- and FIL-SO-treated embryos. Therefore, reduction to FIL-SI may be associated with FIL toxicity, whereas oxidation to FIL-SO may be a detoxification route in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeeun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Viana JG, Birolli WG, Porto ALM. Biodegradation of the Pesticides Bifenthrin and Fipronil by Bacillus Isolated from Orange Leaves. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022. [PMID: 36585549 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pyrethroid bifenthrin and the phenylpyrazole fipronil are widely employed insecticides, and their extensive use became an environmental issue. Therefore, this study evaluated their biodegradation employing bacterial strains of Bacillus species isolated from leaves of orange trees, aiming at new biocatalysts with high efficiency for use singly and in consortium. Experiments were performed in liquid culture medium at controlled temperature and stirring (32 °C, 130 rpm). After 5 days, residual quantification by HPLC-UV/Vis showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RFD1C presented 93% biodegradation of fipronil (10.0 mg.L-1 initial concentration) and UPLC-HRMS analyses identified the metabolite fipronil sulfone. Moreover, Bacillus pseudomycoides 3RF2C showed a biodegradation of 88% bifenthrin (30.0 mg.L-1 initial concentration). A consortium composed of the 8 isolated strains biodegraded 81% fipronil and 51% bifenthrin, showing that this approach did not promote better results than the most efficient strains employed singly, although high rates of biodegradation were observed. In conclusion, bacteria of the Bacillus genus isolated from leaves of citrus biodegraded these pesticides widely applied to crops, showing the importance of the plant microbiome for degradation of toxic xenobiotics.
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3
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Lautz LS, Stoopen G, Ginting AJ, Hoogenboom RLAP, Punt A. Fipronil and fipronil sulfone in chicken: From in vitro experiments to in vivo PBK model predictions. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113086. [PMID: 35500697 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2017 a large-scale fipronil contamination in eggs occurred in several European countries. Fipronil and its metabolites have the potential to be transferred into the eggs of laying hens, thereby entering the human food chain. Here, first the metabolism of fipronil was measured in vitro using chicken liver S9. The results show that fipronil is mainly metabolised into fipronil sulfone and the clearance obtained in vitro was extrapolated to in vivo liver clearance. In a second step a physiologically based kinetic model was developed with a focus on fipronil and its major sulfone metabolite and the model outcome was compared to available in vivo data in eggs from the literature. The experimentally obtained clearance was used as model input to evaluate whether such an in vitro-based model can be used in an early phase of a contamination incident to predict the time-concentration curves. Overall, all model predictions were within a 10-fold difference and the estimated elimination half-life for fipronil equivalents was 14 days. In vitro experiments are definitely recommended compared to in vivo studies, since they provide a fast first insight into the behaviour of a chemical in an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Lautz
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - G Stoopen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A J Ginting
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R L A P Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Du B, Lao W, Wong CS, McLaughlin K, Schiff K. Scrutinizing surficial sediment along a 600-km-long urban coastal zone: Occurrence and risk assessment of fipronil and its three degradates. Sci Total Environ 2022; 807:151071. [PMID: 34678359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Contamination in the coastal zone is closely linked to urbanization and has become a global issue. The coastal aquatic environment is the terminal sink for many chemicals; however, little is known about the occurrence and variation among habitats as well as integrative toxicity for pesticides, i.e., fipronil, and its three major degradates (-desulfinyl, -sulfide, and -sulfone, fiproles hereafter) in sediments in urban coastlines. In the present study, we report results of a random stratified survey for fiproles in surficial sediments in five embayment habitats (strata) along the Southern California Bight (SCB), USA coastline. Fiproles were present in a small areal extent (6.8%) of the SCB embayment, and detected in 14 out of 174 stations with a total concentration of the four analytes ranging from 0.50 to 17.5 μg/kg dry weight. The area-weighted mean concentrations were 3.16 ± 3.37, 0.584 ± 0.558, 0.071 ± 0.103, and 0.005 ± 0.009 μg/kg in brackish estuaries, estuaries, bays, and marinas, respectively, with the results below the detection limits in ports. Fipronil sulfone had the greatest detection frequency (8.05%) and highest mean concentration (3.24 ± 3.36 μg/kg) among the four compounds. A screening-level deterministic risk assessment for invertebrates found that, region-wide, fiproles generally posed an insignificant to low acute risk to the amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius in 7.36% of the SCB embayment area. In addition, high risk to the midge Chironomus dilutus was found in 77.5% of the fiproles-detectable area in the brackish estuary stratum that is a part of the Los Angeles River. Fipronil sulfone was identified as the major contributor of these effects. The results of this study establish a baseline of occurrence and toxicity potential for fiproles in coastal sediments of southern California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Charles S Wong
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Karen McLaughlin
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Kenneth Schiff
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
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Xu Z, Wan Y, Xia W, Zhou L, Wang A, Shi L, Guo Y, He Z, Xu S, Zhang R. Fipronil and its metabolites in human seminal plasma from Shijiazhuang, north China. Chemosphere 2022; 289:133238. [PMID: 34896427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil (FP) is an emerging insecticide which could induce reproductive toxicity in male rats at very low dosage, but the occurrence of FP and its transformation products (FPs) in human seminal plasma and their impacts on human semen quality have not been documented. In this study, FPs including FP, fipronil desulfinyl (FP-DES), fipronil sulfone (FP-SFO), fipronil amide (FP-AM), and fipronil sulfide (FP-SFI), were measured in seminal plasma samples (n = 200), which were collected from Shijiazhuang, north China. The cumulative concentration of FPs (ΣFPs), in the seminal plasma samples ranged from 0.003 to 0.180 ng/mL (median: 0.043 ng/mL). FP-SFO was the major target analyte (median: 0.040 ng/mL), accounting for approximately 42.3-100.0% of the ΣFPs. Significantly higher exposure levels of FPs were found in the overweight or obese group (≥25 kg/m2) vs. the normal BMI group (18.5-25 kg/m2) (ΣFPs: 0.047 vs. 0.033 ng/mL), never smoking group vs. current smoking group (ΣFPs: 0.057 vs. 0.037 ng/mL), and low sexual frequency group (<1 time/week) vs. high sexual frequency group (≥3 times/week) (ΣFPs: 0.048 vs. 0.030 ng/mL). No significant association between FPs and impaired semen quality parameter was found in this study. This is the first time to report FPs' occurrence in human seminal plasma and variations in their concentrations among people with different demographic and behavioral characteristics. Further studies on adverse effects of exposure to FPs on reproductive function are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Lixiao Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Aizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Lisha Shi
- Division of Public Health Service and Safety Assessment, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, PR China.
| | - Yinsheng Guo
- Environment and Health Department, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
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El-Akaad S, Morozov R, Golovin M, Bol'shakov O, De Saeger S, Beloglazova N. A novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of fipronil and its toxic metabolite fipronil sulfone using TiO 2-polytriazine imide submicrostructured composite as an efficient electrocatalyst. Talanta 2022; 238:123025. [PMID: 34801916 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on a screen printed electrode (SPE) modified with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and polytriazine imide submicrostructured composite (TiO2-PTI) has been developed for the simultaneous detection of fipronil (FIP) and its toxic metabolite fipronil sulfone (FIP-S). The submicrostructured composite material based on TiO2 and PTI was obtained by simple hydrothermal treatment of the Ti peroxocomplexes in the presence of pristine. This carbon nitride allotrope has better crystallinity and conductivity than its graphitic analog. It was found that the TiO2-PTI submicrostructured composite enhanced the electrochemical sensing of the SPE electrode towards FIP and its metabolite FIP-S in 0.1 M Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 10) at the oxidation potentials of 0.82 V and 0.94 V, respectively. In addition, it showed good stability and reproducibility for the determination of both analytes. Under optimal conditions, the peak currents by square wave voltammetry were found to vary linearly with FIP and FIP-S concentrations in the range from 0.01 to 10 μM and from 10 to 50 μM, with a detection limit of 8.42 nM, 3.6 μg/kg for FIP and 9.72 nM, 4.04 μg/kg for FIP-S. This sensor was successfully used to detect FIP and FIP-S in eggs and water samples with good recoveries of 90%-106.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan El-Akaad
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Roman Morozov
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Golovin
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Oleg Bol'shakov
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia; N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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7
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Shi L, Wan Y, Liu J, He Z, Xu S, Xia W. Insecticide fipronil and its transformation products in human blood and urine: Assessment of human exposure in general population of China. Sci Total Environ 2021; 786:147342. [PMID: 33964773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil (FP) is widely used as a highly effective insecticide worldwide, thereby raising concern about environmental contamination and risk for human health. However, data on the occurrence of FP and its transformation products (FPs) in human blood and urine are limited. In this study, 39 pairs of serum, plasma, blood cells (BCs), and urine samples were collected from adults in Wuhan, central China (2020), in order to characterize the concentration profiles of FPs in different matrices. FPs were also determined in serum samples (n = 226, including 57, 56, 56, and 57 samples for Wuhan, Huangshi, Nanjing, and Zhenjiang, respectively) collected from four cities of China (2015) to characterize the exposure levels of FPs among the general population and potential spatial variations. Fipronil sulfone (FP-SFO) was 100% detectable in blood samples, and it was the predominant metabolite (accounting for 86-95% of the cumulative concentrations of FPs [ΣFPs]), with the median concentrations (ng/mL) of 0.17, 0.16, and 0.03 in serum (range: 0.07-1.53), plasma (range: 0.06-1.41), and BCs (range: 0.01-0.24), respectively. The compositional profiles of FPs in serum, plasma, and BCs were similar; very strong positive correlations were observed between different blood matrices for FP-SFO (r = 0.94-0.97, p < 0.01) but not between blood and urine. The median ΣFPs (ng/mL) in the serum (0.20; range: 0.09-1.56) and the plasma samples (0.19; range: 0.09-1.43) was higher than that in BCs samples (0.04; range: 0.01-0.24). In the urine samples, only the major metabolite FP-SFO was detectable in approximately 10% of the samples. Additionally, the highest median ΣFPs (ng/mL) in the serum samples was found in Nanjing (0.56; range: 0.13-1.88), followed by Wuhan (0.34; range: 0.06-1.02), Huangshi (0.10; range: 0.03-0.60), and Zhenjiang (0.08; range: 0.02-0.42). The level of ΣFPs seemed to increase with city sizes and urbanization scale, though further studies are needed to confirm the variations with larger sample size. The estimated daily intake of ΣFPs based on the median concentration of samples from Nanjing (18.5 ng/kg-bw/d) was higher than that of Wuhan (11.3), Huangshi (3.40), and Zhenjiang (2.80). Dietary intake should be the major exposure route for the general population, while water or indoor dust accounted for <1% of the ΣFPs intake. This pilot study provided the first data on the profiles of FPs in paired human serum, plasma, BCs, and urine samples, and potential spatial variations of ΣFPs in China. FP-SFO and FP desulfinyl should be considered among priority substances worthy to be bio-monitored in China due to its moderated persistence and ubiquitous occurrence in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
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Suzuki T, Hirai A, Khidkhan K, Nimako C, Ichise T, Takeda K, Mizukawa H, Nakayama SMM, Nomiyama K, Hoshi N, Maeda M, Hirano T, Sasaoka K, Sasaki N, Takiguchi M, Ishizuka M, Ikenaka Y. The effects of fipronil on emotional and cognitive behaviors in mammals. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2021; 175:104847. [PMID: 33993965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is widely used as a pesticide and a veterinary drug, although studies suggest that it could be toxic to mammals. The objectives of this study were to examine the pharmacokinetic profile of fipronil in mice, dogs, and cats, and to evaluate its effects on emotional and cognitive behaviors of dogs and cats using the data obtained from mice. The assessment of in vivo kinetics of fipronil was conducted in mice and dogs. We also performed behavioral tests (elevated plus-maze and Y-maze) and measured the levels of neurotransmitters in mice exposed to fipronil. In addition, the in vitro metabolism of fipronil were evaluated using liver microsomes of rats, mice, dogs, and cats. The results revealed that fipronil is distributed throughout the body (blood, brain, adipose tissue, and liver) of mice after dermal application. It was metabolized to fipronil sulfone primarily in the liver. The data on kinetics show that both fipronil and fipronil sulfone have a longer half-life in dogs and cats than in mice. The behavioral tests indicated that fipronil and fipronil sulfone could affect emotional and cognitive behaviors and alter the levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine in the striatum and serotonin in the hippocampus) in mice. Furthermore, we found that dogs and cats have a low ability to metabolize fipronil than mice and rats. However, further comprehensive studies are needed to determine whether fipronil affects the emotional and cognitive behaviors when administered to dogs and cats. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the pharmacokinetic data and verify the effects of fipronil on emotional and cognitive behaviors of dogs and cats using the data obtained from mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Anri Hirai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kraisiri Khidkhan
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, No. 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Lat Yao Subdistrict, Chatuchak District, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Collins Nimako
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichise
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hoshi
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mizuki Maeda
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Hirano
- Division of Drug and Structural Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University.
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Carrão DB, Habenchus MD, de Albuquerque NCP, da Silva RM, Lopes NP, de Oliveira ARM. In vitro inhibition of human CYP2D6 by the chiral pesticide fipronil and its metabolite fipronil sulfone: Prediction of pesticide-drug interactions. Toxicol Lett 2019; 313:196-204. [PMID: 31278966 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fipronil is a chiral insecticide employed worldwide in crops, control of public hygiene and control of veterinary pests. Humans can be exposed to fipronil through occupational, food, and environmental contamination. Therefore, the risk assessment of fipronil in humans is important to protect human health. Fipronil sulfone is the major metabolite formed during fipronil metabolism by humans. Since the CYP450 enzymes are the main ones involved in drug metabolism, the evaluation of their inhibition by fipronil and its main metabolite is important to predict drug-pesticide interactions. The aim of this work was to investigate the inhibition effects of rac-fipronil, S-fipronil, R-fipronil and fipronil sulfone on the main human CYP450 isoforms. The results showed that CYP2D6 is the only CYP450 isoform inhibited by these xenobiotics. In addition, no enantioselective differences were observed in the inhibition of CYP450 isoforms by fipronil and its individuals' enantiomers. Rac-fipronil, S-fipronil and R-fipronil are moderate CYP2D6 inhibitors showing a competitive inhibition profile. On the other hand, the metabolite fipronil sulfone showed to be a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 also by competitive inhibition. These results highlight the importance of metabolite evaluation on pesticide safety since the metabolism of fipronil into fipronil sulfone increases the risk of pesticide-drug interactions for drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blascke Carrão
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maísa Daniela Habenchus
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nayara Cristina Perez de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moreira da Silva
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14090-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14090-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Unesp, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Kim YA, Yoon YS, Kim HS, Jeon SJ, Cole E, Lee J, Kho Y, Cho YH. Distribution of fipronil in humans, and adverse health outcomes of in utero fipronil sulfone exposure in newborns. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:524-532. [PMID: 30718154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fipronil is a highly effective insecticide with extensive usages; however, its distribution and toxic/health effects in the human population after chronic exposure have not yet been clearly identified. Our objectives were to determine the levels of serum fipronil and fipronil sulfone, a primary fipronil metabolite, in a general and sensitive human population using a birth cohort of parent-infant triads in Korea. We further investigated whether in utero exposure to fipronil and fipronil sulfone can affect health outcomes in newborn infants. Blood and umbilical cord blood from 169 participants, 59 mother-neonate pairs and 51 matching biological fathers, were collected; serum fipronil and fipronil sulfone (both blood and cord blood) and serum thyroid hormones (cord blood) were measured. Demographic, physiological, behavioral, clinical, and socioeconomic data for each participant were collected via a one-on-one interview and a questionnaire survey. Fipronil sulfone was detected in the serum of mothers, fathers, and infantile cord blood, while fipronil itself was not. Maternal fipronil sulfone levels were correlated to those of matched biological fathers and newborn infants. Adjusted analyses identified significant associations between parental fipronil sulfone levels and household income. Infantile fipronil sulfone levels were significantly associated with both maternal and paternal levels as well as maternal pre-pregnant BMI. Furthermore, infantile fipronil sulfone levels were inversely associated with cord blood T3 and free T3 levels as well as 5-min Apgar scores of newborn infants. Serum fipronil sulfone was detected in a specific population of mother-neonate pairs and their matched biological fathers in a manner suggestive of regular exposure to fipronil among urban residents. The findings also suggest that serum fipronil sulfone placentally transfers to the fetus and affects infantile adverse health outcomes. This is a first of its kind study; therefore, future studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ah Kim
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Sook Yoon
- Departments of Family Medicine, Center for Health Promotion, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sun Kim
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jeong Jeon
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Elizabeth Cole
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Jeongsun Lee
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, School of Human & Environmental Service, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, School of Human & Environmental Service, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13135, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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Zortéa T, Dos Reis TR, Serafini S, de Sousa JP, da Silva AS, Baretta D. Ecotoxicological effect of fipronil and its metabolites on Folsomia candida in tropical soils. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 62:203-209. [PMID: 30077901 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of the fipronil and its metabolites, fipronil sulfone and fipronil desulfinyl on Folsomia candida. Three types of soils were used to perform the ecotoxicological tests, two natural soils (Oxisol and Entisol), and an artificial substrate (Tropical Artificial Soil). The treatments consisted of increasing doses of a veterinary medicinal product with active ingredient based on fipronil, and of its two main metabolites, fipronil sulfone and fipronil desulfinyl. The doses of fipronil were 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, and 1.00 mg kg-1 of the active ingredient. For fipronil sulfone and fipronil desulfinyl the doses tested were: 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, 1.00, and 5.00 mg kg-1. The effects of toxicity on F. candida were evaluated by survival and reproduction tests, based on the methods described by ISO 11267. There was a completely randomized design, with six replicates for the fipronil tests and eight for the metabolites. We show that fipronil and its metabolites, even at very low concentrations, are toxic to F. candida. Reduction of reproduction can be observed at concentrations of 0.15 mg kg-1. There was little difference in toxicity (LC50 and EC50) between fipronil and its metabolites. Rather, differences were related more to soil type, where the artificial soil was more sensitive than the two natural soils (Oxisol and Entisol). We conclude that it is important to perform ecotoxicological tests in natural soils, in order to generate more realistic representations of veterinary drug toxicity on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talyta Zortéa
- Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680-E, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Tamires Rodrigues Dos Reis
- Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680-E, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Suélen Serafini
- Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680-E, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - José Paulo de Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aleksandro Schafer da Silva
- Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680-E, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
| | - Dilmar Baretta
- Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680-E, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
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Wu J, Lu J, Lu H, Lin Y, Wilson PC. Occurrence and ecological risks from fipronil in aquatic environments located within residential landscapes. Sci Total Environ 2015; 518-519:139-147. [PMID: 25747373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of fipronil and its metabolites in aquatic environments in residentially-developed landscapes, including five canals and three retention ponds. Fipronil was detected at four of the sites, with concentrations of 0.5-207.3 ng L(-1). Fipronil sulfone and fipronil sulfide were detected at three sampling sites, with concentrations ranging from 0.46 to 57.75 and 0.40-26.92 ng L(-1), respectively. Multiple risk assessment methods were performed to characterize potential ecological risks, including deterministic screening and probabilistic risk assessment techniques. The deterministic method indicated no risk to certain biotic groups (i.e. aquatic plants, fish, molluscs, and algae-moss-fungi), but did indicate risks to larval insects and crustaceans. Results from the probabilistic risk assessment indicated significant ecological risks (acute and chronic) ranging from 0.75 to 58.9% and 3.9-35.0% when organisms were exposed to the maximum and median concentrations detected, respectively. The potentially affected fraction of species (PAF) likely to be acutely impacted ranged from 4.6 to 8.1% (fipronil), 0.2-1.6% (fipronil sulfone), and 1.9-3.1% (fipronil sulfide) in the ponds with frequent detectable concentrations. The PAF likely to be impacted at chronic toxicity levels ranged from 16.5 to 23.8% for fipronil. Joint probability curve analysis indicated that concentrations exceeded the LC50 of the most sensitive 5% of species 8.5-18.8% of the time at two of the sites with the most frequent detections. Using the more conservative NOEC/LOEC values, there was a 75-78% probability that concentrations were high enough to negatively affect the most sensitive 5% of species at the same two sites, indicating significant risks for chronic toxicity. JPCs indicated a ≤2.6% probability of fipronil sulfone exceeding the LC50 concentrations for the most sensitive 5% of species at the same two sites; and a 4.3-6.8% probability of fipronil sulfide exceeding the LC50 concentrations at the same sites. Results indicate that fipronil and its sulfone and sulfide degradation products may present significant risks to aquatic organisms in some residentially-developed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3138, USA
| | - Jian Lu
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3138, USA
| | - Hai Lu
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3138, USA
| | - Youjian Lin
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3138, USA
| | - P Chris Wilson
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida/IFAS, P.O. Box 110290, Gainesville, FL 32611-0290, USA.
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