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Dai X, Bui DS, Lodge C. Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Associations and Gene-Environment Interactions for Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21:31. [PMID: 33970355 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-01005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Airway oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative processes in the airways. There is evidence that chronic damage caused by oxidative stress may be involved in asthmatic inflammation and reduced lung function. Given their biological antioxidant function, the antioxidant genes in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family are believed to be associated with development and progression of asthma. This review aims to summarize evidence on the relationship between GST gene polymorphisms and asthma and interactions with environmental exposures. RECENT FINDINGS The current evidence on the association between GST genes and asthma is still weak or inconsistent. Failure to account for environmental exposures may explain the lack of consistency. It is highly likely that environmental exposures interact with GST genes involved in the antioxidant pathway. According to current knowledge, carriers of GSTM1(rs366631)/T1(rs17856199) null genotypes and GSTP1 Val105 (rs1695) genotypes are more susceptible to environmental oxidative exposures and have a higher risk of asthma. Some doubt remains regarding the presence or absence of interactions with different environmental exposures in different study scenarios. The GST-environment interaction may depend on exposure type, asthma phenotype or endotype, ethnics, and other complex gene-gene interaction. Future studies could be improved by defining precise asthma endotypes, involving multiple gene-gene interactions, and increasing sample size and power. Although there is evidence for an interaction between GST genes, and environmental exposures in relation to asthma, results are not concordant. Further investigations are needed to explore the reasons behind the inconsistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dai
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dinh S Bui
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Caroline Lodge
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Maniglia MP, Russo A, Biselli-Chicote PM, Oliveira-Cucolo JGD, Rodrigues-Fleming GH, -Maniglia JV, Pavarino ÉC, Goloni-Bertollo EM. Glutathione S-transferase Polymorphisms in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treated with Chemotherapy and/or Radiotherapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1637-1644. [PMID: 32592358 PMCID: PMC7568907 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.6.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are important carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. Polymorphisms involved in these enzymes can modulate the development and treatment of head and neck cancer. To investigate the association of GSTs polymorphisms with head and neck cancer and risk factors, clinical-pathological features, and survival time of the patients treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. METHODS The GST gene polymorphisms were evaluated in 197 cases and 514 controls by PCR-RFLP-Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. RESULTS The GSTP-313 was associated with a decreased risk for HNSCC (p=0.050). The GSTP1 haplotype analysis revealed a higher frequency of the AC and AT haplotypes in the case group than in the control group (p=0.013 and p=0.019, respectively), and the opposite for G-C haplotype (p = 0.015). Yet, the different combinations between the genotypes were associated with an increased risk of cancer. The study showed no association between the polymorphisms and primary tumor site, clinical-pathological characteristics, treatment (chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy) and survival time of the patients. CONCLUSION The GST polymorphisms combination showed an increased risk for carcinogenesis, and studies with larger casuistry can contribute to the clarification of the role in individual patient differences for the response to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy and identify biomarkers of susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Pereira Maniglia
- Department of Molecular Biological, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto - FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anelise Russo
- Department of Molecular Biological, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto - FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Matos Biselli-Chicote
- Department of Molecular Biological, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto - FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Garcia De Oliveira-Cucolo
- Department of Molecular Biological, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto - FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Helena Rodrigues-Fleming
- Department of Molecular Biological, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto - FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Victor -Maniglia
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sao Jose do Rio Preto Medical School, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érika Cristina Pavarino
- Department of Molecular Biological, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto - FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eny Maria Goloni-Bertollo
- Department of Molecular Biological, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto - FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ferrer-Torres D, Nancarrow DJ, Steinberg H, Wang Z, Kuick R, Weh KM, Mills RE, Ray D, Ray P, Lin J, Chang AC, Reddy RM, Orringer MB, Canto MI, Shaheen NJ, Kresty LA, Chak A, Wang TD, Rubenstein JH, Beer DG. Constitutively Higher Level of GSTT2 in Esophageal Tissues From African Americans Protects Cells Against DNA Damage. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1404-1415. [PMID: 30578782 PMCID: PMC6441633 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS African American and European American individuals have a similar prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), yet esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) disproportionately affects European American individuals. We investigated whether the esophageal squamous mucosa of African American individuals has features that protect against GERD-induced damage, compared with European American individuals. METHODS We performed transcriptional profile analysis of esophageal squamous mucosa tissues from 20 African American and 20 European American individuals (24 with no disease and 16 with Barrett's esophagus and/or EAC). We confirmed our findings in a cohort of 56 patients and analyzed DNA samples from patients to identify associated variants. Observations were validated using matched genomic sequence and expression data from lymphoblasts from the 1000 Genomes Project. A panel of esophageal samples from African American and European American subjects was used to confirm allele-related differences in protein levels. The esophageal squamous-derived cell line Het-1A and a rat esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis model for reflux-generated esophageal damage were used to investigate the effects of the DNA-damaging agent cumene-hydroperoxide (cum-OOH) and a chemopreventive cranberry proanthocyanidin (C-PAC) extract, respectively, on levels of protein and messenger RNA (mRNA). RESULTS We found significantly higher levels of glutathione S-transferase theta 2 (GSTT2) mRNA in squamous mucosa from African American compared with European American individuals and associated these with variants within the GSTT2 locus in African American individuals. We confirmed that 2 previously identified genomic variants at the GSTT2 locus, a 37-kb deletion and a 17-bp promoter duplication, reduce expression of GSTT2 in tissues from European American individuals. The nonduplicated 17-bp promoter was more common in tissue samples from populations of African descendant. GSTT2 protected Het-1A esophageal squamous cells from cum-OOH-induced DNA damage. Addition of C-PAC increased GSTT2 expression in Het-1A cells incubated with cum-OOH and in rats with reflux-induced esophageal damage. C-PAC also reduced levels of DNA damage in reflux-exposed rat esophagi, as observed by reduced levels of phospho-H2A histone family member X. CONCLUSIONS We found GSTT2 to protect esophageal squamous cells against DNA damage from genotoxic stress and that GSTT2 expression can be induced by C-PAC. Increased levels of GSTT2 in esophageal tissues of African American individuals might protect them from GERD-induced damage and contribute to the low incidence of EAC in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daysha Ferrer-Torres
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Derek J. Nancarrow
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Hannah Steinberg
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhuwen Wang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rork Kuick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Katherine M. Weh
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ryan E. Mills
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Dipankar Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Paramita Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jules Lin
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andrew C. Chang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rishindra M. Reddy
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mark B. Orringer
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marcia I. Canto
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599
| | - Laura A. Kresty
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Amitabh Chak
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor MI 48109
| | - Joel H. Rubenstein
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor MI 48109
| | - David G. Beer
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Rizvi S, Raza ST, Siddiqi Z, Abbas S, Mahdi F. Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Polymorphisms with Body Mass Index among Hypertensive North Indians. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2015; 15:e477-85. [PMID: 26629373 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2015.15.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms with body mass index (BMI) in hypertensive North Indians. METHODS This case-control study was carried out between May 2013 and November 2014 at the Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, India, and included 378 subjects divided into three groups. One group constituted 253 hypertensive individuals (sustained diastolic blood pressure of >90 mmHg and systolic blood pressure of >140 mmHg) who were subcategorised according to normal (<25 kg/m(2)) or high (≥25 kg/m(2)) BMI. The third group consisted of 125 age-, gender- and ethnically-matched normotensive controls with a normal BMI. Gene polymorphisms were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. The genotypic and allelic frequency distribution among both groups were analysed. RESULTS A significant difference was found between GST theta 1-null and GST mu 1-positive genotype frequencies among the hypertensive overweight/obese individuals and controls (P = 0.014 and 0.033, respectively). However, no difference was observed in the frequency of ACE polymorphisms. ACE insertion/insertion genotype (P = 0.006), insertion and deletion alleles (P = 0.007 each) and GST theta 1-null and GST theta 1-positive genotypes (P = 0.006 each) were found to differ significantly between hypertensive cases and controls, regardless of BMI. CONCLUSION ACE and GST gene polymorphisms were not associated with BMI but were significantly associated with hypertension among the studied group of North Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Rizvi
- Departments of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | - Syed T Raza
- Departments of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | - Zeba Siddiqi
- Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | - Shania Abbas
- Departments of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | - Farzana Mahdi
- Departments of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, India
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Daka JL, Achilonu I, Dirr HW. The isomerization of Δ5-androstene-3,17-dione by the human glutathione transferase A3-3 proceeds via a conjugated heteroannular diene intermediate. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32243-32252. [PMID: 25248748 PMCID: PMC4231698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The seemingly simple proton abstraction reactions underpin many chemical transformations, including isomerization reactions, and are thus of immense biological significance. Despite the energetic cost, enzyme-catalyzed proton abstraction reactions show remarkable rate enhancements. The pathways leading to these accelerated rates are numerous and on occasion partly enigmatic. The isomerization of the steroid Δ(5)-androstene-3,17-dione by the glutathione transferase A3-3 in mammals was investigated to gain insight into the mechanism. Particular emphasis was placed on the nature of the transition state, the intermediate suspected of aiding this process, and the hydrogen bonds postulated to be the stabilizing forces of these transient species. The UV-visible detection of the intermediate places this species in the catalytic pathway, whereas fluorescence spectroscopy is used to obtain the binding constant of the analog intermediate, equilenin. Solvent isotope exchange reveals that proton abstraction from the substrate to form the intermediate is rate-limiting. Analysis of the data in terms of the Marcus formalism indicates that the human glutathione transferase A3-3 lowers the intrinsic kinetic barrier by 3 kcal/mol. The results lead to the conclusion that this reaction proceeds through an enforced concerted mechanism in which the barrier to product formation is kinetically insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Daka
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Heini W Dirr
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
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Bocedi A, Fabrini R, Farrotti A, Stella L, Ketterman AJ, Pedersen JZ, Allocati N, Lau PCK, Grosse S, Eltis LD, Ruzzini A, Edwards TE, Morici L, Del Grosso E, Guidoni L, Bovi D, Lo Bello M, Federici G, Parker MW, Board PG, Ricci G. The impact of nitric oxide toxicity on the evolution of the glutathione transferase superfamily: a proposal for an evolutionary driving force. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24936-47. [PMID: 23828197 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.476135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are protection enzymes capable of conjugating glutathione (GSH) to toxic compounds. During evolution an important catalytic cysteine residue involved in GSH activation was replaced by serine or, more recently, by tyrosine. The utility of these replacements represents an enigma because they yield no improvements in the affinity toward GSH or in its reactivity. Here we show that these changes better protect the cell from nitric oxide (NO) insults. In fact the dinitrosyl·diglutathionyl·iron complex (DNDGIC), which is formed spontaneously when NO enters the cell, is highly toxic when free in solution but completely harmless when bound to GSTs. By examining 42 different GSTs we discovered that only the more recently evolved Tyr-based GSTs display enough affinity for DNDGIC (KD < 10(-9) M) to sequester the complex efficiently. Ser-based GSTs and Cys-based GSTs show affinities 10(2)-10(4) times lower, not sufficient for this purpose. The NO sensitivity of bacteria that express only Cys-based GSTs could be related to the low or null affinity of their GSTs for DNDGIC. GSTs with the highest affinity (Tyr-based GSTs) are also over-represented in the perinuclear region of mammalian cells, possibly for nucleus protection. On the basis of these results we propose that GST evolution in higher organisms could be linked to the defense against NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bocedi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Balchin D, Wallace L, Dirr HW. S-nitrosation of glutathione transferase p1-1 is controlled by the conformation of a dynamic active site helix. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14973-84. [PMID: 23572520 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosation is a post-translational modification of protein cysteine residues, which occurs in response to cellular oxidative stress. Although it is increasingly being linked to physiologically important processes, the molecular basis for protein regulation by this modification remains poorly understood. We used transient kinetic methods to determine a minimal mechanism for spontaneous S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)-mediated transnitrosation of human glutathione transferase (GST) P1-1, a major detoxification enzyme and key regulator of cell proliferation. Cys(47) of GSTP1-1 is S-nitrosated in two steps, with the chemical step limited by a pre-equilibrium between the open and closed conformations of helix α2 at the active site. Cys(101), in contrast, is S-nitrosated in a single step but is subject to negative cooperativity due to steric hindrance at the dimer interface. Despite the presence of a GSNO binding site at the active site of GSTP1-1, isothermal titration calorimetry as well as nitrosation experiments using S-nitrosocysteine demonstrate that GSNO binding does not precede S-nitrosation of GSTP1-1. Kinetics experiments using the cellular reductant glutathione show that Cys(101)-NO is substantially more resistant to denitrosation than Cys(47)-NO, suggesting a potential role for Cys(101) in long term nitric oxide storage or transfer. These results constitute the first report of the molecular mechanism of spontaneous protein transnitrosation, providing insight into the post-translational control of GSTP1-1 as well as the process of protein transnitrosation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balchin
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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McElhanon KE, Bose C, Sharma R, Wu L, Awasthi YC, Singh SP. Gsta4 Null Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts Exhibit Enhanced Sensitivity to Oxidants: Role of 4-Hydroxynonenal in Oxidant Toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2. [PMID: 24353929 DOI: 10.4236/ojapo.2013.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The alpha class glutathione s-transferase (GST) isozyme GSTA4-4 (EC2.5.1.18) exhibits high catalytic efficiency to-wards 4-hydroxynon-2-enal (4-HNE), a major end product of oxidative stress induced lipid peroxidation. Exposure of cells and tissues to heat, radiation, and chemicals has been shown to induce oxidative stress resulting in elevated concentrations of 4-HNE that can be detrimental to cell survival. Alternatively, at physiological levels 4-HNE acts as a signaling molecule conveying the occurrence of oxidative events initiating the activation of adaptive pathways. To examine the impact of oxidative/electrophilic stress in a model with impaired 4-HNE metabolizing capability, we disrupted the Gsta4 gene that encodes GSTA4-4 in mice. The effect of electrophile and oxidants on embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) isolated from wild type (WT) and Gsta4 null mice were examined. Results indicate that in the absence of GSTA4-4, oxidant-induced toxicity is potentiated and correlates with elevated accumulation of 4-HNE adducts and DNA damage. Treatment of Gsta4 null MEF with 1,1,4-tris(acetyloxy)-2(E)-nonene [4-HNE(Ac)3], a pro-drug form of 4-HNE, resulted in the activation and phosphorylation of the c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK 1/2) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) accompanied by enhanced cleavage of caspase-3. Interestingly, when recombinant mammalian or invertebrate GSTs were delivered to Gsta4 null MEF, activation of stress-related kinases in 4-HNE(Ac)3 treated Gsta4 null MEF were inversely correlated with the catalytic efficiency of delivered GSTs towards 4-HNE. Our data suggest that GSTA4-4 plays a major role in protecting cells from the toxic effects of oxidant chemicals by attenuating the accumulation of 4-HNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E McElhanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA ; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, USA
| | - Chhanda Bose
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Rajendra Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA ; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, USA
| | - Liping Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA ; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, USA
| | - Yogesh C Awasthi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Sharda P Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA ; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, USA
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