1
|
Torbati E, Stuart G, Krause K, Brown C, Wise L. Methods to Assess Chemokine Binding and Anti-chemotactic Activity of Virus Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2597:217-234. [PMID: 36374424 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2835-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are key instigators of inflammatory and immune responses. Viruses can suppress these responses by secreting proteins that interfere with chemokine action. These proteins bind to chemokines and block the host's ability to recruit immune cells to sites of infection, thus facilitating virus replication and spread. When produced recombinantly, chemokine binding proteins provide a formidable resource to deploy against human disease. Here, we describe an enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assay and a chemotaxis inhibition assay that are employed to assess the chemokine binding strength and anti-chemotactic activity of viral proteins. These assays are quick and reproducible, and are thus ideal for screening putative or modified chemokine binding proteins as the first step in their development as therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Torbati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gabriella Stuart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kurt Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chris Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schares G, Bärwald A, Vernet MA, Bernard F, Blanchard B, Coppe P. Validation of a commercial version of a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to Besnoitia besnoiti. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:455. [PMID: 36474272 PMCID: PMC9724341 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports suggest a further spread of besnoitiosis to countries in which Besnoitia besnoiti-infected bovine herds have not been noticed yet. Cattle infected without clinical signs may represent reservoirs. Serological analyses in affected herds or animals from endemic regions are necessary to identify subclinical or inapparent infections and stop transmission to naïve animals or herds. The Monoscreen AbELISA Besnoitia besnoiti (BIO K 466) is based on a previously published in-house competitive ELISA, the Bb-cELISA1, but has a different test architecture. The present study aimed to use sera from a previous evaluation of Bb-cELISA1 to assess whether BIO K466 shows identical results. In addition, further well-characterized positive and negative samples were analysed to estimate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. METHODS A first set of sera consisted of a total of 305 bovine sera, collected from German herds infected by B. besnoiti, Neospora caninum or Sarcocystis spp. Sera had been characterized by reference serological tests (i.e. immunoblot, immunofluorescence antibody test and an in-house indirect ELISA). A second set consisted of 200 confirmed B. besnoiti-positive sera from French herds. Negative cattle sera (n = 624) originated from Norway and The Netherlands, countries in which bovine besnoitiosis has not been reported yet. RESULTS Using the first set of sera, the BIO K466 showed an estimated diagnostic sensitivity of 97.9% (95% CI: 91.9%-99.6) and a diagnostic specificity of 99.5% (95% CI: 96.9%-100%) relative to reference serological tests. A direct comparison of the results revealed an almost perfect agreement between the results of the in-house Bb-cELISA1 and the commercialized version (kappa 0.98; 95% CI: 0.95-1). The validation using positive bovine sera from France and negative sera from other European countries revealed a diagnostic sensitivity of 97.5% (95% CI: 93.9%-99.1%) and specificity of 99.5% (95% CI: 98.5%-99.9%). CONCLUSION In conclusion, BIO K 466 appears to be a suitable tool to diagnose bovine besnoitiosis, but needs further validation especially in cases of inconclusive, suspected false-positive or -negative results in other serological tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gereon Schares
- grid.417834.dInstitute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andrea Bärwald
- grid.417834.dInstitute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Frédéric Bernard
- Bio-X Diagnostics, 38 Rue de La Calestienne, 5580 Rochefort, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Coppe
- Bio-X Diagnostics, 38 Rue de La Calestienne, 5580 Rochefort, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schares G, Nascimento D, Bärwald A, Jutras C, Rivard S, Brodeur V, DeNotta SL, Basso W, Conraths FJ. First highly sensitive and specific competitive ELISA for detection of bovine besnoitiosis with potential as a multi-species test. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:389-401. [PMID: 32169472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Serological cross-reactions represent a serious problem in some currently available tests to diagnose Besnoitia infections in many species including cattle, caribou and donkeys. False-positive results are due to the low positive-predictive value of these serological tests for besnoitiosis. These tests therefore have clear limitations if large herds are screened in areas with low prevalence, since increased numbers of false-positive reactions require confirmatory testing by alternative serological methods, e.g. immunoblotting, which are time-consuming and create extra costs. To overcome this problem, we aimed to develop a highly sensitive and specific competitive ELISA (cELISA) using a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies raised against the tachyzoite stage of Besnoitia besnoiti. A cELISA set up with one of these antibodies (Bb-cELISA1) was screened with a large panel of B. besnoiti-positive bovine sera to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity of the test. Sera from herds with Neospora caninum- or Sarcocystis spp.-infected cattle were used to estimate its diagnostic specificity. Relative to a reference standard, which combined the results obtained in a previously established highly sensitive and specific ELISA, in the immunofluorescence antibody test and in B. besnoiti tachyzoite and bradyzoite immunoblots, the new Bb-cELISA1 revealed a diagnostic sensitivity of 99.2% (95% confidence interval: 97.1-99.9%) and a diagnostic specificity of 99.9% (95% confidence interval: 97.7-100%). This novel assay was tested on a variety of proven Besnoitia-positive sera from other species, including B. besnoiti-infected cats, rabbits or Besnoitia bennetti-infected donkeys or Besnoitia tarandi-infected caribou. The results obtained with the new Besnoitia-cELISA for these animal species also corresponded almost perfectly with those of the reference tests, which included immunoblot and immunofluorescence antibody tests. In conclusion, the novel Besnoitia-cELISA represents a valuable tool for the diagnosis and control of bovine besnoitiosis and for studies on the epidemiology of Besnoitia infections in a variety of host species, including naturally exposed wildlife and experimental hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gereon Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Daniela Nascimento
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andrea Bärwald
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Charles Jutras
- Direction de la gestion de la faune du Nord-du-Québec, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 951 boul. Hamel, Chibougamau (Québec) G8P 2Z3, Canada
| | - Stephane Rivard
- Direction de la gestion de la faune du Nord-du-Québec, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 951 boul. Hamel, Chibougamau (Québec) G8P 2Z3, Canada
| | - Vincent Brodeur
- Direction de la gestion de la faune du Nord-du-Québec, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 951 boul. Hamel, Chibougamau (Québec) G8P 2Z3, Canada
| | - SallyAnne L DeNotta
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue PO Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma N, Hanif S, Upadhyay D, Chhikara MK. Inhibition ELISA as a putative tool for the identification and quantification of meningococcal A and X polysaccharides at various stages of vaccine development. J Immunol Methods 2019; 473:112634. [PMID: 31361996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The multivalent glycoconjugate vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis are extremely high-priced for the developing world. The high cost is due to the manufacturing set-up required to produce an effective vaccine and other inflators like complex production steps including the production and purification of the polysaccharide and consequently its conjugation with a protein and finally formulating the finished multivalent product. There is an urgent need for assays which are simple, precise, can be applicable at multiple steps and contribute in reducing the overall manufacturing cost, thereby making the vaccines more equitable to the developing world. WHO recommends serological tests for polysaccharide identification and quantitation at different stages of conjugate vaccine production. We report development of inhibition ELISAs for the identification and quantification of N. meningitidis serogroup A (MenA) and N. meningitidis serogroup X (MenX) polysaccharides (PSs) in samples from stage of cell banking till production of finished product. The method was qualified on various parameters such as specificity, intermediate precision, sensitivity and accuracy. Our results provide a proof of concept for the use of an inhibition ELISA as a common tool for the identification and quantification of PS at various stages of vaccine development and manufacture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Sharma
- Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Sarmad Hanif
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Jamia Hamdard, 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Dilip Upadhyay
- Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Chhikara
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Jamia Hamdard, 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharma N, Hanif S, Rana R, Upadhyay D, Chhikara MK. Evaluation of impact of temperature and pH alterations on the size and antigenicity of meningococcal serogroup A and X polysaccharides and conjugates. Vaccine 2019; 37:965-72. [PMID: 30651197 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the recommended storage conditions of the glycoconjugate vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis (Men) serogroup A and serogroup X can affect its activity or potency. Elevated temperature and the change in pH may result in the physical instability leading to the size degradation of the polysaccharide (PS) and subsequent loss of PS epitopes. Moreover, high temperature may also result in protein aggregation and altered tertiary structure of the protein in the conjugate. Consequently, the construction of a potent glycoconjugate is dependent on optimal temperature and pH. The changes in both these conditions can also affect the production of a capsular polysaccharide (PS) and its conjugation to a protein carrier and may also affect the integrity of the vaccine molecule including the maintenance of the protective epitopes. In our study we have used inhibition ELISA as a tool to assess the impact of temperature and pH alterations on the antigenicity of N. meningitidis serogroup A and X, PS and conjugates and their correlation with the size distribution analysis using high pressure size exclusion chromatography. The studies on pH alterations from 5 to 9 led to minimal impact on size and antigenicity of all antigens, however, an elevated temperature adversely impacted the antigen size as well as antigenicity to varying extent. Results indicate the higher stability of MenX PS and conjugate as compared to that for MenA counterparts at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, both the MenA and MenX conjugates appears to be more stable as compared to the corresponding PSs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rudramurthy GR, Sengupta PP, Ligi M, Rahman H. An inhibition enzyme immuno assay exploring recombinant invariant surface glycoprotein and monoclonal antibodies for surveillance of surra in animals. Biologicals 2017; 46:148-152. [PMID: 28233669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is aimed at the development of inhibition ELISA (I-ELISA) exploring monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and recombinant invariant surface glycoprotein. The extracellular domain (ED) of invariant surface glycoprotein (ISG-75) from Trypanosoma evasni has been heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris (X-33). The recombinant ISG-75 (rISG-75ED) was characterized by immunoblot and ELISA, followed by the production of MAbs against rISG-75ED. The MAbs were characterized by immunoblot and then explored in the development of I-ELISA for the detection of surra. The diagnostic potential of the developed test has been evaluated using 1192 field sera sample including cattle, buffalo, donkey, horse and camel. The statistical analysis of the data showed optimum combination of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity at 98.8% and 99.2% respectively, with cut-off percentage inhibition (PI) value of >45. The Cohen's kappa coefficient of agreement was found to be 0.98. Hence, the diagnostic test developed in the present study can be exploited as a potential and reliable tool in the serodiagnosis and surveillance of surra in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Rudramurthy
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, P.B.No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - P P Sengupta
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, P.B.No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - M Ligi
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, P.B.No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - H Rahman
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, P.B.No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|