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Domingo-Hernández AM, Morales-Yuste M, Buzo-Domínguez S, Adroher FJ, Benítez R. Anisakis infection in anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) from Iberian waters, southwestern Europe: Post-mortem larval migration. Res Vet Sci 2023; 157:26-34. [PMID: 36854200 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The Anisakis larvae presence in fish for human consumption is a health risk that needs to be monitored. The anchovy is a fish that is highly appreciated by consumers and that can harbour Anisakis. It is thus necessary to periodically evaluate the presence of anisakid larvae in them. So, anchovies from Iberian Peninsula coasts were analysed. Fish examination for macroscopic nematodes showed L3s of both Anisakis type I and Hysterothylacium aduncum. The Anisakis prevalence varies with the catching area and the fish size. The muscle prevalence was 7.45% (mean intensity 1.75; range 1-5). Molecular analysis showed 110 A. simplex s.s. (17 in muscle), 22 A. pegreffii (3) and 7 hybrid genotype individuals (1). Considering that most of the Iberian Peninsula coasts are a sympatry area between these two Anisakis species, it has been observed that A. simplex s.s./A. pegreffii ratio increases from south to north in a clockwise direction. Also, 19 larvae were detected on the fish surface from the Bay of Biscay, indicating the ability of these larvae to migrate after the fish death. The A. simplex s.s./A. pegreffii larvae proportion found on the anchovy surface is similar to the found in viscera and lower than in muscle, suggesting that most of the larvae migrating to the surface must have come from the visceral package. This confirms the importance of removing fish viscera immediately after capture, for those fish species where this is possible. As both species cause anisakiasis/anisakidosis, these data show a real risk to human health, especially in dishes highly prized in Mediterranean countries prepared with raw or semi-raw anchovies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Morales-Yuste
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Buzo-Domínguez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Benítez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Pinto M, Monteiro JN, Crespo D, Costa F, Rosa J, Primo AL, Pardal MA, Martinho F. Influence of oceanic and climate conditions on the early life history of European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax. Mar Environ Res 2021; 169:105362. [PMID: 34052594 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how marine fish early-life history is affected in the long-term by environmental and oceanographic factors is fundamental given its importance to population dynamics and connectivity. This work aimed at determining the influence of these processes on the interannual variability in hatch day and early-life growth patterns of European seabass, over a seven-year period (2011-2017) in the Atlantic Iberian coast. To accomplish this, otolith microstructure analysis was used to determine seabass hatch day and to develop early-growth correlations. In most years, hatching occurred from February to April, with two exceptions: in 2012, hatching started in early-January, and in 2016 an exceptionally long hatching period was registered. Using generalized additive models (GAM), we observed that sea surface temperature (SST), the North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOi) and Chlorophyll-a (Chla) were the main drivers behind the inter-annual variability in seabass hatch day. Analysis of correlations between growth increments allowed assessing important periods of seabass growth and how future growth is affected. Since seawater temperature is among the main drivers for seabass recruitment and growth, its life cycle may be hampered due to ocean warming and an increasingly unstable climate, with consequences for the natural marine stocks and their harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pinto
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal; CCMAR- Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - J N Monteiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal; CCMAR- Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - D Crespo
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F Costa
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Rosa
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A L Primo
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M A Pardal
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F Martinho
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
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Eloi da Silva T, Barbosa FS, Magalhães LMD, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Dos Santos AC, Nogueira DS, Resende NM, Amorim CC, Gazzinelli-Guimarães AC, Viana AG, Geiger SM, Bartholomeu DC, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL. Unraveling Ascaris suum experimental infection in humans. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104836. [PMID: 34020024 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are two closely related parasites that infect humans and pigs. The zoonotic potential of A. suum has been a matter of debate for decades. Here we sought to investigate the potential human infection by A. suum and its immunological alterations. We orally infected five healthy human subjects with eggs embraced by A. suum. The infection was monitored for symptoms and possible respiratory changes, by an interdisciplinary health team. Parasitological, hematological analyses, serum immunoglobulin, cytokine profiles, and gene expression were evaluated during the infection. Our results show that A. suum is able to infect and complete the cycle in humans causing A. lumbricoides similar symptoms, including, cough, headache, diarrhea, respiratory discomfort and chest x-ray alterations coinciding with larvae migration in the lungs. We also observed activation of the immune system with production of IgM and IgG and a Th2/Th17 response with downregulation of genes related to Th1 and apoptosis. PCA (Principal componts analysis) show that infection with A. suum leads to a change in the immune landscape of the human host. Our data reinforce the zoonotic capacity of A. suum and bring a new perspective on the understanding of the immune response against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Eloi da Silva
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Barbosa
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luisa M D Magalhães
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anderson C Dos Santos
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise S Nogueira
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathalia M Resende
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Chiara C Amorim
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agostinho G Viana
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stefan M Geiger
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniella C Bartholomeu
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Diosdado A, Simón F, Morchón R, González-Miguel J. Pro-fibrinolytic potential of the third larval stage of Ascaris suum as a possible mechanism facilitating its migration through the host tissues. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:203. [PMID: 32312291 PMCID: PMC7169012 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ascaris roundworms are the parasitic nematodes responsible for causing human and porcine ascariasis. Whereas A. lumbricoides is the most common soil-transmitted helminth infecting humans in the world, A. suum causes important economic losses in the porcine industry. The latter has been proposed as a model for the study of A. lumbricoides since both species are closely related. The third larval stage of these parasites carries out an intriguing and complex hepatopulmonary route through the bloodstream of its hosts. This allows the interaction between larvae and the physiological mechanisms of the hosts circulatory system, such as the fibrinolytic system. Parasite migration has been widely linked to the activation of this system by pathogens that are able to bind plasminogen and enhance plasmin generation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the interaction between the infective third larval stage of A. suum and the host fibrinolytic system as a model of the host-Ascaris spp. relationships. Methods Infective larvae were obtained after incubating and hatching fertile eggs of A. suum in order to extract their cuticle and excretory/secretory antigens. The ability of both extracts to bind and activate plasminogen, as well as promote plasmin generation were assayed by ELISA and western blot. The location of plasminogen binding on the larval surface was revealed by immunofluorescence. The plasminogen-binding proteins from both antigenic extracts were revealed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and plasminogen-ligand blotting, and identified by mass spectrometry. Results Cuticle and excretory/secretory antigens from infective larvae of A. suum were able to bind plasminogen and promote plasmin generation in the presence of plasminogen activators. Plasminogen binding was located on the larval surface. Twelve plasminogen-binding proteins were identified in both antigenic extracts. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, the present results showed for the first time, the pro-fibrinolytic potential of infective larvae of Ascaris spp., which suggests a novel parasite survival mechanism by facilitating the migration through host tissues.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Diosdado
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, C/Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, C/Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Morchón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, C/Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Malaya Pirogovskaya St. 20-1, Moscow, 119435, Russia
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Llanes KKR, Besana CM, Paller VGV. Larval distribution, migratory pattern and histological effects of Toxocara canis in Rattus norvegicus. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:679-685. [PMID: 31749540 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The common dog roundworm Toxocara canis can infect other animals and humans which may act as their paratenic and accidental hosts, respectively. Larvae do not further develop to adult worms in these hosts. Instead, they undergo migration to various body organs, causing the neglected parasitic disease known as toxocariasis. Although rats are considered as potential paratenic hosts of the parasite, there are only few studies which utilized Rattus norvegicus (Sprague-Dawley strain) for experimental infections involving toxocariasis. This study aimed to determine whether T. canis could establish in Sprague-Dawley rats artificially infected with 500 T. canis embryonated eggs and if the animals can be used as animal models for toxocariasis. Following squash method and tissue digestion, larvae were recovered from the lungs, liver and brain of the infected rats. Furthermore, gross examination of organs revealed macroscopic lesions and hemorrhages in the lungs and brain. Microscopically, accumulation of inflammatory cells, thickening of alveoli lining and destruction of bronchial walls and hepatic necrosis were observed. This study showed that T. canis has established in Sprague-Dawley rats and could serve as a model for Toxocara infection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennesa Klariz R Llanes
- 1Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
| | - Cyrelle M Besana
- 1Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
- 2Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato 9407 Philippines
| | - Vachel Gay V Paller
- 1Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
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Onkoba N, Chimbari M, Kamau J, Mukaratirwa S. Metabolic and adaptive immune responses induced in mice infected with tissue-dwelling nematode Trichinella zimbabwensis. Open Vet J 2016; 6:178-184. [PMID: 27882304 PMCID: PMC5116437 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-dwelling helminths are known to induce intestinal and systemic inflammation accompanied with host compensatory mechanisms to counter balance nutritional and metabolic deficiencies. The metabolic and immune responses of the host depend on parasite species and tissues affected by the parasite. This study investigated metabolic and immuno-inflammatory responses of mice infected with tissue-dwelling larvae of Trichinella zimbabwensis and explored the relationship between infection, metabolic parameters and Th1/Th17 immune responses. Sixty (60) female BALB/c mice aged between 6 to 8 weeks old were randomly assigned into T. zimbabwensis-infected and control groups. Levels of Th1 (interferon-γ) and Th17 (interleukin-17) cytokines, insulin and blood glucose were determined as well as measurements of body weight, food and water intake. Results showed that during the enteric phase of infection, insulin and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in the Trichinella infected group accompanied with a reduction in the trends of food intake and weight loss compared with the control group. During systemic larval migration, trends in food and water intake were significantly altered and this was attributed to compensatory feeding resulting in weight gain, reduced insulin levels and increased IL-17 levels. Larval migration also induced a Th1/Th17 derived inflammatory response. It was concluded that T. zimbabwensis alters metabolic parameters by instigating host compensatory feeding. Furthermore, we showed for the first time that non-encapsulated T. zimbabwensis parasite plays a role in immunomodulating host Th1/Th17 type responses during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Onkoba
- College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa
- Tropical Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M.J. Chimbari
- College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - J.M. Kamau
- Tropical Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - S. Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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Šimat V, Miletić J, Bogdanović T, Poljak V, Mladineo I. Role of biogenic amines in the post-mortem migration of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae Dujardin, 1845) larvae into fish fillets. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 214:179-186. [PMID: 26318909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infective third-stage larvae (L3) of nematode Anisakis spp. have been recognized as one of the major food-borne threats in lightly processed fish products in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean region. Therefore, the effect of different storage temperatures of fish on larval post-mortem migration from visceral cavity into fillets is an important parameter to take into account when evaluating the risk for consumer safety. The European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) were caught during fishing season, a subsample of fillets was checked for the presence of Anisakis larvae at capture (mean abundance=0.07), and the rest was stored at four different temperatures (-18, 0, 4 and 22°C) in order to count migrating larvae and measure the production of biogenic amines over a period of time. Larvae were identified by morphological features and molecular tools. Post-mortem migration was observed in fillets stored at 0 and 4°C after three and five days, respectively, but not at 22 and -18°C. In case of storage at 22°C for two days, at the onset of putrefaction of the visceral organs, larvae migrated out of the visceral cavity towards the fish surface. Measured pH and biogenic amine profile during storage indicated that certain biochemical conditions trigger larval migration into fillets. Likewise, migration was observed at pH ~6.4 when sensory degradation of the fish was markedly visible. Although larval migration was delayed for approximately four days at a temperature of <4°C the correlation between pH and abundance of A. pegreffii larvae in the fillet was high and statistically significant at both 0 (r=0.998, p<0.01) and 4°C (r=0.946, p<0.05). Out of eight biogenic amines measured, cadaverine and putrescine levels correlated the most with the post-mortem migration at 4°C, while tyramine levels were significant at both temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Šimat
- University of Split, University Department of Marine Studies, Livanjska 5/3, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Jelena Miletić
- University of Split, University Department of Marine Studies, Livanjska 5/3, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Tanja Bogdanović
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Regional Veterinary Institute Split, Poljička cesta, 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Vedran Poljak
- Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
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