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Rastädter K, Tramontano A, Wurm DJ, Spadiut O, Quehenberger J. Flow cytometry-based viability staining: an at-line tool for bioprocess monitoring of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. AMB Express 2022; 12:107. [PMID: 35947320 PMCID: PMC9365904 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the viability, ratio of dead and live cell populations, of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is still being done by tedious and material-intensive plating assays that can only provide time-lagged results. Although S. acidocaldarius, an extremophilic Archaeon thriving at 75 °C and pH 3.0, and related species harbor great potential for the exploitation as production hosts and biocatalysts in biotechnological applications, no industrial processes have been established yet. One hindrance is that during development and scaling of industrial bioprocesses timely monitoring of the impact of process parameters on the cultivated organism is crucial—a task that cannot be fulfilled by traditional plating assays. As alternative, flow cytometry (FCM) promises a fast and reliable method for viability assessment via the use of fluorescent dyes. In this study, commercially available fluorescent dyes applicable in S. acidocaldarius were identified. The dyes, fluorescein diacetate and concanavalin A conjugated with rhodamine, were discovered to be suitable for viability determination via FCM. For showing the applicability of the developed at-line tool for bioprocess monitoring, a chemostat cultivation on a defined growth medium at 75 °C, pH 3.0 was conducted. Over the timeframe of 800 h, this developed FCM method was compared to the plating assay by monitoring the change in viability upon controlled pH shifts. Both methods detected an impact on the viability at pH values of 2.0 and 1.5 when compared to pH 3.0. A logarithmic relationship between the viability observed via plating assay and via FCM was observed. Development of a flow cytometry (FCM) method for viability determination of S. acidocaldarius using the fluorescent dyes fluorescein diacetate and concanavalin A conjugated with rhodamine. Applicability of the developed method was shown via viability monitoring during a continuous cultivation with triggered pH shifts. A logarithmic trend was observed between the developed FCM method and the state-of-the-art method, plating assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rastädter
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Tramontano
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Unit, University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Quehenberger
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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Günther M, Karygianni L, Argyropoulou A, Anderson AC, Hellwig E, Skaltsounis AL, Wittmer A, Vach K, Al-Ahmad A. The antimicrobial effect of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts on oral initial adhesion ex vivo. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:4369-4380. [PMID: 35138461 PMCID: PMC9203371 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Objective In the last few decades, there has been a growing worldwide interest in the use of plant extracts for the prevention of oral diseases. The main focus of this interest lies in the identification and isolation of substances that limit the formation of microbial biofilm which plays a major role in the development of caries, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis. In this clinical ex vivo study, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of Rosmarinus officinalis extract against oral microorganisms within in situ initial oral biofilms. Materials and methods Initial in situ biofilm samples (2 h) from six healthy volunteers were treated ex vivo with R. officinalis extract at concentrations of 20 mg/ml and 30 mg/ml. The number of viable bacterial cells was determined by counting the colony-forming units. All surviving bacteria were isolated in pure cultures and identified using MALDI-TOF and biochemical testing procedures. Additionally, live/dead staining in combination with epifluorescence microscopy was used for visualizing the antimicrobial effects in the initial biofilms. Results The number of colony-forming units in the R. officinalis–treated biofilms was significantly lower than in the untreated controls (p < 0.001). The reduction range of log10 was 1.64–2.78 and 2.41–3.23 for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, respectively. Regarding the bacterial composition, large intra- and interindividual variability were observed. Except for Campylobacter spp., the average amount of all bacterial taxa was lower after treatment with R. officinalis than in the untreated biofilms. A total of 49 different species were detected in the untreated biofilms, while only 11 bacterial species were detected in the R. officinalis–treated biofilms. Live/dead staining confirmed that the R. officinalis–treated biofilms had significantly lower numbers of surviving bacteria than the untreated biofilms. Conclusions The treatment with R. officinalis extract has a significant potential to eliminate microbial oral initial biofilms. Clinical relevance The results of this study encourage the use of R. officinalis extracts in biofilm control and thus in the treatment of caries and periodontitis as a herbal adjuvant to synthetic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Günther
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aikaterini Argyropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Annette Carola Anderson
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexios Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Annette Wittmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Ali M, Okamoto M, Watanabe M, Huang H, Matsumoto S, Komichi S, Takahashi Y, Hayashi M. Biological properties of lithium-containing surface pre-reacted glass fillers as direct pulp-capping cements. Dent Mater 2021; 38:294-308. [PMID: 34953627 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surface pre-reacted glass fillers (S-PRG) can release different types of ions and in our previous study, we modified these fillers with lithium chloride (S-PRG/Li-100 mM) to induce reparative dentin formation by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Here, we assessed the biological performance of S-PRG/Li-100 mM and compared it with that of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and S-PRG without additives. METHODS In vivo studies were conducted on male Wistar rats using Masson's trichrome staining in pulp-capped molars. The test materials were implanted subcutaneously to evaluate their capacity for vascularization and biocompatibility. The ability of the test materials to form apatite was tested by immersing them in simulated body fluid. Rhodamine-B staining was conducted to assess their sealing ability in bovine teeth, while their antibacterial activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei in terms of colony-forming units and by live/dead staining. RESULTS Masson's trichrome staining and tissue-implantation tests confirmed the biocompatibility of S-PRG/Li-100 mM and it was similar to that of MTA and S-PRG; inflammation regression was observed 14 days after operation in the subcutaneous tissues. S-PRG/Li-100 mM promoted the formation of apatite on its surface. Both the S-PRG groups showed higher sealing capability and bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity against oral bacterial biofilms than MTA. SIGNIFICANCE Lithium-containing surface pre-reacted glass cements exhibit better antibacterial and sealing capabilities than MTA, suggesting their potential as high-performance direct pulp-capping materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manahil Ali
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, P.O. 11111 Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Motoki Okamoto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Masakatsu Watanabe
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hailing Huang
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Sayako Matsumoto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shungo Komichi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Scilletta NA, Pezzoni M, Desimone MF, Soler-Illia GJAA, Bellino MG, Catalano PN. Determination of Antibacterial Activity of Film Coatings Against Four Clinically Relevant Bacterial Strains. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3887. [PMID: 33732776 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial coatings have currently gained great importance in biomedical technology investigations. Because of the spatial arrangement of the film coatings, evaluation of antibacterial activity presents a new challenge regarding traditional bacterial counting methods. In this protocol, four clinically relevant pathogens, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were incubated on titania mesostructured thin film coatings for 24 h. Then, cell viability was studied considering three methods: counting of the number of colony forming units (CFU), live/dead staining, and quantification of extracellular DNA in suspension. Firstly, bacterial count was determined by the standard plate-count technique. Secondly, bacteria membrane integrity was evaluated by utilization of two fluorescent dyes, which allow distinction between live (membrane intact) and dead (membrane disrupted) bacteria. Lastly, extracellular DNA was quantified by spectrophotometry. In this manner, the three aforementioned techniques enabled the study of bacterial viability by qualitative and quantitative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Scilletta
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología-Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. General Paz 1499, B1650KNA San Martín, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Pezzoni
- Departamento de Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. General Paz 1499, B1650KNA San Martín, Argentina y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - Martín F Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Galo J A A Soler-Illia
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av. 25 de Mayo 1021, 1650 San Martín, Argentina
| | - Martín G Bellino
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología-Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. General Paz 1499, B1650KNA San Martín, Argentina
| | - Paolo N Catalano
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología-Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. General Paz 1499, B1650KNA San Martín, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pezzoni M, Pizarro RA, Costa CS. Evaluation of Viable Cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilmsby Colony Count and Live/Dead Staining. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3762. [PMID: 33659420 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human pathogen capable to form robust biofilms. P. aeruginosa biofilms represent a serious problem because of the adverse effects on human health and industry, from sanitary and economic points of view. Typical strategies to break down biofilms have been long used, such as the use of disinfectants or antibiotics, but also, according to their high resistance to standard antimicrobial approaches, alternative strategies employing photocatalysis or control of biofilm formation by modifying surfaces, have been proposed. Colony forming units (cfu) counting and live/dead staining, two classic techniques used for biofilm quantification, are detailed in this work. Both methods assess cell viability, a key factor to analyze the microbial susceptibility to given treatment, then, they represent a good approach for evaluation of an antibiofilm strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pezzoni
- Dpto. de Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, General San Martín, Argentina
| | - Ramón A Pizarro
- Dpto. de Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, General San Martín, Argentina
| | - Cristina S Costa
- Dpto. de Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, General San Martín, Argentina
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Abstract
Studies on islet of Langerhans physiology are crucial to understand the role of the endocrine pancreas in diabetes pathogenesis and the development of new therapeutic approaches. However, so far most research addressing islet of Langerhans biology relies on islets obtained via enzymatic isolation from the pancreas, which is known to cause mechanical and chemical stress, thus having a major impact on islet cell physiology. To circumvent the limitations of islet isolation, we have pioneered a platform for the study of islet physiology using the pancreas tissue slice technique. This approach allows to explore the detailed three-dimensional morphology of intact pancreatic tissue at a cellular level and to investigate islet cell function under near-physiological conditions. The described procedure is less damaging and faster than alternative approaches and particularly advantageous for studying infiltrated and structurally damaged islets. Furthermore, pancreas tissue slices have proven valuable for acute studies of endocrine as well as exocrine cell physiology in their conserved natural environment. We here provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of mouse pancreas tissue slices, the assessment of slice viability, and the study of pancreas cell physiology by hormone secretion and immunofluorescence staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Panzer
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian M Cohrs
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Speier
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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Brauge T, Midelet-Bourdin G, Soumet C. Viability Detection of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens in Food Environment by PMA-qPCR and by Microscopic Observation. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1918:117-128. [PMID: 30580403 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9000-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are responsible of foodborne diseases and food poisoning and thus pose a great threat to food safety. These microorganisms can adhere to surface and form a biofilm composed of an extracellular matrix. This extracellular matrix protects bacterial cells from industrial environmental stress factors such as cleaning and disinfection operations. Moreover, during these environmental stresses, many bacterial species can enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. VBNC cells are characterized by a loss of cultivability on conventional bacteriological agar. This leads to an underestimation of total viable cells in environmental samples, and thus poses a risk for public health. In this chapter, we present a method to detect viable population of foodborne pathogens in industrial environmental samples using a molecular method with a combination of propidium monoazide (PMA) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a fluorescence microscopic method associated with the LIVE/DEAD BacLight™ viability stain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Boulogne sur Mer, France.,RMT Chlean, Joint Technological Network: Hygienic Design of Production Lines and Equipment, Fougères, France
| | - Graziella Midelet-Bourdin
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Boulogne sur Mer, France.,RMT Chlean, Joint Technological Network: Hygienic Design of Production Lines and Equipment, Fougères, France
| | - Christophe Soumet
- RMT Chlean, Joint Technological Network: Hygienic Design of Production Lines and Equipment, Fougères, France. .,Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, Fougères, France.
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