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Shimizu S, Kawahara R, Simizu S. Methionine aminopeptidase‑2 is a pivotal regulator of vasculogenic mimicry. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:31. [PMID: 34913067 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is the formation of a blood supply system that confers aggressive and metastatic properties to tumors and correlates with a poor prognosis in cancer patients. Thus, the inhibition of VM is considered an effective approach for cancer treatment, although such a mechanism remains poorly described. In the present study, we examined methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2), a key factor of angiogenesis, and demonstrated that it is pivotal for VM, using pharmacological and genetic approaches. Fumagillin and TNP-470, angiogenesis inhibitors that target MetAP2, significantly suppressed VM in various human cancer cell lines. We established MetAP2-knockout (KO) human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that VM was attenuated in these cells. Furthermore, re-expression of wild-type MetAP2 restored VM in the MetAP2-KO HT1080 cells, but the substitution of D251, a conserved amino acid in MetAP2, failed to rescue the VM. Collectively, our results demonstrate that MetAP2 is critical for VM in human cancer cells and suggest fumagillin and TNP-470 as potent VM-suppressing agents.
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Albayati S, Uba AI, Yelekçi K. Potential inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidase type II identified via structure-based pharmacophore modeling. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1005-1016. [PMID: 33846894 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP2) is a metal-containing enzyme that removes initiator methionine from the N-terminus of a newly synthesized protein. Inhibition of the enzyme is crucial in diminishing cancer growth and metastasis. Fumagillin-a natural irreversible inhibitor of MetAP2-and its derivatives are used as potent MetAP2 inhibitors. However, because of their adverse effects, none of them has progressed to clinical studies. In search for potential reversible inhibitors, we built structure-based pharmacophore models using the crystal structure of MetAP2 complexed with fumagillin (PDB ID: 1BOA). The pharmacophore models were validated using Gunner-Henry scoring method. The best pharmacophore consisting of 1 H-bond donor, 1 H-bond acceptor, and 3 hydrophobic features was used to conduct pharmacophore-based virtual screening of ZINC15 database against MetAP2. The top 10 compounds with pharmacophore fit values > 3.00 were selected for further analysis. These compounds were subjected to absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction and found to have druglike properties. Furthermore, molecular docking calculations was performed on these hits using AutoDock4 to predict their binding mode and binding energy. Three diverse compounds: ZINC000014903160, ZINC000040174591, and ZINC000409110720 with respective binding energy/docking scores of - 9.22, - 9.21, and -817 kcal/mol, were submitted to 100 ns (MD) simulations using Nanoscale MD (NAMD) software. The compounds showed stable binding mode over time. Therefore, they may serve as a scaffold for further computational and experimental optimization toward the design of more potent and safer MetAP2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safana Albayati
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Kadir Has University, 34083 Cibali Campus Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Kadir Has University, 34083 Cibali Campus Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.,Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kemal Yelekçi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Kadir Has University, 34083 Cibali Campus Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wentworth JM, Colman PG. The methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor ZGN-1061 improves glucose control and weight in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1215-1219. [PMID: 32077231 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitor ZGN-1061 lowered weight and improved glucose in preclinical studies. We sought to determine its efficacy and safety by performing a multicentre, phase 2, randomized controlled trial involving overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c between 7% and 11% inclusive. Participants were randomized to receive subcutaneous treatment with placebo or 0.05, 0.3, 0.9 or 1.8 mg ZGN-1061 every third day for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c at week 12. Relative to placebo, the 0.9 and 1.8 mg doses induced clinically meaningful reductions in HbA1c of 0.6% (95% CI 0.2% to 0.9%; P = 0.0006) and 1.0% (95% CI 0.6% to 1.4%; P < 0.0001), respectively. The 1.8 mg dose also induced weight loss of 2.2% (95% CI 1.1% to 3.3%; P = 0.0002). The incidence of adverse events was balanced across the treatment groups. We conclude that MetAP2 inhibition with ZGN-1061 for 12 weeks improved glucose control and aided weight loss in overweight and obese people with type 2 diabetes. However, given safety issues, Zafgen has discontinued MetAP2 inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Wentworth
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peter G Colman
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Proietto J, Malloy J, Zhuang D, Arya M, Cohen ND, de Looze FJ, Gilfillan C, Griffin P, Hall S, Nathow T, Oldfield GS, O'Neal DN, Roberts A, Stuckey BGA, Yue D, Taylor K, Kim D. Efficacy and safety of methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1918-1922. [PMID: 29992370 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS This multicentre randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy and safety of a methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitor, beloranib, in individuals with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 53-97 mmol/mol [7-11%] and fasting glucose <15.6 mmol/l). METHODS Participants were randomised (via a centralised interactive web response system) to placebo, 1.2 or 1.8 mg beloranib s.c. twice weekly for 26 weeks. Participants, investigators and the sponsor were blinded to group assignment. The primary endpoint was the change in weight from baseline to week 26. The trial was terminated early when beloranib development was stopped because of an imbalance of venous thromboembolism events in beloranib-treated individuals vs placebo that became evident during late-stage development of the drug. RESULTS In total, 153 participants were randomised, 51 to placebo, 52 to 1.2 mg beloranib and 50 to 1.8 mg beloranib. In participants who completed week 26, the least squares mean ± SE weight change (baseline 111 kg) was -3.1 ± 1.2% with placebo (n = 22) vs -13.5 ± 1.1% and -12.7 ± 1.3% with 1.2 and 1.8 mg beloranib, respectively (n = 25; n = 19; p < 0.0001). The change in HbA1c (baseline 67 mmol/mol [8.3%]) was -6.6 ± 2.2 mmol/mol (-0.6 ± 0.2%) with placebo vs -21.9 ± 2.2 mmol/mol (-2.0 ± 0.2%) or -21.9 ± 3.3 mmol/mol (-2.0 ± 0.3%) with 1.2 or 1.8 mg beloranib (p < 0.0001), respectively. The most common beloranib adverse events were sleep related. One beloranib-treated participant experienced a non-fatal pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION MetAP2 inhibitors represent a novel mechanism for producing meaningful weight loss and improvement in HbA1c. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02324491 FUNDING: The study was funded by Zafgen, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Proietto
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaret Malloy
- Zafgen, Inc., 175 Portland St, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Dongliang Zhuang
- Zafgen, Inc., 175 Portland St, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mark Arya
- Australian Clinical Research Network, Maroubra, NSW, Australia
| | - Neale D Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ferdinandus J de Looze
- AusTrials Pty Ltd, Sherwood, QLD, Australia
- Discipline of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Paul Griffin
- Q-Pharm Pty Ltd, Herston, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen Hall
- Emeritus Research, Malvern East, VIC, Australia
- Institution for Rehabilitation Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - David N O'Neal
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Roberts
- University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bronwyn G A Stuckey
- Keogh Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Dennis Yue
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin Taylor
- Zafgen, Inc., 175 Portland St, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Dennis Kim
- Zafgen, Inc., 175 Portland St, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Esvaran VG, Gupta T, Nayaka ARN, Sivaprasad V, Ponnuvel KM. Molecular characterization of Nosema bombycis methionine aminopeptidase 2 ( MetAP2) gene and evaluation of anti-microsporidian activity of Fumagilin-B in silkworm Bombyx mori. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:386. [PMID: 30175023 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosema bombycis is a spore-forming parasite causing microsporidiosis in silkworm Bombyx mori. Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), an essential gene of N. bombycis, is a target for the anti-microsporidian drug Fumagillin, an antibiotic derived from Aspergillus fumigatus. In this study, a 1077 bp full-length cDNA of the MetAP2 gene of N. bombycis was cloned and characterized. Furthermore, the expression study of the MetAP2 gene revealed a ubiquitous expression during all the developmental stages of the silkworm B. mori. The phylogenetic analysis of the MetAP2 gene of N. bombycis revealed the MetAP2 gene sequences to be highly conserved in nature. The present study also includes the validation of the anti-microsporidian drug Fumagillin against the MetAP2 gene of N. bombycis. The findings revealed that Fumagilin-B could also suppress the N. bombycis multiplication in the silkworm B. mori, thereby proving the therapeutic role of Fumagillin against microsporidian infection. This is the first-ever report regarding the characterization of the MetAP2 gene in the Indian isolate of N. bombycis and also towards the usage of Fumagillin in the control of microsporidiosis in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Gowri Esvaran
- Genomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelaram-Post, Kodathi, Bangalore, 560035 India
| | - Tania Gupta
- Genomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelaram-Post, Kodathi, Bangalore, 560035 India
| | - A R Narasimha Nayaka
- Silkworm Pathology Division, Central Sericulture Training and Research Institute, Mysore, 570008 India
| | - Vankadara Sivaprasad
- Silkworm Pathology Division, Central Sericulture Training and Research Institute, Mysore, 570008 India
| | - Kangayam M Ponnuvel
- Genomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelaram-Post, Kodathi, Bangalore, 560035 India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) cleaves the initiator methionine from nascent peptides during translation. In both preclinical and clinical studies, the pharmacological inhibition of MetAP2 in obese subjects results in the suppression of food intake and body weight loss. However, the mechanism of action of body weight loss caused by MetAP2 inhibition remains to be elucidated, and the sites of action by pharmacological MetAP2 inhibition remain unknown. METHODS In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the MetAP2 expression pattern in mice was performed. RESULTS Except for the relatively low expression in adipose tissues, MetAP2 protein was well-expressed in tissues important for metabolism, including liver, whole brain, skeletal muscle and intestine tissues. In comparison to lean mice, MetAP2 mRNA level was elevated in the intestines of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. At the cellular level, MetAP2 exhibited a distinct high expression in central and peripheral neurons, as well as in epithelial cells lining both the small intestine and colon. In the liver of lean mice, MetAP2 protein exhibited punctate staining, which was enriched in zone three hepatocytes surrounding the central veins. In contrast, MetAP2 expression was diffuse in the liver of DIO mice. Furthermore, MetAP2 was highly expressed in immune cells that infiltrated DIO livers. CONCLUSION Overall, these results delineate the MetAP2 expression at both tissue and cellular levels and highlight the altered MetAP2 expression under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Yang Tang
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Mingjian Lu
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Haiqing Hua
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
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McBride C, Cheruvallath Z, Komandla M, Tang M, Farrell P, Lawson JD, Vanderpool D, Wu Y, Dougan DR, Plonowski A, Holub C, Larson C. Discovery of potent, reversible MetAP2 inhibitors via fragment based drug discovery and structure based drug design-Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2779-2783. [PMID: 27136719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2) is an enzyme that cleaves an N-terminal methionine residue from a number of newly synthesized proteins. This step is required before they will fold or function correctly. Pre-clinical and clinical studies with a MetAP2 inhibitor suggest that they could be used as a novel treatment for obesity. Herein we describe the discovery of a series of pyrazolo[4,3-b]indoles as reversible MetAP2 inhibitors. A fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) approach was used, beginning with the screening of fragment libraries to generate hits with high ligand-efficiency (LE). An indazole core was selected for further elaboration, guided by structural information. SAR from the indazole series led to the design of a pyrazolo[4,3-b]indole core and accelerated knowledge-based fragment growth resulted in potent and efficient MetAP2 inhibitors, which have shown robust and sustainable body weight loss in DIO mice when dosed orally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mingnam Tang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | | | - J David Lawson
- Computational Sciences, Takeda California, United States
| | | | - Yiqin Wu
- Biological Sciences, Takeda California, United States
| | | | | | - Corine Holub
- Biological Sciences, Takeda California, United States
| | - Chris Larson
- Biological Sciences, Takeda California, United States
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Cheruvallath Z, Tang M, McBride C, Komandla M, Miura J, Ton-Nu T, Erikson P, Feng J, Farrell P, Lawson JD, Vanderpool D, Wu Y, Dougan DR, Plonowski A, Holub C, Larson C. Discovery of potent, reversible MetAP2 inhibitors via fragment based drug discovery and structure based drug design-Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2774-2778. [PMID: 27155900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) is an enzyme that cleaves an N-terminal methionine residue from a number of newly synthesized proteins. Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that MetAP2 inhibitors could be used as a novel treatment for obesity. Herein we describe our use of fragment screening methods and structural biology to quickly identify and elaborate an indazole fragment into a series of reversible MetAP2 inhibitors with <10nM potency, excellent selectivity, and favorable in vitro safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingnam Tang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | | | | | - Joanne Miura
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | - Thu Ton-Nu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | - Phil Erikson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | - Jun Feng
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | | | - J David Lawson
- Computational Sciences, Takeda California, United States
| | | | - Yiqin Wu
- Biological Sciences, Takeda California, United States
| | | | | | - Corine Holub
- Biological Sciences, Takeda California, United States
| | - Chris Larson
- Biological Sciences, Takeda California, United States
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Abstract
Worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly doubled since 1980. Obesity is the result of interactions among the environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and human behavior. Even modest weight reduction in obese patients provides beneficial health outcomes. For effective weight reduction, a drug should either increase energy expenditure or decrease energy intake without causing serious adverse effects. To overcome lack of efficacy and central nervous system related side effects, exploitation of the peripheral mechanism of anti-obesity action is needed. Inhibition of pathological angiogenesis in adipose tissue is one such peripheral mechanism that has attracted the attention of researchers in this area. Although originally developed as anti-cancer agents, methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP2) inhibitors induce significant and sustained weight reduction. Here, we review preclinical and clinical pharmacology of MetAP2 inhibitors. Beloranib is a prototype MetAP2 inhibitor, and currently in advanced clinical trials for the treatment of obesity. Clinical data of beloranib indicate that MetAP2 inhibitors could be a future treatment option for weight reduction without serious adverse effects. Further clinical data from Phase III trials will add to our growing knowledge of MetAP2 inhibitor potential for anti-obesity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
- Correspondence: Amit A Joharapurkar, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India, Tel + 91 271 766 5555, Fax + 91 271 766 5155, Email
| | - Nirav A Dhanesha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
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Zhou GC, Liu F, Wan J, Wang J, Wang D, Wei P, Ouyang P. Design, synthesis and evaluation of a cellular stable and detectable biotinylated fumagillin probe and investigation of cell permeability of fumagillin and its analogs to endothelial and cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:631-9. [PMID: 24211639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fumagillin (1), a natural product of fungal origin, and its analogs were discovered to be extremely potent and highly selective inhibitors restraining endothelial cell proliferation in vitro by covalently binding to MetAP2. In order to further understand the unclear biological mechanisms and pharmacological processes of fumagillin and its derivatives, fumagillin-biotin conjugate 8 was designed and synthesized, which is linked with a 27-atom connection chain and by urethane (carbamate) bonds between fumagillol and D-norbiotinamine. The conjugate 8 shows comparable activity and selectivity against HUVEC proliferation as fumagillin. It was demonstrated that the conjugate 8 is stable inside the cell and its linker is of a suitable length for the detection of biotin in native and denatured conditions. Using the conjugate 8, it was determined that the cell permeability of fumagillin (1) and its analogs are not responsible for their inhibitory activity difference against the proliferation of endothelial and cancer cells. Furthermore, we confidently believe that our present strategy is a versatile and convenient method for investigating drug's cell permeability along with other studies regardless of reversible or irreversible interaction between the drug and binding target/s.
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Arico-Muendel CC, Blanchette H, Benjamin DR, Caiazzo TM, Centrella PA, DeLorey J, Doyle EG, Johnson SR, Labenski MT, Morgan BA, O’Donovan G, Sarjeant AA, Skinner S, Thompson CD, Griffin ST, Westlin W, White KF. Orally active fumagillin analogues: transformations of a reactive warhead in the gastric environment. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:381-6. [PMID: 24900682 DOI: 10.1021/ml3003633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Semisynthetic analogues of fumagillin, 1, inhibit methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2) and have entered the clinic for the treatment of cancer. An optimized fumagillin analogue, 3 (PPI-2458), was found to be orally active, despite containing a spiroepoxide function that formed a covalent linkage to the target protein. In aqueous acid, 3 underwent ring-opening addition of water and HCl, leading to four products, 4-7, which were characterized in detail. The chlorohydrin, but not the diol, products inhibited MetAP2 under weakly basic conditions, suggesting reversion to epoxide as a step in the mechanism. In agreement, chlorohydrin 6 was shown to revert rapidly to 3 in rat plasma. In an ex vivo assay, rats treated with purified acid degradants demonstrated inhibition of MetAP2 that correlated with the biochemical activity of the compounds. Taken together, the results indicate that degradation of the parent compound was compensated by the formation of active equivalents leading to a pharmacologically useful level of MetAP2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Arico-Muendel
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Heather Blanchette
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dennis R. Benjamin
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Teresa M. Caiazzo
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paolo A. Centrella
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer DeLorey
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Elisabeth G. Doyle
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Steven R. Johnson
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew T. Labenski
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Barry A. Morgan
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gary O’Donovan
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amy A. Sarjeant
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Steven Skinner
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charles D. Thompson
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sarah T. Griffin
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William Westlin
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kerry F. White
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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