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Perez WDD, Prasetyo YT, Cahigas MML, Persada SF, Young MN, Nadlifatin R. Factors Influencing Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) Game Engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) Approach. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19847. [PMID: 37809744 PMCID: PMC10559247 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prominent form of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is found in the gaming industry. NFT games received immense attention during the COVID-19 pandemic because of their play-to-earn model. NFT gamers can enjoy and increase their finances in their spare time. Hence, the researchers utilized Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate the intention and immersive behaviors of 1082 respondents. The modified framework from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) underwent SEM tests. These theories and methods were used to analyze relationships among hypotheses and assess factors influencing NFT game engagement. The results showed that hedonic motivation produced positive and significant influences on perceived usefulness, curiosity, joy, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Subjective norms significantly influenced perceived ease of use. In due course, perceived ease of use yielded positive and significant effects on perceived usefulness, joy, attitude, and perceived behavioral control. Moreover, perceived usefulness, curiosity, joy, attitude, and perceived behavioral control had significant positive effects on behavioral intention. In addition, perceived usefulness, curiosity, joy, and attitude significantly and positively affected immersion. Meanwhile, only four hypotheses were not supported by the study. These findings were translated into theoretical and managerial implications to contribute to the academe given the strong the change of behavior of users towards NFT games during the pandemic; gaming industry since they will be able to develop, improve and create a new ecosystem in the gaming space, and NFT stakeholders since they will benefit from the development that will influence this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Davin D. Perez
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapua University, 658 Muralla St, Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Yogi Tri Prasetyo
- International Bachelor Program in Engineering, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, 32003, Taiwan
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Maela Madel L. Cahigas
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Satria Fadil Persada
- Entrepreneurship Department, BINUS Business School Undergraduate Program, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
| | - Michael Nayat Young
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Reny Nadlifatin
- Department of Information Systems, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
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Zhuang Y, Shyu CR, Hong S, Li P, Zhang L. Self-sovereign identity empowered non-fungible patient tokenization for health information exchange using blockchain technology. Comput Biol Med 2023; 157:106778. [PMID: 36934533 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient tokenization is a novel approach that allows anonymous patient-level linkage across healthcare facilities, minimizing the risk of breaching protected health information in health information exchange (HIE). Most patient tokenization is the centralized approach that is unable to address data security concerns fundamentally. Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT), which are non-transferable cryptographic assets on the blockchain, have the potential to provide secure, decentralized, and trustworthy patient tokenization. Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) is a user-centric approach to verify the ownership of NFTs in a decentralized manner. METHODS We have developed a blockchain architecture that contains four modules: (1) Creation module for NFTs creation, (2) Linkage module to link the local patients' accounts to their NFTs, (3) Authentication module that allows patients to permit healthcare providers to access their token, and (4) Exchange module, which involves the HIE process and the validation of the legitimacy of the token through SSI. RESULTS A case study has been conducted on the proposed architecture. Over 3 million transactions have been completed successfully with a blockchain validation and written time of 1.17 s on average. A stability test has also been conducted with a higher throughput of 200 transactions per second running for an hour with an average transaction processing time of 1.42 s. CONCLUSIONS This study proposed a blockchain architecture that achieves SSI-enabled NFT-based patient tokenization. Our architecture design, implementation, and case studies have demonstrated the feasibility and potential of NFT with SSI to establish a secure, transparent, and patient-centric identity management and HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhuang
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Medical Technology, Health Science Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi-Ren Shyu
- Institue of Data Science and Informatics, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shenda Hong
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Medical Technology, Health Science Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Medical Technology, Health Science Center of Peking University, Beijing, China; Advanced Institute of Information Technology, Peking University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luxia Zhang
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Medical Technology, Health Science Center of Peking University, Beijing, China; Advanced Institute of Information Technology, Peking University, Hangzhou, China.
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