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Zhang Y, Belaid M, Luo X, Daci A, Limani R, Mantaj J, Zilbauer M, Nayak K, Vllasaliu D. Probing milk extracellular vesicles for intestinal delivery of RNA therapies. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:406. [PMID: 37924132 PMCID: PMC10623793 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral delivery remains unattainable for nucleic acid therapies. Many nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been investigated for this, but most suffer from poor gut stability, poor mucus diffusion and/or inefficient epithelial uptake. Extracellular vesicles from bovine milk (mEVs) possess desirable characteristics for oral delivery of nucleic acid therapies since they both survive digestion and traverse the intestinal mucosa. RESULTS Using novel tools, we comprehensively examine the intestinal delivery of mEVs, probing whether they could be used as, or inform the design of, nanoparticles for oral nucleic acid therapies. We show that mEVs efficiently translocate across the Caco-2 intestinal model, which is not compromised by treatment with simulated intestinal fluids. For the first time, we also demonstrate transport of mEVs in novel 3D 'apical-out' and monolayer-based human intestinal epithelial organoids (IEOs). Importantly, mEVs loaded with small interfering RNA (siRNA) induced (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) gene silencing in macrophages. Using inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as an example application, we show that administration of anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) siRNA-loaded mEVs reduced inflammation in a IBD rat model. CONCLUSIONS Together, this work demonstrates that mEVs could either act as natural and safe systems for oral delivery or nucleic acid therapies, or inform the design of synthetic systems for such application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyue Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mona Belaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Xiang Luo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Armond Daci
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Rinë Limani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Julia Mantaj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Komal Nayak
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Driton Vllasaliu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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