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Jin S, Li H, Xu Y. Preparation and Characterization of Trastuzumab Fab-Conjugated Liposomes (Immunoliposomes). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2622:197-205. [PMID: 36781762 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2954-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunoliposomes are made by conjugating antibodies or antibody fragments on liposome surfaces. Antibody fragments Fab', single-chain Fv fragments (scFv), or new constructs such as nanobodies are commonly used instead of whole IgGs for reduced risk immunogenicity. Here we described the preparation and characterization of immunoliposome-containing trastuzumab Fabs on the surface. The targeting ligand Fab-PEG-DSPE was synthesized by site-specific coupling between the C-terminal cysteine of the Fab and the maleimide group at the distal end of a DSPE-PEG. It was incorporated into preformed liposomes at 60 °C above the lipid bilayer phase transition temperature. The binding avidity of the immunoliposomes containing different Fab valencies was characterized using biolayer interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShanShan Jin
- Hangzhou Highfiled Bipharmaceuticals Inc., Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogen Plant Resources in Western Yunnan, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Yuhong Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogen Plant Resources in Western Yunnan, Dali University, Dali, China.
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Terada T, Kanou M, Hashimoto Y, Tanimoto M, Sugimoto M. Microfluidic Preparation of Nanoparticles Using Poly(ethylene Glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine for Solubilizing Poorly Soluble Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1709-1718. [PMID: 34863973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems have shown promise for the production of nanoparticles from mixtures of aqueous and organic solutions, including liposomes, oil-in-water nanoemulsions, and lipid nanoparticles. They offer important practical advantages, including low reagent consumption, parallelization, and automation, and are ideally suited to high-throughput optimization and scale-up. In this study, we developed a new method for the formulation of nanoparticles of poorly soluble drug compounds. The nanoparticles, prepared by microfluidic mixing using only poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE), were highly stable and uniform in size. By mixing an organic solution of poorly soluble cyclosporine A and PEG-DSPE with water in the microfluidic device, amorphous cyclosporine A nanoparticles (CsA-NPs), with an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 90% and a particle size of 100-200 nm, were obtained. Analysis of the microfluidic process parameters revealed that particle size distribution was significantly controlled by the flow rate ratio. The obtained CsA-NPs were stable for up to 150 days at room temperature, and the pharmacokinetic profile was similar to that of the commercial formulation containing Cremophor EL, which has been reported to induce serious adverse effects after intravenous administration. These findings provide a useful technical platform for the safe solubilization of poorly soluble compounds and their subsequent pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Terada
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 3-16-89, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 532-8505, Japan..
| | - Masahito Kanou
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 3-16-89, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 532-8505, Japan
| | - Yousuke Hashimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 3-16-89, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 532-8505, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tanimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 3-16-89, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 532-8505, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sugimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 3-16-89, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 532-8505, Japan
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Sai N, Dong X, Huang P, You L, Yang C, Liu Y, Wang W, Wu H, Yu Y, Du Y, Leng X, Yin X, Qu C, Ni J. A Novel Gel-Forming Solution Based on PEG-DSPE/Solutol HS 15 Mixed Micelles and Gellan Gum for Ophthalmic Delivery of Curcumin. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010081. [PMID: 31878332 PMCID: PMC6983186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur) is a naturally hydrophobic polyphenol with potential pharmacological properties. However, the poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability of curcumin limits its ocular administration. Thus, the aim of this study was to prepare a mixed micelle in situ gelling system of curcumin (Cur-MM-ISG) for ophthalmic drug delivery. The curcumin mixed micelles (Cur-MMs) were prepared via the solvent evaporation method, after which they were incorporated into gellan gum gels. Characterization tests showed that Cur-MMs were small in size and spherical in shape, with a low critical micelle concentration. Compared with free curcumin, Cur-MMs improved the solubility and stability of curcumin significantly. The ex vivo penetration study revealed that Cur-MMs could penetrate the rabbit cornea more efficiently than the free curcumin. After dispersing the micelles in the gellan gum solution at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v), a transparent Cur-MM-ISG with the characteristics of a pseudoplastic fluid was formed. No obvious irritations were observed in the rabbit eyes after ocular instillation of Cur-MM-ISG. Moreover, Cur-MM-ISG showed a longer retention time on the corneal surface when compared to Cur-MMs using the fluorescein sodium labeling method. These findings indicate that biocompatible Cur-MM-ISG has great potential in ophthalmic drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
- School of pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Pingqing Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chunjing Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Wenping Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Huimin Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yingchao Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Leng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (J.N.); Tel.: +86-010-6428-6407 (J.N.)
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (J.N.); Tel.: +86-010-6428-6407 (J.N.)
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Alvarez C, Andes DR, Kang JY, Krug C, Kwon GS. Antifungal Efficacy of an Intravenous Formulation Containing Monomeric Amphotericin B, 5-Fluorocytosine, and Saline for Sodium Supplementation. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1115-1124. [PMID: 28205003 PMCID: PMC5383515 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amphotericin B (AmB) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) exhibit additive to synergistic activity against systemic mycoses. Incompatibility of prescribed formulations precludes concomitant IV administration, a route with distinct advantages. Previously, we used PEG-DSPE micelles to produce a reformulation of Fungizone (AmB-SD), AmB solubilized by sodium deoxycholate, called mAmB-90. Herein, we describe a second reformulation that facilitates co-delivery of mAmB-90 and 5-FC, and evaluate the effect of PEG-DSPE micelles on the combination's activity against Candida albicans. METHODS We assessed the effect of 5-FC addition on the stability, in vitro toxicity, and antifungal efficacy of mAmB-90. The aggregation state and particle size of mAmB-90 combined with 5-FC (FmAmB-90) was evaluated over 48 h. Hemolytic activity was measured in vitro. Antifungal activity was determined in vitro against C. albicans. The efficacy of monotherapy and combination treatment was evaluated in a neutropenic mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. RESULTS The aggregation state, particle size, and hemolytic activity of mAmB-90 were unaffected by 5-FC. While antifungal activity was similar in vitro, mAmB-90 alone and combined with 5-FC was more potent than AmB-SD in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Short-term stability and in vivo efficacy of our formulation suggest potential to simultaneously deliver AmB and 5-FC for potent antifungal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Alvarez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2222, USA
| | - David R Andes
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2281, USA
| | - Jeong Yeon Kang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Carmen Krug
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Glen S Kwon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2222, USA.
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Alvarez C, Shin DH, Kwon GS. Reformulation of Fungizone by PEG-DSPE Micelles: Deaggregation and Detoxification of Amphotericin B. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2098-2106. [PMID: 27198671 PMCID: PMC4967395 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1948-7,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fungizone® (AmB-SD), amphotericin B solubilized by sodium deoxycholate, contains a highly aggregated form of the antifungal agent that causes dose-limiting renal toxicity. With the aim of reducing the formulation's toxicity by co-delivering monomeric amphotericin B (AmB) and sodium supplementation, we deaggregated AmB-SD with FDA-approved excipient PEG-DSPE in 0.9% NaCl-USP. Herein, we describe a reformulated AmB-SD with PEG-DSPE micelles that results in a less toxic drug with maintained antifungal activity. METHODS We compared the aggregation state and particle size of AmB-SD alone or combined with PEG-DSPE micelles. In vitro hemolytic activity and in vivo renal toxicity were measured to determine the toxicity of different formulations. In vitro antifungal assays were performed to determine differences in efficacy among formulations. RESULTS PEG-DSPE micelles in saline deaggregated AmB-SD. Deaggregated AmB-SD exhibited significantly reduced in vitro and in vivo toxicity. In vitro antifungal studies showed no difference in minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of AmB-SD combined with PEG-DSPE relative to the drug alone. CONCLUSIONS Reformulation of AmB-SD with PEG-DSPE micelles in saline facilitates co-delivery of monomeric AmB and sodium supplementation, potentially reducing the dose-limiting nephrotoxicity of AmB-SD. Ease of preparation and commercially available components lead us to acknowledge its potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Alvarez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Dae Hwan Shin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Glen S Kwon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2222, USA.
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Alvarez C, Shin DH, Kwon GS. Reformulation of Fungizone by PEG-DSPE Micelles: Deaggregation and Detoxification of Amphotericin B. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2098-106. [PMID: 27198671 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fungizone® (AmB-SD), amphotericin B solubilized by sodium deoxycholate, contains a highly aggregated form of the antifungal agent that causes dose-limiting renal toxicity. With the aim of reducing the formulation's toxicity by co-delivering monomeric amphotericin B (AmB) and sodium supplementation, we deaggregated AmB-SD with FDA-approved excipient PEG-DSPE in 0.9% NaCl-USP. Herein, we describe a reformulated AmB-SD with PEG-DSPE micelles that results in a less toxic drug with maintained antifungal activity. METHODS We compared the aggregation state and particle size of AmB-SD alone or combined with PEG-DSPE micelles. In vitro hemolytic activity and in vivo renal toxicity were measured to determine the toxicity of different formulations. In vitro antifungal assays were performed to determine differences in efficacy among formulations. RESULTS PEG-DSPE micelles in saline deaggregated AmB-SD. Deaggregated AmB-SD exhibited significantly reduced in vitro and in vivo toxicity. In vitro antifungal studies showed no difference in minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of AmB-SD combined with PEG-DSPE relative to the drug alone. CONCLUSIONS Reformulation of AmB-SD with PEG-DSPE micelles in saline facilitates co-delivery of monomeric AmB and sodium supplementation, potentially reducing the dose-limiting nephrotoxicity of AmB-SD. Ease of preparation and commercially available components lead us to acknowledge its potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Alvarez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Dae Hwan Shin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Glen S Kwon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705-2222, USA.
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Ren H, Gao C, Zhou L, Liu M, Xie C, Lu W. EGFR-targeted poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine micelle loaded with paclitaxel for laryngeal cancer: preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:785-94. [PMID: 24670093 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.896057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of using polymeric micelles modified with a peptide (termed GE11) ligand of epidermal growth factor receptor as the targeted carriers to achieve increased accumulation in laryngeal cancer and enhanced intracellular delivery for the encapsulated anticancer drugs. Poly (ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) micelles containing paclitaxel were prepared via film-hydration method followed by investigation of in vitro release of paclitaxel in phosphate-buffered saline. The average size of GE11-PEG-DSPE/paclitaxel micelle and mPEG-DSPE/paclitaxel were 35 ± 2.8 nm [the polydispersity index (PDI) = 0.207] and 28 ± 2.1 nm (PDI = 0.154), respectively. Micelles with or without GE11-modified had similar physicochemical properties. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the micelles were homogeneous and spherical in shape. Encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of the micelle were 74.11 ± 3.89% and 3.58 ± 2.82%, respectively. The in vitro targeting characteristic of GE11-modified micelles was investigated by observing the level of cellular uptake of fluorescent coumarin-6-loaded micelles on EGFR over-expressed human laryngeal cancer cell line Hep-2 and EGFR low-expressed human leukemic cell line U-937. Hep-2 cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by GE11-PEG-DSPE/paclitaxel micelle compared to mPEG-DSPE/paclitaxel micelle and Taxol in vitro. Our results suggested that GE11-PEG-DSPE micelle could be a promising strategy for enhancing paclitaxel's chemotherapeutic effects on EGFR over-expressed cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henglei Ren
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , EENT Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China and
| | - Chunli Gao
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , EENT Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China and
| | - Liang Zhou
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , EENT Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China and
| | - Min Liu
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Cao Xie
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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Wang R, Xiao R, Zeng Z, Xu L, Wang J. Application of poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine ( PEG-DSPE) block copolymers and their derivatives as nanomaterials in drug delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4185-98. [PMID: 22904628 PMCID: PMC3418104 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s34489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol)–distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) block copolymers are biocompatible and amphiphilic polymers that can be widely utilized in the preparation of liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, polymer hybrid nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles, and microemulsions. Particularly, the terminal groups of PEG can be activated and linked to various targeting ligands, which can prolong the circulation time, improve the drug bioavailability, reduce undesirable side effects, and especially target specific cells, tissues, and even the intracellular localization in organelles. This review herein aims to describe recent developments in drug carriers exploiting PEG-DSPE block copolymers and their derivatives, and the incorporation of different ligands to the end groups of PEG-DSPE to target delivery, focusing on their modification approaches, advantages, applications, and the probable associated drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Campus Hospital of Zhejiang University, and Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, 1378 Wen Yi Xi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. /
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