Isolation, Characterization, Genome Annotation, and Evaluation of Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity in Secondary Metabolites of Paenibacillus sp. JNUCC32: A Comprehensive Analysis through Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

A potential strain, Paenibacillus sp. JNUCC32, was isolated and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Genome functional annotation revealed its active metabolic capabilities. This study aimed to investigate the pivotal secondary metabolites in the biological system. Fermentation and extraction were performed, resulting in the isolation of seven known compounds: tryptophol (1), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (2), ferulic acid (3), maculosin (4), brevianamide F (5), indole-3-acetic acid (6), and butyric acid (7). Tryptophol exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties and demonstrated certain tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 999 μM). For further analysis of its inhibition mechanism through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, tryptophol formed three hydrogen bonds and a pro-Michaelis complex with tyrosinase (binding energy = -5.3 kcal/mol). The MD simulation indicated favorable stability for the tryptophol-mushroom tyrosinase complex, primarily governed by hydrogen bond interactions. The crucial residues VAL-283 and HIS-263 in the docking were also validated. This study suggests tryptophol as a potential candidate for antibrowning agents and dermatological research.

Taxonomic Study of Three Novel Paenibacillus Species with Cold-Adapted Plant Growth-Promoting Capacities Isolated from Root of Larix gmelinii

Exploration of the novel species of the genus Paenibacillus with plant-growth promoting characteristics at the low-temperature environment is of great significance for the development of psychrotolerant biofertilizer in forestry and agriculture. During the course of isolation of root endophytes of Larix gmelinii in the island frozen soil, three strains designated as T3-5-0-4, N1-5-1-14 and N5-1-1-5 were isolated. The three strains showed plant growth-promoting properties at the low temperature, such as phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis and siderophore production. According to pairwise sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA genes, the three strains represent putatively novel taxa within the genus Paenibacillus. The strains have typical chemotaxonomic characteristics of the genus Paenibacillus by having meso-diaminopimelic acid as diagnostic diamino acid, anteiso-C_15:0 as the predominant fatty acid and MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone. The polar lipid profiles of all strains contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The sizes of the genomes of the stains ranged from 5.66 to 9.07 Mb and the associated G+C contents ranged from 37.9% to 44.7%. Polyphasic taxonomic study including determination of genome relatedness indices revealed that the strains are representatives of three novel species in the genus Paenibacillus. Consequently, isolates T3-5-0-4, N1-5-1-14 and N5-1-1-5 are proposed as novel species for which the names of Paenibacillus endoradicis sp. nov. (CFCC15691^T = KCTC43441^T), Paenibacillus radicibacter sp. nov, (CFCC15694^T = KCTC43442^T) and Paenibacillus radicis sp. nov. (CFCC15710^T = KCTC43173^T), respectively. Moreover, analysis for biosynthetic genes showed that the strains have potential for plant growth-promoting characteristics, plant rhizospheres colonization and low-temperature adaption, most of which are consistent with the results of the bioactivity test.

Cadmium resistance, microbial biosorptive performance and mechanisms of a novel biocontrol bacterium Paenibacillus sp. LYX-1

In this study, a novel biocontrol bacterium was isolated and identified as Paenibacillus sp. LYX-1 from soils in the peach orchard. Both Cd²⁺ resistance and biosorption behavior of strain LYX-1 was explored. Meanwhile, the Cd²⁺ resistance and biosorption mechanisms were further identified by Cd-resistant genes, SEM-EDS, FTIR, XPS, and TEM analysis. The results showed that strain LYX-1 could resist 50 mg/L Cd²⁺ and had the CzcD gene responsible for Cd²⁺ efflux. Under pH 8.0 and at a dose of 1.0 g/L sorbent dose, the removal efficiencies of living and dead cells were as high as 90.39% and 75.67% at 20 mg/L Cd²⁺, respectively. For the adsorption isotherm test, results revealed that both Langmuir (R² = 0.9704) and Freundlich (R² = 0.9915) model could describe the Cd²⁺ biosorption well for living strain LYX-1. The maximum equilibrium biosorption capacities of living and dead biomass were 30.6790 and 24.3752 mg/g, respectively. In the adsorption kinetic test, the adsorption process of both living and dead strain LYX-1 all satisfied the pseudo-second kinetic equation. A desorption study showed that strain LYX-1 sorbents could be recycled and regenerated by eluents efficiently. SEM-EDS analysis reflected that Cd²⁺ was bound to the cell wall. Besides, the biosorption process was controlled by chemisorption with the participation of the -OH, -NH, -C = O, O = C-O, C-N, S^2-, and phosphate functional groups on the cell surface of strain LYX-1, which were identified by FTIR and XPS. Bioaccumulation also made a contribution to the Cd²⁺ removal during the biosorption process of living sorbent. The above results indicated that strain LYX-1 had higher Cd²⁺ tolerance and Cd²⁺ removal capacity. This strain exhibits promising application to the removal of Cd²⁺ in the Cd-contaminated environment.

Impact of Tellurite on the Metabolism of Paenibacillus pabuli AL109b With Flagellin Production Explaining High Reduction Capacity

Tellurium (Te) is a metalloid with scarce and scattered abundance but with an increased interest in human activity for its uses in emerging technologies. As is seen for other metals and metalloids, the result of mining activity and improper disposal of high-tech devices will lead to niches with increased abundance of Te. This metalloid will be more available to bacteria and represent an increasing selective pressure. This environmental problem may constitute an opportunity to search for microorganisms with genetic and molecular mechanisms of microbial resistance to Te toxic anions. Organisms from Te-contaminated niches could provide tools for Te remediation and fabrication of Te-containing structures with added value. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of a high metal-resistant Paenibacillus pabuli strain ALJ109b, isolated from high metal content mining residues, to reduce tellurite ion, and to evaluate the formation of metallic tellurium by cellular reduction, isolate the protein responsible, and determine the metabolic response to tellurite during growth. P. pabuli ALJ109b demonstrated to be resistant to Te (IV) at concentrations higher than reported for its genus. It can efficiently remove soluble Te (IV) from solution, over 20% in 8 h of growth, and reduce it to elemental Te, forming monodisperse nanostructures, verified by scattering electron microscopy. Cultivation of P. pabuli ALJ109b in the presence of Te (IV) affected the general protein expression pattern, and hence the metabolism, as demonstrated by high-throughput proteomic analysis. The Te (IV)-induced metabolic shift is characterized by an activation of ROS response. Flagellin from P. pabuli ALJ109b demonstrates high Te (0) forming activity in neutral to basic conditions in a range of temperatures from 20°C to 37°C. In conclusion, the first metabolic characterization of a strain of P. pabuli response to Te (IV) reveals a highly resistant strain with a unique Te (IV) proteomic response. This strain, and its flagellin, display, all the features of potential tools for Te nanoparticle production.

Biosynthesis and prebiotic activity of a linear levan from a new Paenibacillus isolate

Levan, a type of β (2→6)-linked fructan, is a promising biopolymer with distinct properties and extensive applications in the fields of food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, etc. However, the commercial availability of levan is still limited due to the relatively high production costs. Here, a new Paenibacillus sp. strain FP01 was isolated and identified as an efficient fructan producer with high yield (around 89.5 g/L fructan was obtained under 180 g/L sucrose) and conversation rate (49.7%). The fructan named Plev was structurally characterized as a linear levan-type fructan with a molecular mass of 3.11 × 10⁶ Da. Aqueous solutions of Plev exhibited a non-Newtonian behavior at concentrations 3-5%. Heating and chilling had no obvious effects on apparent viscosities of Plev solutions. Plev also had good rheological stabilities toward pH (3-11) and metal salts (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺). Microbiome and metabolome analysis showed that Plev intervention increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and elevated the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces of mice. Taken together, Plev could be considered a potential thickener and prebiotic supplement in food industry.Key points• Paenibacillus sp. strain FP01 was identified as a high-efficient levan producer.• The levan Plev from FP01 exhibited good rheological properties and stabilities.• The in vivo prebiotic activities of linear levan were revealed.

Evaluation of assembly methods combining long-reads and short-reads to obtain Paenibacillus sp. R4 high-quality complete genome

We sequenced the Paenibacillus sp. R4 using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT), single molecule real-time (SMRT) technology from Pacific Biosciences (PacBio), and Illumina technologies to investigate the application of nanopore reads in de novo sequencing of bacterial genomes. We compared the differences in both genome sequences between genome assemblies using nanopore and PacBio reads and focused on the difference in the prediction of coding sequences. The results indicated that for more accurate predictions of open reading frames, contigs in the assemblies using only PacBio reads also needed to be corrected using short reads with high-quality bases, and repeat regions in genomes did not affect the increase of mispredicted coding sequences via genome polishing significantly. In assemblies using only nanopore reads, genome polishing was essential, but many repeat regions in genomes might increase the number of mispredicted coding sequences via genome polishing. The hybrid assembly combining the long reads and short reads represents the best result for coding sequence predictions in genome assemblies using nanopore reads.

[Isolation and screening of a phytate phosphate-solubilizing Paenibacillus sp. and its growth-promoting effect on rice seeding]

The phosphate-solubilizing medium plate screening and heavy metal resistance rescreening were used to isolate a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (coded ZLT11) from the rhizosphere of Mikania micrantha. Results from 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain ZLT11 belonged to Paenibacillus sp. The amount of phosphorus solubilized from calcium phytate and phytic acid by the ZLT11 was 84.10 and 73.84 mg·L^-1, respectively. The maximum phosphate solubilizing activity to calcium phytate (95.66 mg·L^-1) was at 30 ℃ and initial pH 9.0. The strain ZLT11 displayed the tolerance to ≤ 400 mg·L^-1 Pb ²⁺, ≤ 100 mg·L^-1 Cd ²⁺, and ≤ 40 mg·L^-1 Hg ²⁺. With calcium phytate as phosphorus source, the inoculation strain ZLT11 treatment increased the average root length, root number, seedling height and total biomass of rice seedlings by 106.7%, 76.6%, 49.0% and 46.3%, respectively. The strain ZLT11 could improve rice seedlings growth under Cd stress.

Rhizosphere mediated biodegradation of benzo(A)pyrene by surfactin producing soil bacilli applied through Melia azadirachta rhizosphere

Benzo(a)pyrene is a high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon highly persistent in the environment as a biohazard. The present research emphasizes on rhizodegradation of BaP using bacterial isolates, Bacillus flexus S1I26 (NCBI accession no- KX692271), and Paenibacillus sp. S1I8 (KX602663) with plant Melia azadirachta. The isolates produced surfactin type bio-surfactant with high emulsification index that could solubilize BaP efficiently. The extracted crude bio-surfactants could solubilize BaP up to 24.41%, which was higher than the efficiency of synthetic surfactant SDS (9.7%) but less than other synthetic surfactant, tweens 80 (42.79%). The isolates showed excellent degradation of BaP after 21 days in laboratory conditions where B. flexus S2I26 showed degradation of BaP up to 70.7% and isolates Paenibacillus sp. S1I8 showed degradation rate of 76.76% in a liquid medium. Pot trial experiment showed efficient rhizodegradation of BaP in the soil after 60 days in the rhizosphere of plant Melia azadirachta. After application of S1I8 and S1I26, the rate of degradation was found to be much higher (87.42 and 86.08%) than in bulk (68.22%). Therefore, the results suggest that the bio-surfactant producing isolates could be a promising biodegradation tool for benzo(a)pyrene in soil and may be used for bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated sites.

Paenibacillus albus sp. nov., a UV radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from soil in Korea

A novel Gram-stain-positive, motile, white color and endospore-forming bacterium, designated 18JY67-1^T, was isolated from soil in Jeju Island, Korea. The strain grow at 15-42 °C (optimum 30 °C) in R2A medium at pH (6.0-9.5) (optimum 7.5). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 18JY67-1^T formed a distinct lineage within the family Paenibacillaceae (order Bacillales, class Bacilli), and was closely related to Paenibacillus rhizoryzae (KP675984; 96.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The major cellular fatty acids of the strain 18JY67-1^T were C_16:0 and anteiso-C_15:0. The predominant respiratory quinones were MK-7. The major polar lipid was identified as diphosphatidylglycerol. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic properties clearly indicated that isolate 18JY67-1^T represents a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus flavus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Paenibacillus flavus is 18JY67-1^T (= KCTC 33959^T = JCM 33184^T).

Characterization of Two Self-Sufficient Monooxygenases, CYP102A15 and CYP102A170, as Long-Chain Fatty Acid Hydroxylases

Self-sufficient P450s, due to their fused nature, are the most effective tools for electron transfer to activate C-H bonds. They catalyze the oxygenation of fatty acids at different omega positions. Here, two new, self-sufficient cytochrome P450s, named CYP102A15 and CYP102A170, from polar Bacillus sp. PAMC 25034 and Paenibacillus sp. PAMC 22724, respectively, were cloned and expressed in E. coli. The genes are homologues of CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium. They catalyzed the hydroxylation of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ranging in length from C12-C20, with a moderately diverse profile compared to other members of the CYP102A subfamily. CYP102A15 exhibited the highest activity toward linoleic acid with Km 15.3 μM, and CYP102A170 showed higher activity toward myristic acid with Km 17.4 μM. CYP10A170 also hydroxylated the Eicosapentaenoic acid at ω-1 position only. Various kinetic parameters of both monooxygenases were also determined.

Tridecaptin M, a New Variant Discovered in Mud Bacterium, Shows Activity against Colistin- and Extremely Drug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

The World Health Organization has categorized the Gram-negative superbugs, which are inherently impervious to many antibiotics, as critical priority pathogens due to the lack of effective treatments. The breach in our last-resort antibiotic (i.e., colistin) by extensively drug-resistant and pan-drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains demands the immediate development of new therapies.

The World Health Organization has categorized the Gram-negative superbugs, which are inherently impervious to many antibiotics, as critical priority pathogens due to the lack of effective treatments. The breach in our last-resort antibiotic (i.e., colistin) by extensively drug-resistant and pan-drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains demands the immediate development of new therapies. In the present study, we report the discovery of tridecaptin M, a new addition to the family, and its potential against colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in vitro and in vivo. Also, we performed mode-of-action studies using various fluorescent probes and studied the hemolytic activity and mammalian cytotoxicity in two cell lines. Tridecaptin M displayed strong antibacterial activity (MICs of 2 to 8 μg ml⁻¹) against clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (which were resistant to colistin, carbapenems, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, and other antibiotics) and mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli strains. Unlike polymyxins, tridecaptin M did not permeabilize the outer membrane or cytoplasmic membrane. It blocked ATP synthesis in bacteria by dissipating the proton motive force. The compound exhibited negligible acquired resistance, low in vitro cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity, and no significant acute toxicity in mice. It also showed promising efficacy in a thigh infection model of colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae. Altogether, these results demonstrate the future prospects of this class of antibiotics to address the unmet medical need to circumvent colistin resistance in extensively drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. The work also emphasizes the importance of natural products in our shrunken drug discovery pipeline.

Biodegradation of micro-polyethylene particles by bacterial colonization of a mixed microbial consortium isolated from a landfill site

In this study, we investigated the decomposition of micro-sized polyethylene (PE) by mesophilic mixed bacterial culture isolates obtained from a municipal landfill sediment. Among these, Bacillus sp. and Paenibacillus sp. were more specifically enriched in the non-carbonaceous nutrient medium (i.e., Basal medium) as they were the most dominant species when they were exposed to PE microplastics. They reduced the dry weight of particles (14.7% after 60 d) and the mean particle diameter (22.8% after 60 d; obtained by field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis). In the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of biologically aged particles, the amount and types of organic contents eluted from the PE microplastics were far lower in the early decomposition phase; however, they increased in the later phase. Thermal gravimetric analysis showed that the aged particles had higher thermal stability at temperatures greater than 570 °C compared to the control, thereby suggesting that microplastics were degraded by enzymatic chain scission, which could in turn be ascribed to the greater refractory fractions of aged particles remaining at a high combustion temperature. It was further verified that PE particles could be biologically utilized as a sole carbon source and broken down during the test period.

Draft genome sequence of Paenibacillus sp. EZ-K15 isolated from wastewater systems

Objectives

Paenibacillus species, belonging to the family Paenibacillaceae, are able to survive for long periods under adverse environmental conditions. Several Paenibacillus species produce antimicrobial compounds and are capable of biodegradation of various contaminants; therefore, more investigations at the genomic level are necessary to improve our understanding of their ecology, genetics, as well as potential biotechnological applications.

Data description

In the present study, we describe the draft genome sequence of Paenibacillus sp. EZ-K15 that was isolated from nitrocellulose-contaminated wastewater samples. The genome comprises 7,258,662 bp, with a G+C content of 48.6%. This whole genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession PDHM00000000. Data demonstrated here can be used by other researchers working or studying in the field of whole genome analysis and application of Paenibacillus species in biotechnological processes.

Genomic characterization and assessment of the virulence and antibiotic resistance of the novel species Paenibacillus sp. strain VT-400, a potentially pathogenic bacterium in the oral cavity of patients with hematological malignancies

BACKGROUND

Paenibacillus sp. strain VT-400, a novel spore-forming bacterium, was isolated from patients with hematological malignancies.

METHODS

Paenibacillus sp. strain VT-400 was isolated from the saliva of four children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The genome was annotated using RAST and the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline to characterize features of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. We used a mouse model of pneumonia to study virulence in vivo. Mice were challenged with 7.5 log10-9.5 log10 CFU, and survival was monitored over 7 days. Bacterial load was measured in the lungs and spleen of surviving mice 48 h post-infection to reveal bacterial invasion and dissemination.

RESULTS

Whole-genome sequencing revealed a large number of virulence factors such as hemolysin D and CD4+ T cell-stimulating antigen. Furthermore, the strain harbors numerous antibiotic resistance genes, including small multidrug resistance proteins, which have never been previously found in the Paenibacillus genus. We then compared the presence of antibiotic resistance genes against results from antibiotic susceptibility testing. Paenibacillus sp. strain VT-400 was found to be resistant to macrolides such as erythromycin and azithromycin, as well as to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Finally, the isolate caused mortality in mice infected with ≥8.5 log10 CFU.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on our results and on the available literature, there is yet no strong evidence that shows Paenibacillus species as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. However, the presence of spore-forming bacteria with virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in such patients warrants special attention because infections caused by spore-forming bacteria are poorly treatable.

Identification of two strains of Paenibacillus sp. as indole 3 acetic acid-producing rhizome-associated endophytic bacteria from Curcuma longa

Curcuma longa is well known for its use as spice and medicine. The remarkable feature of the plant is the presence of rhizome, which provides an interesting habitat for association by various groups of bacteria. Some of these associated endophytic bacteria can have growth-promoting effects. In the current study, two species of endophytic Paenibacillus has been identified from the rhizome as indole 3 acetic acid producers. These isolates can thus have potential growth-regulating effect in rhizomes.

Cellulolytic potential of a novel strain of Paenibacillus sp. isolated from the armored catfish Parotocinclus maculicauda gut

A cellulolytic bacterial strain, designated P118, isolated from the gut of the tropical fish Parotocinclus maculicauda was identified as belonging to the genus Paenibacillus based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The novel strain was Gram-positive, spore-forming and rod-shaped. Catalase but not oxidase was produced. Carboxymethylcellulose was hydrolyzed but starch or gelatin was not. Acetoin production was negative whereas nitrate reduction and urease production were positive. Many carbohydrates served as carbon sources for growth. MK-7 was the predominant isoprenoid quinone. Anteiso-C15:0 (38.73%) and C16:0 (20.85%) were the dominant cellular fatty acids. Strain P118 was closely related to Paenibacillus amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290, P. pabuli HSCC 492, P. tundrae Ab10b, P. xylanexedens B22a, and P. tylopili MK2 with 98.3-98.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The results presented here suggest that strain P118 represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus and it is a potential strain for further studies concerning its role in the production of industrially important products from cellulosic biomass.

Purification and Partial characterization of manganese peroxidase from Bacillus pumilus AND Paenibacillus sp

The production of manganese peroxidase (MnP) from Bacillus pumilus and Paenibacillus sp. was studied under absence and presence of the inducers indulin AT, guayacol, veratryl alcohol, lignosulfonic acid and lignosulfonic acid desulfonated. Indulin AT increased the activity of B. pumilus MnP up to 31.66 U/L after 8 h, but no improve was observed for Paenibacillus sp., which reached maximum activity (12.22 U/L) after 20 h. Both MnPs produced by these microorganisms were purified in phenyl sepharose resin and the proteins from crude extracts were eluted in two fractions. However, only the first fraction of each extract exhibited MnP activities. Tests in different pH and temperature values, from pH 5.0 to pH 10.0 and 30 °C to 60 °C, respectively, were carried out with the purified MnP. The maximum activity reached for B. pumilus and Paenibacillus sp. MnPs were 4.3 U/L at pH 8.0 and 25 °C and 11.74 U/L at pH 9.0 and 35 °C, respectively. The molar masses determined by SDS-PAGE gel eletrophoresis were 25 kDa and 40 kDa, respectively, for the purified enzyme from B. pumilus and Paenibacillus sp.

Use of Bacillus pumilus CBMAI 0008 and Paenibacillus sp. CBMAI 868 for colour removal from paper mill effluent

Bacillus pumilus and Paenibacillus sp. were applied on the paper mill effluent to investigate the colour remotion. Inocula were individually applied in effluent at pH 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0. The real colour and COD remotion after 48h at pH 9.0 were, respectively, 41.87% and 22.08% for B. pumilus treatment and 42.30% and 22.89% for Paenibacillus sp. Gel permeation chromatography was used to verify the molar masses of compounds in the non-treated and treated effluent, showing a decrease in the compounds responsible for the paper mill effluent colour.

Use of pcr-rflp of the fla a gene for detection and subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains Potentially related to Guillain-barré syndrome, isolated from humans and animals

The objectives of the present study were the subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni strains obtained from humans and different animal species using PCR-RFLP, and the detection, by means of the same technique, of strains related to serotype PEN O19:LIO 7, the main C. jejuni serotype linked to Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Seventy C. jejuni strains isolated from human feces (n=33), primates (n=15), dogs (n=5), swine (n=2), bovines (n=1), abortion material from goats (n=2) and poultry carcasses (n=12), all collected in the state of São Paulo, were subtyped by means of PCR-RFLP of fla A gene, using restriction endonucleases Hae III, Afa I and Mbo I. Seven subtypes were observed when using the enzyme Hae III; eight when using Mbo I; and seven when using Afa I. The combination of the three endonucleases led to 16 fla-RFLP subtypes, from which ten subtypes shared strains of human and animal origin. From these, seven subtypes were observed in human and broiler strains. In eight subtypes, the other animal species shared patterns with human strains. It was inferred that, besides broilers, swine, goats, dogs and primates may be sources of infection for human in São Paulo. PCR-RFLP is a highly discriminatory technique that may be applied to molecular epidemiology studies of samples from different origins. Besides, the study also enabled the detection of two human strains and two primate strains related to serotype PEN O19: LIO 7.