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Kangabam N, Nethravathy V. An overview of opportunistic fungal infections associated with COVID-19. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:231. [PMID: 37309405 PMCID: PMC10257773 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 survivors and long-term steroid administered patients exhibit a variety of fungal co-infections. The lives of COVID-19 patients and survivors are hampered by fungal species of the genera Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucor. There have been cases of mucormycosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis in COVID-19 patients. The treatments given to these opportunistic fungal infections include polyene like amphotericin B, azoles including imidazoles like ketoconazole, miconazole, and triazoles like fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, Echinocandin derivatives like- caspofungin, micafungin, immunomodulatory therapy, granulocyte transfusion, etc. A successful recovery and the reduction of fatalities depend on prompt diagnosis and treatment. To reduce mortality, advanced techniques to identify such uncommon infections at a very early stage are necessary. This review's goal is to provide a summary of the systemic and superficial opportunistic fungal infections that the COVID-19 survivors were dealing with, including information on illness incidence, pathogenicity, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navidita Kangabam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, , Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenehalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064 India
| | - V. Nethravathy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, , Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenehalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064 India
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2
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Yang YM, Zhao EJ, Wei W, Xu ZF, Shi J, Wu X, Zhang B, Igarashi Y, Jiao RH, Liang Y, Tan RX, Ge HM. Cytochrome P450 Catalyzes Benzene Ring Formation in the Biosynthesis of Trialkyl-Substituted Aromatic Polyketides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214026. [PMID: 36458944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Lorneic acid and related natural products are characterized by a trialkyl-substituted benzene ring. The formation of the aromatic core in the middle of the polyketide chain is unusual. We characterized a cytochrome P450 enzyme that can catalyze the hallmark benzene ring formation from an acyclic polyene substrate through genetic and biochemical analysis. Using this P450 as a beacon for genome mining, we obtained 12 homologous type I polyketide synthase (PKS) gene clusters, among which two gene clusters are activated and able to produce trialkyl-substituted aromatic polyketides. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to elucidate the plausible mechanism for P450-catalyzed benzene ring formation. Our work expands our knowledge of the catalytic diversity of cytochrome P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Er Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zi Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yasuhiro Igarashi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Rui Hua Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui Ming Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Abstract
Over the past 15 years, there has been an increase in the development and utilization of newer antifungal agents. The ideal antifungal, however, in regard to spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, development of resistance, safety, and drug interaction profile remains elusive. This article reviews pharmacologic aspects of Food and Drug Administration-approved polyenes, flucytosine, azoles, and echinocandins as well as promising pipeline antifungal agents. Unique properties of these newer agents are highlighted. The clinical role of established and investigational antifungal agents as treatment and/or prevention of invasive fungal infections is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Johnson
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 102359 DUMC, Durham NC 27710, USA.
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Cavassin FB, Baú-Carneiro JL, Vilas-Boas RR, Queiroz-Telles F. Sixty years of Amphotericin B: An Overview of the Main Antifungal Agent Used to Treat Invasive Fungal Infections. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:115-47. [PMID: 33523419 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced in the late 1950s, polyenes represent the oldest family of antifungal drugs. The discovery of amphotericin B and its therapeutic uses is considered one of the most important scientific milestones of the twentieth century . Despite its toxic potential, it remains useful in the treatment of invasive fungal diseases owing to its broad spectrum of activity, low resistance rate, and excellent clinical and pharmacological action. The well-reported and defined toxicity of the conventional drug has meant that much attention has been paid to the development of new products that could minimize this effect. As a result, lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B have emerged and, even keeping the active principle in common, present distinct characteristics that may influence therapeutic results. This study presents an overview of the pharmacological properties of the different formulations for systemic use of amphotericin B available for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, highlighting the characteristics related to their chemical, pharmacokinetic structures, drug–target interactions, stability, and others, and points out the most relevant aspects for clinical practice.
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Zang Y, Fu T, Zou Q, Ng F, Li H, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L. Cumulene Wires Display Increasing Conductance with Increasing Length. Nano Lett 2020; 20:8415-8419. [PMID: 33095021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional sp-hybridized carbon wires, including cumulenes and polyynes, can be regarded as finite versions of carbynes. They are likely to be good candidates for molecular-scale conducting wires as they are predicted to have a high-conductance. In this study, we first characterize the single-molecule conductance of a series of cumulenes and polyynes with a backbone ranging in length from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, including [7]cumulene, the longest cumulenic carbon wire studied to date for molecular electronics. We observe different length dependence of conductance when comparing these two forms of carbon wires. Polyynes exhibit conductance decays with increasing molecular length, while cumulenes show a conductance increase with increasing molecular length. Their distinct conducting behaviors are attributed to their different bond length alternation, which is supported by theoretical calculations. This study confirms the long-standing theoretical predictions on sp-hybridized carbon wires and demonstrates that cumulenes can form highly conducting molecular wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tianren Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Qi Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Fay Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hexing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Reychler G, Vecellio L, Dubus JC. Nebulization: A potential source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Respir Med Res 2020; 78:100778. [PMID: 32763845 PMCID: PMC7399661 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmer.2020.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Reychler
- Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgique.
| | - L Vecellio
- CEPR-INSERM U1100, Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, 37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - J C Dubus
- Pneumologie Pédiatrique, CHU Timone-Enfants, et Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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Brunet K, Rammaert B. Mucormycosis treatment: Recommendations, latest advances, and perspectives. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:101007. [PMID: 32718789 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis are life-threatening fungal infections especially affecting immunocompromised or diabetic patients. Despite treatment, mortality remains high (from 32 to 70% according to organ involvement). This review provides an update on mucormycosis management. The latest recommendations strongly recommend as first-line therapy the use of liposomal amphotericin B (≥5mg/kg) combined with surgery whenever possible. Isavuconazole and intravenous or delayed-release tablet forms of posaconazole have remained second-line. Many molecules are currently in development to fight against invasive fungal diseases but few have demonstrated efficacy against Mucorales. Despite in vitro efficacy, combinations of treatment have failed to demonstrate superiority versus monotherapy. Adjuvant therapies are particularly complex to evaluate without prospective randomized controlled studies, which are complex to perform due to low incidence rate and high mortality of mucormycosis. Perspectives are nonetheless encouraging. New approaches assessing relationships between host, fungi, and antifungal drugs, and new routes of administration such as aerosols could improve mucormycosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brunet
- INSERM U1070, Poitiers, France; Faculté de médecine et pharmacie, université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Service de mycologie-parasitologie, département des agents infectieux, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
| | - B Rammaert
- INSERM U1070, Poitiers, France; Faculté de médecine et pharmacie, université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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8
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Gómez-López A. Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: focus on drugs without a clear recommendation. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:1481-1487. [PMID: 32535150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is to determine the appropriate exposure of difficult-to-manage medications to optimize the clinical outcomes in patients in various clinical situations. Concerning antifungal treatment, and knowing that this procedure is expensive and time-consuming, TDM is particularly recommended for certain systemic antifungals: i.e., agents with a well-defined exposure-response relationship and unpredictable pharmacokinetic profile or narrow therapeutic index. Little evidence supports the routine use of TDM for polyenes (amphotericin B), echinocandins, fluconazole or new azoles such as isavuconazole, despite the fact that a better understanding of antifungal exposure may lead to a better response. AIMS The aim of this work is to review published pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data on systemically administered antifungals, focusing on those for which monitoring is not routinely recommended by experts. SOURCES A MEDLINE search of the literature in English was performed introducing the following search terms: amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, triazoles, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, echinocandins, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic drug monitoring. Review articles and guidelines were also screened. CONTENT This review collects different pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic aspects of systemic antifungals and summarizes recent threshold values for clinical outcomes and adverse events. Although for polyenes, echinocandins, fluconazole and isavuconazole extensive clinical validation is still required for a clear threshold and a routine monitoring recommendation, particular points such as liposome structure or complex pathophysiological conditions affecting final exposure are discussed. For the rest, their better-defined exposure-response/toxicity relationships allow access to useful threshold values and to justify routine monitoring. Additionally, clinical data are needed to better define thresholds that can minimize the development of antifungal resistance. IMPLICATIONS General TDM for all systemic antifungals is not recommended; however, this approach may help to establish an adequate antifungal exposure for a favourable response, prevention of toxicity or development of resistance in special clinical circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gómez-López
- Mycology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNM-ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Neves ACDO, Galván I, Van den Abeele D. Impairment of mixed melanin-based pigmentation in parrots. J Exp Biol 2020:jeb.225912. [PMID: 34005594 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parrots and allies (Order Psittaciformes) have evolved an exclusive capacity to synthesize polyene pigments called psittacofulvins at feather follicles, which allows them to produce a striking diversity of pigmentation phenotypes. Melanins are polymers constituting the most abundant pigments in animals, and the sulphurated form (pheomelanin) produces colors that are similar to those produced by psittacofulvins. However, the differential contribution of these pigments to psittaciform phenotypic diversity has not been investigated. Given the color redundancy, and physiological limitations associated to pheomelanin synthesis, we hypothesized that the latter would be avoided by psittaciform birds. Here we test this by using Raman spectroscopy to identify pigments in feathers exhibiting colors suspicious of being produced by pheomelanin (i.e., dull red, yellow and grey- and green-brownish) in 26 species from the three main lineages of Psittaciformes. We detected the non-sulphurated melanin form (eumelanin) in black, grey and brown plumage patches, and psittacofulvins in red, yellow and green patches, but no evidence of pheomelanin. As natural melanins are assumed to be composed of eumelanin and pheomelanin in varying ratios, our results represent the first report of impairment of mixed melanin-based pigmentation in animals. Given that psittaciforms also avoid the uptake of circulating carotenoid pigments, these birds seem to have evolved a capacity to avoid functional redundancy between pigments, likely by regulating follicular gene expression. Ours study provides the first vibrational characterization of different psittacofulvin-based colors and thus helps to determine the relative polyene chain length in these pigments, which is related to their antireductant protection activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
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Dang HT, Nguyen VD, Pham HH, Arman HD, Larionov OV. Highly Stereoselective and Catalytic Desulfitative C-O and C-I Dienylation with Sulfolenes: the Importance of Basic Additives. Tetrahedron 2019; 75:3258-3264. [PMID: 31885406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated dienes and polyenes are central structural motifs of natural products, and key synthetic intermediates in organic synthesis and materials science. We describe herein a palladium-catalyzed dienylation of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl triflates, nonaflates and iodides that were previously identified as recalcitrant substrates for the sulfolene-mediated catalytic dienylation. The method has now been successfully expanded to C-O and C-I dienylation, demonstrating broad scope with respect to sulfonates, iodides and sulfolenes. The reactions proceed with high regio- and stereoselectivity, and efficiency that are strongly influenced by basic additives, whose influence on the reaction performance was systematically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang T Dang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Viet D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Hoang H Pham
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Oleg V Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
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Efimova SS, Chulkov EG, Ostroumova OS. Lipid-mediated mode of action of local anesthetics on lipid pores induced by polyenes, peptides and lipopeptides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018. [PMID: 29525621 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of local anesthetics (LAs), namely, lidocaine (LDC), prilocaine (PLC), mepivacaine (MPV), bupivacaine (BPV), procaine (PC), and tetracaine (TTC), on the steady-state transmembrane conductance induced by the cis-side addition of the antifungal polyene macrolide antibiotic, nystatin (NYS), in planar lipid bilayers were studied. The addition of TTC to model membranes comprising DOPC and cholesterol (33 mol%) led to a nearly twenty-fold increase in the steady-state NYS-induced membrane conductance. BPV slightly enhanced the channel-forming activity of polyene. LDC, PLC, MPV, and PC did not affect the NYS-induced transmembrane current. We concluded that the effects of LAs on the channel-forming activity of NYS were in agreement with their effects on the elastic properties of model membranes. The ability of aminoamide LAs to promote calcein leakage from large unilamellar DOPC-vesicles was decreased in the following order: BPV >> LDC ≈ PLC ≈ MPV. LDC, PLC, and MPV produced a graded leakage of fluorescent marker from liposomes, up to 10-13%. A initial sharp jump in fluorescence after the introduction of BPV was attributed to the solubilization of liposomes and the formation of mixed DOPC:BPV-micelles. Differential scanning microcalorimetry (DSC) of large unilamellar DPPC-vesicles showed that the main transition temperature (Tm) is continuously decreased upon increasing concentrations of TTC. A sharp drop in the enthalpy of the transition at higher TTC concentrations indicated a formation of anesthetic/lipid mixed micelles. In contrast to TTC, PC slightly decreased Tm, broadened the DSC signal and did not provoke vesicle-to-micelle transition. Both the calcein leakage and DSC data together with the results of measurements of threshold voltages that are required to cause the lipid bilayer breakdown might indicate an alteration in the curvature lipid packing stress, induced by BPV and TTC. The data presented here lend support to a lipid-mediated mode of LAs action on NYS pores via an alteration in curvature stress near the trans-mouth. Similar results were obtained for several lipid pores, formed by polyene amphotericin B, lipopeptide syringomycin E, and the peptides magainin and melittin. This finding further developed the concept of non-specific regulation of lipid pores by LAs. In conclusion, the combination of nystatin with LAs could be a novel treatment for efficient therapy of superficial and mucosal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Efimova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
| | - Evgeny G Chulkov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Olga S Ostroumova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
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Bellmann R, Smuszkiewicz P. Pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs: practical implications for optimized treatment of patients. Infection 2017; 45:737-779. [PMID: 28702763 PMCID: PMC5696449 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Because of the high mortality of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), appropriate exposure to antifungals appears to be crucial for therapeutic efficacy and safety. Materials and methods This review summarises published pharmacokinetic data on systemically administered antifungals focusing on co-morbidities, target-site penetration, and combination antifungal therapy. Conclusions and discussion Amphotericin B is eliminated unchanged via urine and faeces. Flucytosine and fluconazole display low protein binding and are eliminated by the kidney. Itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole are metabolised in the liver. Azoles are substrates and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes and are therefore involved in numerous drug–drug interactions. Anidulafungin is spontaneously degraded in the plasma. Caspofungin and micafungin undergo enzymatic metabolism in the liver, which is independent of CYP. Although several drug–drug interactions occur during caspofungin and micafungin treatment, echinocandins display a lower potential for drug–drug interactions. Flucytosine and azoles penetrate into most of relevant tissues. Amphotericin B accumulates in the liver and in the spleen. Its concentrations in lung and kidney are intermediate and relatively low myocardium and brain. Tissue distribution of echinocandins is similar to that of amphotericin. Combination antifungal therapy is established for cryptococcosis but controversial in other IFIs such as invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Bellmann
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Unit, Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Piotr Smuszkiewicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Pain Treatment, University Hospital, Poznań, Poland
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Hianik T, Øpstad CL, Šandorová J, Garaiová Z, Partali V, Sliwka HR. Surface properties of polyene glycol phospholipid monolayers. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 202:13-20. [PMID: 27884594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the surface properties of monolayers composed of polyunsaturated conjugated ethylene glycol phospholipids (carotenoid lipids), compared the data with monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) to which carotenoids were added and evaluated the impact of the unsaturated glycol lipids on monolayers with the glycerolipid DPPC. The carotenoid based glycol lipids formed monolayers at the air/water interface. Using the Langmuir method we obtained series of pressure-area (π-A) isotherms and determined the limiting area A per molecule of three glycol lipids, C30:9-C0A=42.6±1.4Å2, C30:9-C2A=76.1±2.5Ǻ2 and C30:9-C12A=354.0±12.0Å2 and their mixtures with DPPC at various mole fraction X. C30:9-C0 and C30:9-C2 did not affect significantly the shape of the isotherm, but caused their slight shift toward a lower and larger molecular area, respectively. C30:9-C12 at mole fractions X>0.02 affected the shape of isotherm. The compressibility modulus Cs-1 of monolayers depended on the surface pressure. Cs-1 value was substantially higher for DPPC monolayers in comparison with those of pure glycol lipids. At low surface pressure π=5-10mN/m and low mole fractions X<0.02 the glycol lipids formed complexes with DPPC; at higher surface pressure the separation of pure components took place. The dipole potential of the monolayers composed of cationic glycol lipids C30:9-C2 and C30:9-C12 was higher in comparison with those of zwitterionic DPPC and C30:9-C0. This may be connected with various contributions of dipole moments of the molecules and their orientation in the monolayer.
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14
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Bailly S, Maubon D, Fournier P, Pelloux H, Schwebel C, Chapuis C, Foroni L, Cornet M, Timsit JF. Impact of antifungal prescription on relative distribution and susceptibility of Candida spp. - Trends over 10 years. J Infect 2015; 72:103-11. [PMID: 26518058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of Candida spp. infections is worrisome, particularly in critically ill patients. Previous reports suggested that increasing use of antifungal therapy might affect resistance profiles of invasive strains. The study objective was to describe the distribution resistance profile of Candida spp. strains, and to correlate it with antifungal consumptions within one ICU. METHOD Antifungal drug consumption was measured as the number of defined daily doses per 1000 hospital days. The distribution of Candida spp. over a 10 year period 2004-2013 and the MICs of antifungal drugs over 2007-2013 were determined. Time series analyses were performed. RESULTS Of 2403 identified Candida spp. from 5360 patients, Candida albicans predominated (53.1%), followed by Candida glabrata (16.2%), Candida parapsilosis (7.9%) and Candida tropicalis (7.5%). C. parapsilosis increased from 5.7% in 2004 to 8.4% in 2013 (P = 0.02). The increase in caspofungin use is correlated with the increase in caspofungin MICs of C. parapsilosis (P = 0.01), C. glabrata (P = 0.001) and C. albicans (P = 0.02). Polyenes consumption correlated with an increase in amphotericin B MICs of C. glabrata (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Previous history of antifungal prescription within an ICU influences Candida species distribution and susceptibility profile to antifungal agents. The significant selective pressure exerted by caspofungin and amphotericin B on C. glabrata is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bailly
- U823, Grenoble Alpes University, Rond-point de la Chantourne, F-38700 La Tronche, France; Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; UMR 1137 - IAME Team 5 - DeSCID: Decision SCiences in Infectious Diseases, Control and Care Inserm/Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris F-75018, France.
| | - Danièle Maubon
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; TIMC-IMAG-TheREx, UMR 5525 CNRS-UJF, Grenoble Alpes University, La Tronche F-38700, France.
| | - Pierre Fournier
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
| | - Hervé Pelloux
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; UMR 5163 LAPM CNRS-UJF, Grenoble Alpes University, France.
| | - Carole Schwebel
- Medical ICU, Grenoble University Hospital, Boulevard de la Chantourne, F-38700 La Tronche, France.
| | - Claire Chapuis
- Pharmacy, Grenoble University Hospital, Boulevard de la Chantourne, F-38700 La Tronche, France.
| | - Luc Foroni
- Pharmacy, Grenoble University Hospital, Boulevard de la Chantourne, F-38700 La Tronche, France.
| | - Muriel Cornet
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; TIMC-IMAG-TheREx, UMR 5525 CNRS-UJF, Grenoble Alpes University, La Tronche F-38700, France.
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- UMR 1137 - IAME Team 5 - DeSCID: Decision SCiences in Infectious Diseases, Control and Care Inserm/Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris F-75018, France; Medical and Infectious Diseases ICU, Paris Diderot University/Bichat Hospital, 46 rue Henri Huchard, Paris F-75018, France.
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Abstract
Invasive fungal infections remain a major source of global morbidity and mortality, especially among patients with underlying immune suppression. Successful patient management requires antifungal therapy. Yet, treatment choices are restricted due to limited classes of antifungal agents and the emergence of antifungal drug resistance. In some settings, the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains insensitive to several classes of antifungal agents is a major concern. The resistance mechanisms responsible for acquired resistance are well characterized and include changes in drug target affinity and abundance, and reduction in the intracellular level of drug by biofilms and efflux pumps. The development of high-level and multidrug resistance occurs through a stepwise evolution of diverse mechanisms. The genetic factors that influence these mechanisms are emerging and they form a complex symphony of cellular interactions that enable the cell to adapt and/or overcome drug-induced stress. Drivers of resistance involve a complex blend of host and microbial factors. Understanding these mechanisms will facilitate development of better diagnostics and therapeutic strategies to overcome and prevent antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Erika Shor
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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16
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de Oliveira LN, de Oliveira VE, D'ávila S, Edwards HGM, de Oliveira LFC. Raman spectroscopy as a tool for polyunsaturated compound characterization in gastropod and limnic terrestrial shell specimens. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 114:541-546. [PMID: 23792293 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The colours of mollusc shells were determined using the Raman spectroscopy and these analyses suggest that the conjugated polyenes (carotenoids) and psittacofulvins are the organic pigments incorporated into their skeletal structures responsible by their colorations. The symmetric stretching vibration of the carbonate ion gives rise to a very strong Raman band at ca. 1089 cm(-1) and a weak band at 705 cm(-1), for all samples; the second band characterizes the aragonite as the inorganic matrix and can be used as a marker. The specimens show bands at 1523-1500 and at 1130-1119 cm(-1), assigned to the ν1 and ν2 modes of the polyenic chain vibrations, respectively. Another band at 1293 cm(-1), assigned to the CH=CH in-plane rocking mode of the olefinic hydrogen is also observed in all samples, which reinforces the psittacofulvin compound as the main pigment present in the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra N de Oliveira
- NEEM-Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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