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Okabe M, Miyamoto Y, Ikoma Y, Takahashi M, Shirai R, Kukimoto-Niino M, Shirouzu M, Yamauchi J. RhoG-Binding Domain of Elmo1 Ameliorates Excessive Process Elongation Induced by Autism Spectrum Disorder-Associated Sema5A. Pathophysiology 2023; 30:548-566. [PMID: 38133141 PMCID: PMC10745971 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology30040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that includes autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder. ASD is characterized by poor interpersonal relationships and strong attachment. The correlations between activated or inactivated gene products, which occur as a result of genetic mutations affecting neurons in ASD patients, and ASD symptoms are now of critical concern. Here, for the first time, we describe the process in which that the respective ASD-associated mutations (Arg676-to-Cys [R676C] and Ser951-to-Cys [S951C]) of semaphorin-5A (Sema5A) localize Sema5A proteins themselves around the plasma membrane in the N1E-115 cell line, a model line that can achieve neuronal morphological differentiation. The expression of each mutated construct resulted in the promotion of excessive elongation of neurite-like processes with increased differentiation protein markers; R676C was more effective than S951C. The differentiated phenotypes were very partially neutralized by an antibody, against Plexin-B3 as the specific Sema5A receptor, suggesting that the effects of Sema5A act in an autocrine manner. R676C greatly increased the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), one of the signaling molecules underlying process elongation. In contrast, the blocking of JNK signaling, by a chemical JNK inhibitor or an inhibitory construct of the interaction of RhoG with Elmo1 as JNK upstream signaling molecules, recovered the excessive process elongation. These results suggest that ASD-associated mutations of Sema5A, acting through the JNK signaling cascade, lead to excessive differentiated phenotypes, and the inhibition of JNK signaling recovers them, revealing possible therapeutic targets for recovering the potential molecular and cellular phenotypes underlying certain ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Okabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan (Y.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan (Y.M.); (R.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yuta Ikoma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan (Y.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Mikito Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan (Y.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Remina Shirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan (Y.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Mutsuko Kukimoto-Niino
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (M.S.)
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (M.S.)
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan (Y.M.); (R.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science,Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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2
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Rai SK, Singh D, Sarangi PP. Role of RhoG as a regulator of cellular functions: integrating insights on immune cell activation, migration, and functions. Inflamm Res 2023:10.1007/s00011-023-01761-9. [PMID: 37378671 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RhoG is a multifaceted member of the Rho family of small GTPases, sharing the highest sequence identity with the Rac subfamily members. It acts as a molecular switch, when activated, plays a central role in regulating the fundamental processes in immune cells, such as actin-cytoskeleton dynamics, transendothelial migration, survival, and proliferation, including immunological functions (e.g., phagocytosis and trogocytosis) during inflammatory responses. METHOD We have performed a literature review based on published original and review articles encompassing the significant effect of RhoG on immune cell functions from central databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Recently published data shows that the dynamic expression of different transcription factors, non-coding RNAs, and the spatiotemporal coordination of different GEFs with their downstream effector molecules regulates the cascade of Rho signaling in immune cells. Additionally, alterations in RhoG-specific signaling can lead to physiological, pathological, and developmental adversities. Several mutations and RhoG-modulating factors are also known to pre-dispose the downstream signaling with abnormal gene expression linked to multiple diseases. This review focuses on the cellular functions of RhoG, interconnecting different signaling pathways, and speculates the importance of this small GTPase as a prospective target against several pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumar Rai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pranita P Sarangi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Ahmad Mokhtar AM, Salikin NH, Haron AS, Amin-Nordin S, Hashim IF, Mohd Zaini Makhtar M, Zulfigar SB, Ismail NI. RhoG's Role in T Cell Activation and Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:845064. [PMID: 35280994 PMCID: PMC8913496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of RhoG in T cell development is redundant with other Racs subfamily members, and this redundancy may be attributed to redundant signal transduction pathways. However, the absence of RhoG increases TCR signalling and proliferation, implying that RhoG activity is critical during late T cell activation following antigen–receptor interaction. Moreover, RhoG is required to halt signal transduction and prevent hyper-activated T cells. Despite increase in TCR signalling, cell proliferation is inhibited, implying that RhoG induces T cell anergy by promoting the activities of transcription factors, including nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT)/AP-1. The role of NFAT plays in T cell anergy is inducing the transcription of anergy-associated genes, such as IL-2, IL-5, and IFN-γ. Although information about RhoG in T cell-related diseases is limited, mutant forms of RhoG, Ala151Ser and Glu171Lys have been observed in thymoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), respectively. Current information only focuses on these two diseases, and thus the role of RhoG in normal and pathological circumstances should be further investigated. This approach is necessary because RhoG and its associated proteins represent prospective targets for attack particularly in the therapy of cancer and immune-mediated illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hawani Salikin
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | | | - Syafinaz Amin-Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ilie Fadzilah Hashim
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia.,Fellow of Center for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Balqis Zulfigar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Izza Ismail
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
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4
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Xu ZD, Hao T, Gan YH. RhoG/Rac1 signaling pathway involved in migration and invasion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cells. Oral Dis 2019; 26:302-312. [PMID: 31793126 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore whether RhoG/Rac1 was involved in migration and invasion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). MATERIALS AND METHODS RhoG and Rac1 were evaluated in two SACC cell lines, namely SACC-83 and SACC-LM, with low and high rates of lung metastasis, respectively. Functional changes were evaluated using cell proliferation, transwell, and wound-healing assays, and molecular events were investigated using real-time PCR and Western blot assays. RESULTS RhoG and Rac1 were highly expressed and more activated in SACC-LM cells than in SACC-83 cells. RhoG overexpression promoted SACC-83 cell migration and invasion through activating Rac1. The knockdown of RhoG or Rac1 partially blocked epiregulin-induced migration and invasion in SACC-83 cells. Epiregulin-induced activation of RhoG/Rac1 in SACC-83 cells was blocked by a Src inhibitor, or an AKT inhibitor or AKT siRNA, or an ERK1/2 inhibitor. Moreover, the epiregulin-induced phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2 in SACC-83 cells was blocked by a Src inhibitor, and the epiregulin-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was blocked by an AKT inhibitor or AKT siRNA. Overexpression of activated AKT induced activation of ERK1/2 and RhoG. CONCLUSIONS RhoG/Rac1 signaling pathway was involved in SACC cell migration and invasion. RhoG/Rac1 at least partially mediated epiregulin/Src/AKT/ERK1/2 signaling to promote SACC cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Dong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Hao
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Hua Gan
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Kaibori Y, Saito Y, Nakayama Y. EphA2 phosphorylation at Ser897 by the Cdk1/MEK/ERK/RSK pathway regulates M-phase progression via maintenance of cortical rigidity. FASEB J 2019; 33:5334-5349. [PMID: 30668924 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801519rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Successful cell division is accomplished by the proper formation of the mitotic spindle. Here, we show that EphA2 knockdown causes mitotic errors, including a delay in M-phase progression, asymmetric spindle positioning, multipolar spindles, and cell blebs. It has been known that EphA2 is phosphorylated at Tyr588, which is triggered by the ligand binding, and at Ser897 downstream of growth factor signaling. Upon mitotic entry, EphA2 is phosphorylated at Ser897, accompanied by a reduction in Tyr588 phosphorylation. This EphA2 phosphorylation at Ser897 is inhibited by MEK/ERK and 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) inhibitors and is induced by the introduction of active cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) and cyclin B1. EphA2 knockdown-induced M-phase delay and cell blebs are rescued by wild type EphA2 expression but not by Ser897Ala mutant. The Ras homolog gene family member G (RhoG) guanine nucleotide exchange factor Ephexin4 interacts with EphA2 in a Ser897 phosphorylation-dependent manner, and its knockdown delays M-phase progression and causes RhoG delocalization. RhoG knockdown delays M-phase progression, and EphA2 knockdown-induced M-phase delay is partially rescued by the constitutively active RhoG mutant. These results suggest that, in EphA2-expressing cells, EphA2 phosphorylation at Ser897 participates in proper M-phase progression downstream of the Cdk1/MEK/ERK/RSK pathway because of its role in maintaining cortical rigidity via Ephexin4 and RhoG and thereby regulating mitotic spindle formation.-Kaibori, Y. Saito, Y., Nakayama, Y. EphA2 phosphorylation at Ser897 by the Cdk1/MEK/ERK/RSK pathway regulates M-phase progression via maintenance of cortical rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kaibori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Youhei Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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Gong P, Chen S, Zhang L, Hu Y, Gu A, Zhang J, Wang Y. RhoG-ELMO1-RAC1 is involved in phagocytosis suppressed by mono-butyl phthalate in TM4 cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:35440-35450. [PMID: 30350139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most dominant phthalate esters and is ubiquitous in the environment. Male reproductive toxicity of DBP and its active metabolite mono-butyl phthalate (MBP) has been demonstrated in in vivo and in vitro studies. The objective of this study was to explore the roles of RhoG-ELMO1-RAC1 in phagocytosis disrupted by MBP in TM4 cells. Mouse Sertoli cell lines (TM4 cells) were maintained and treated by various levels of MBP (1, 10, and 100 μM) for 24 h. Then, cells were harvested for further experiments. Phagocytic capacity of TM4 cells was detected by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and oil red O staining. RAC1 activity (GTP-RAC1) was measured by RAC1 pull-down assay. Expression of mRNA and protein related to phagocytosis including ELMO1, RhoG, and RAC1 was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blots, respectively. MBP inhibited phagocytosis of TM4 cells and downregulated GTP-RAC1 expression and movement to membrane markedly. Furthermore, ELMO1 protein expression was downregulated in a dose-dependent manner after MBP treatments. Additionally, expression of proteins relating to phagocytosis, including RhoG and GTP-RAC1, was decreased significantly, but expression of total-RAC1 remained unchanged. GTP-RAC1 expression increased dramatically after TM4 cells were transfected with ELMO1 or RhoG plasmid, but restored under co-treatments with MBP and ELMO1/RhoG plasmid. This study suggests that MBP can reduce the phagocytosis of Sertoli cells through RhoG-ELMO1-RAC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingshu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Kim K, Lee J, Moon H, Lee SA, Kim D, Yang S, Lee DH, Lee G, Park D. The Intermolecular Interaction of Ephexin4 Leads to Autoinhibition by Impeding Binding of RhoG. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110211. [PMID: 30445756 PMCID: PMC6262623 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ephexin4 is a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) for RhoG and is involved in various RhoG-related cellular processes such as phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and migration of cancer cells. Ephexin4 forms an oligomer via an intermolecular interaction, and its GEF activity is increased in the presence of Elmo, an Ephexin4-interacting protein. However, it is uncertain if and how Ephexin4 is autoinhibited. Here, using an Ephexin4 mutant that abrogated the intermolecular interaction, we report that this interaction impeded binding of RhoG to Ephexin4 and thus inhibited RhoG activation. Mutation of the glutamate residue at position 295, which is a highly conserved residue located in the region of Ephexin4 required for the intermolecular interaction, to alanine (Ephexin4E295A) disrupted the intermolecular interaction and increased binding of RhoG, resulting in augmented RhoG activation. In addition, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and formation of membrane ruffles were increased more by expression of Ephexin4E295A than by expression of wild-type Ephexin4. Taken together, our data suggest that Ephexin4 is autoinhibited through its intermolecular interaction, which impedes binding of RhoG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanhyeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
- Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Juyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
- Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
- Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Sang-Ah Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
| | - Deokhwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
- Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Susumin Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Korea.
| | - Gwangrog Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
- Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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8
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Pan X, Zhang R, Xie C, Gan M, Yao S, Yao Y, Jin J, Han T, Huang Y, Gong Y, Wang J, Yu B. GRHL2 suppresses tumor metastasis via regulation of transcriptional activity of RhoG in non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:4217-4226. [PMID: 28979695 PMCID: PMC5622264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor, Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2), is involved in wound healing, epidermal integrity, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various biological processes; however, the biological function of GRHL2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unknown. In the current study, we investigated the effect of GRHL2 on cell growth and migration in NSCLC cell lines and clinical tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical NSCLC specimens revealed that patients with high GRHL2 expression were associated with poor prognosis compared to patients with low GRHL2 expression. GRHL2 overexpression promoted cell growth and colony formation, and simultaneously suppressed cell migration in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, GRHL2 decreased the transcriptional activity of RhoG by directly binding to the RhoG promoter region. These findings confirm that GRHL2 plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and migration in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
| | - Caifeng Xie
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330031, China
| | - Mingxi Gan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330031, China
| | - Sheng Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yubin Yao
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionJiangxi 310009, China
| | - Jiangbo Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 310031, China
| | - Tianyu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 310031, China
| | - Yunhe Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
| | - Yanlong Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
| | - Bentong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
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9
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Goicoechea SM, Zinn A, Awadia SS, Snyder K, Garcia-Mata R. A RhoG-mediated signaling pathway that modulates invadopodia dynamics in breast cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1064-1077. [PMID: 28202690 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.195552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is the ability of tumor cells to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. During metastasis, cancer cells degrade the extracellular matrix, which acts as a physical barrier, by developing specialized actin-rich membrane protrusion structures called invadopodia. The formation of invadopodia is regulated by Rho GTPases, a family of proteins that regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we describe a novel role for RhoG in the regulation of invadopodia disassembly in human breast cancer cells. Our results show that RhoG and Rac1 have independent and opposite roles in the regulation of invadopodia dynamics. We also show that SGEF (also known as ARHGEF26) is the exchange factor responsible for the activation of RhoG during invadopodia disassembly. When the expression of either RhoG or SGEF is silenced, invadopodia are more stable and have a longer lifetime than in control cells. Our findings also demonstrate that RhoG and SGEF modulate the phosphorylation of paxillin, which plays a key role during invadopodia disassembly. In summary, we have identified a novel signaling pathway involving SGEF, RhoG and paxillin phosphorylation, which functions in the regulation of invadopodia disassembly in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Goicoechea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Ashtyn Zinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sahezeel S Awadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kyle Snyder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Rafael Garcia-Mata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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10
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Feng G, Zhu Z, Li WJ, Lin Q, Chai Y, Dong MQ, Ou G. Hippo kinases maintain polarity during directional cell migration in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J 2016; 36:334-345. [PMID: 28011581 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise positioning of cells is crucial for metazoan development. Despite immense progress in the elucidation of the attractive cues of cell migration, the repulsive mechanisms that prevent the formation of secondary leading edges remain less investigated. Here, we demonstrate that Caenorhabditis elegans Hippo kinases promote cell migration along the anterior-posterior body axis via the inhibition of dorsal-ventral (DV) migration. Ectopic DV polarization was also demonstrated in gain-of-function mutant animals for C. elegans RhoG MIG-2. We identified serine 139 of MIG-2 as a novel conserved Hippo kinase phosphorylation site and demonstrated that purified Hippo kinases directly phosphorylate MIG-2S139 Live imaging analysis of genome-edited animals indicates that MIG-2S139 phosphorylation impedes actin assembly in migrating cells. Intriguingly, Hippo kinases are excluded from the leading edge in wild-type cells, while MIG-2 loss induces uniform distribution of Hippo kinases. We provide evidence that Hippo kinases inhibit RhoG activity locally and are in turn restricted to the cell body by RhoG-mediated polarization. Therefore, we propose that the Hippo-RhoG feedback regulation maintains cell polarity during directional cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Feng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- National Institute of Biological Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Lin
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongping Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Science, Beijing, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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11
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Peotter JL, Phillips J, Tong T, Dimeo K, Gonzalez JM, Peters DM. Involvement of Tiam1, RhoG and ELMO2/ILK in Rac1-mediated phagocytosis in human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:301-11. [PMID: 27539661 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that an αvβ5 integrin/FAK- mediated pathway regulated the phagocytic properties of human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. Here we demonstrate that this process is mediated by Rac-1 and a previously unreported signaling pathway that utilizes the Tiam1 as well as a novel ILK/RhoG/ELMO2 signaling pathway. Phagocytosis in both a TM-1 cell line and normal HTM cells was mediated by Rac1 and could be significantly decreased by >75% using the Rac1 inhibitor EHop-016. Knockdown of Rac1 in TM-1 cells also inhibited phagocytosis by 40% whereas overexpression of a constitutively active Rac1 or stimulation with PDGF increased phagocytosis by 83% and 32% respectively. Tiam1 was involved in regulating phagocytosis. Knockdown of Tiam1 inhibited phagocytosis by 72% while overexpression of Tiam1 C1199 increased phagocytosis by 75%. Other upstream effectors of Rac1 found to be involved included ELMO2, RhoG, and ILK. Knockdowns of ELMO2, ILK, and RhoG caused a reduction in phagocytosis by 51%, 55% and 46% respectively. In contrast, knockdown of Vav2 and Dock1 or overexpression of Vav2 Y159/172F did not cause a significant change in phagocytosis. These data suggest a novel link between Tiam1 and RhoG/ILK /ELMO2 pathway as upstream effectors of the Rac1-mediated phagocytic process in TM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Peotter
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jenny Phillips
- The Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tiegang Tong
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kaylee Dimeo
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jose M Gonzalez
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Donna M Peters
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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12
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Vestweber D, Zeuschner D, Rottner K, Schnoor M. Cortactin regulates the activity of small GTPases and ICAM-1 clustering in endothelium: Implications for the formation of docking structures. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e23862. [PMID: 24665381 PMCID: PMC3879184 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortactin is an actin-binding molecule that regulates various cellular processes requiring actin dynamics. We recently described cortactin-deficient mice and despite its pivotal role for actin remodeling in vitro, these mice are surprisingly healthy. Analyzing cortactin functions in endothelium under inflammatory conditions, we found that cortactin is required for endothelial barrier functions and leukocyte extravasation in vivo. Importantly, these effects were not regulated by defective actin dynamics but instead by a failure to activate the small GTPases Rap1 and RhoG in endothelial cells. Defective RhoG signaling led to reduced ICAM-1 clustering that supported the interaction with leukocytes. These clusters originally seen as rings surrounding adherent leukocytes actually represented in many cases ICAM-1 containing protrusions as they were described before as docking structures. Thus, cortactin is essential for the formation of endothelial docking structures as well as for leukocyte adhesion and extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Vestweber
- Department for Vascular Cell Biology; Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Department for Vascular Cell Biology; Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; Münster, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Actin Dynamics and Motility Unit; Institute of Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn, Germany ; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine; CINVESTAV; Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Steffen A, Koestler SA, Rottner K. Requirements for and consequences of Rac-dependent protrusion. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:184-93. [PMID: 24629839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases of the Rac subfamily exert multiple functions, the most prominent of which includes stimulation of dynamic actin rearrangements at the cell periphery. Frequently, these actin reorganizations cause the protrusion of leaflets of plasma membrane, so-called lamellipodia, which remain anchored at flat surfaces during forward protrusion of migrating cells, or develop into ruffles when lifting up- and backwards. Ruffling membranes are also engaged in fluid and particle uptake during pino- and phagocytosis, respectively. In recent work, we sought to clarify the precise role of Rac GTPases in actin-based protrusion, using a gene disruption approach. Furthermore, we aimed at dissecting the function of its downstream target Arp2/3 complex employing its instantaneous inhibition during simultaneous Rac activation. These complementary approaches allow comparison of the consequences of Rac versus Arp2/3 complex loss of function at the cell periphery, and help to formulate a working hypothesis for how the actin network in lamellipodia is initiated and maintained.
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14
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Peters EC, Gossett AJ, Goldstein B, Der CJ, Reiner DJ. Redundant canonical and noncanonical Caenorhabditis elegans p21-activated kinase signaling governs distal tip cell migrations. G3 (Bethesda) 2013; 3:181-95. [PMID: 23390595 PMCID: PMC3564979 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (Paks) are prominent mediators of Rac/Cdc42-dependent and -independent signaling and regulate signal transduction and cytoskeletal-based cell movements. We used the reproducible migrations of the Caenorhabditis elegans gonadal distal tip cells to show that two of the three nematode Pak proteins, MAX-2 and PAK-1, function redundantly in regulation of cell migration but are regulated by very different mechanisms. First, we suggest that MAX-2 requires CED-10/Rac function and thus functions canonically. Second, PIX-1 and GIT-1 function in the same role as PAK-1, and PAK-1 interaction with PIX-1 is required for PAK-1 activity; thus, PAK-1 functions noncanonically. The human Pak-Pix-Git complex is central to noncanonical Pak signaling and requires only modest Rac/CDC-42 input. Unlike the human complex, our results suggest that the C. elegans Pak-Pix-Git complex requires PAK-1 kinase domain activity. This study delineates signaling network relationships in this cell migration model, thus providing potential further mechanistic insights and an assessment of total Pak contribution to cell migration events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldon C. Peters
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Andrea J. Gossett
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Channing J. Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - David J. Reiner
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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15
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Kawai H, Kobayashi M, Hiramoto-Yamaki N, Harada K, Negishi M, Katoh H. Ephexin4-mediated promotion of cell migration and anoikis resistance is regulated by serine 897 phosphorylation of EphA2. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:78-82. [PMID: 23772378 PMCID: PMC3668535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
EphA2 is activated through phosphorylation on serine 897 (S897) by Akt to promote cancer cell motility and invasion, independently of stimulation by ephrin, its ligand. Here we show that S897 phosphorylation of EphA2 strengthens the interaction between EphA2 and Ephexin4, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase RhoG. S897A mutation of EphA2 abolished the EphA2/Ephexin4-mediated RhoG activation, promotion of cell migration, and resistance to anoikis. Our results suggest that S897-phosphorylated EphA2 recruits Ephexin4 to promote cell migration and anoikis resistance, providing a molecular link between S897 phosphorylation of EphA2 and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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16
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Abstract
RhoG is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases sharing highest sequence similarity with Rac and Cdc42. Mig-2 and Mtl represent the functional equivalents of RhoG in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, respectively. RhoG has attracted great interest because it plays a central role in the regulation of cytoskeletal reorganization in various physiological and pathophysiological situations. For example, it is fundamental to phagocytotic processes, is able to regulate gene expression, cell survival and proliferation, and is involved in cell migration and in the invasion of pathogenic bacteria. The activation of Rac1 via an ELMO/Dock180 module has been elaborated to be important for RhoG signaling. Although a stimulatory role for neurite outgrowth in the pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line has been assigned to RhoG, the exact function of this GTPase for the development of the processes of primary neurons remains to be clarified. In this view, we discuss the impact of RhoG on axonal and dendritic differentiation, its role as a conductor of Rac1 and Cdc42 activity and the functional regulation of RhoG expression by the microRNA miR-124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schumacher
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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