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Schneider S, Blick G, Burke C, Ward D, Benson P, Felizarta F, Green D, Donovan C, Harper G, Merrill D, Metzner AA, Mycock K, Wallis H, Patarroyo J, Brogan AP, Oglesby A. Two-Drug Regimens Dolutegravir/Lamivudine and Dolutegravir/ Rilpivirine Are Effective with Few Discontinuations in US Real-World Settings: Results from the TANDEM Study. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:891-906. [PMID: 38570443 PMCID: PMC11058742 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) and dolutegravir/rilpivirine (DTG/RPV) are fixed-dose, complete, single-tablet, two-drug regimens (2DRs) indicated for HIV-1. DTG/3TC is approved for antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive people with HIV-1 and virologically suppressed individuals to replace current ART; DTG/RPV is indicated for virologically suppressed individuals as a switch option. Virologic efficacy and effectiveness of these DTG-based 2DRs have been demonstrated in phase 3 clinical trials and real-world cohorts, primarily from Europe. This study characterized real-world use of DTG-based 2DRs for HIV-1 treatment in the USA. METHODS TANDEM was a retrospective medical chart review across 24 US sites. Individuals aged ≥ 18 years who initiated DTG/3TC or DTG/RPV before September 30, 2020, with ≥ 6 months of follow-up were included. One cohort included ART-naive people who initiated DTG/3TC (n = 126), and two other cohorts included virologically suppressed (HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL) people on stable ART regimens for ≥ 3 months before switch to either DTG/3TC (n = 192) or DTG/RPV (n = 151). Clinical characteristics, treatment history, and outcomes are described. RESULTS Virologically suppressed individuals were older than those who were ART-naive, and the ART-naive cohort had higher proportions of individuals assigned male at birth and of Hispanic ethnicity. The most common healthcare provider-reported reason for choosing a DTG-based 2DR was avoidance of long-term toxicities (25-33% across cohorts), followed by simplification/streamlining of treatment. Among ART-naive people on DTG/3TC, 94% achieved virologic suppression after initiation, and 83% maintained suppression at last follow-up; discontinuation rate was < 1%. Among cohorts who switched to DTG-based 2DRs, 96% maintained virologic suppression on DTG/3TC and 93% on DTG/RPV; 2% on DTG/3TC and 3% on DTG/RPV discontinued. CONCLUSION Motivation for selecting DTG-based 2DRs was primarily driven by a desire to avoid or manage toxicities and simplify treatment. Results demonstrate that DTG/3TC and DTG/RPV are effective in real-world settings, with few discontinuations, reflecting data from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schneider
- Long Beach Education and Research Consultants, 1040 Elm Avenue, #303, Long Beach, CA, 90813, USA
| | - Gary Blick
- Health Care Advocates International, 2595 Main Street, 2nd Floor, Stratford, CT, 06615, USA
| | - Christina Burke
- CAN Community Health, 3251 3rd Avenue N, St Petersburg, FL, 33713, USA
| | - Douglas Ward
- Dupont Circle Physicians Group, 1145 19th Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC, 20009, USA
| | - Paul Benson
- Be Well Medical Center, 1964 W Eleven Mile Road, Berkley, MI, 48072, USA
| | - Franco Felizarta
- Bakersfield Family Medical Center, 4580 California Avenue, Bakersfield, CA, 93309, USA
| | - Dallas Green
- AHF Healthcare Center-Kinder, 3661 S Miami Avenue, Suite 806, Miami, FL, 33133, USA
| | - Cynthia Donovan
- ViiV Healthcare, 406 Blackwell Street, Suite 300, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Gavin Harper
- Adelphi Real World, Adelphi Mill, Grimshaw Lane, Bollington, Macclesfield, SK10 5JB, UK
| | - Deanna Merrill
- ViiV Healthcare, 406 Blackwell Street, Suite 300, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Aimee A Metzner
- ViiV Healthcare, 406 Blackwell Street, Suite 300, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Katie Mycock
- Adelphi Real World, Adelphi Mill, Grimshaw Lane, Bollington, Macclesfield, SK10 5JB, UK
| | - Hannah Wallis
- Adelphi Real World, Adelphi Mill, Grimshaw Lane, Bollington, Macclesfield, SK10 5JB, UK
| | - Jimena Patarroyo
- ViiV Healthcare, 406 Blackwell Street, Suite 300, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Andrew P Brogan
- ViiV Healthcare, 406 Blackwell Street, Suite 300, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Alan Oglesby
- ViiV Healthcare, 406 Blackwell Street, Suite 300, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
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Ramos-Ruperto L, Arcos-Rueda MDM, de Miguel-Buckley R, Busca-Arenzana C, Mican R, Montejano R, Delgado-Hierro A, Montes ML, Valencia ME, Serrano L, Arribas JR, González J, Bernardino JI, Martín-Carbonero L. Sex differences in the effectiveness and tolerability of dolutegravir plus rilpivirine as a switch strategy in people living with HIV. HIV Med 2024. [PMID: 38379338 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dolutegravir + rilpivirine (DTG + RPV) is an effective antiretroviral therapy regimen approved in clinical guidelines as a switch therapy for virologically suppressed people with HIV. Our study aimed to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of DTG + RPV in women and men in real-world clinical practice. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of treatment-experienced people with HIV from a large HIV unit who switched to DTG + RPV. We analysed treatment effectiveness, rates of adverse events and discontinuation, and metabolic changes after 48 weeks of treatment. HIV-RNA levels <50 copies/mL were analysed at 48 weeks using both intention-to treat analysis (where missing data were interpreted as failures) and per-protocol analysis (excluding those with missing data or changes due to reasons other than virological failure). Outcomes were compared between women and men based on sex at birth. RESULTS A total of 307 patients were selected (71 women and 236 men). No transgender people were included. At baseline, women had lived with HIV infection and received antiretroviral therapy for longer than men (23.2 vs 17.4 years and 18.9 vs 14.2 years, respectively). In the intention-to-treat analysis, 74.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 63.4-83.3%) of women and 83.5% (95% CI 78.2-87.7) of men had HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL. In the per-protocol analysis, 96.4% (95% CI 87.7-99) of women and 99% (95% CI 98.9-99.7) of men had HIV-RNA levels <50 copies/mL. Two women and two men had HIV-RNA >50 copies/mL at 48 weeks. Discontinuation due to adverse events was more frequent in women than in men: 12.7% vs 7.2% (p < 0.02). Neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal events were the most frequently reported. A median (interquartile range) weight gain of 1.9 kg (0-4.2) in women and 1.2 kg (-1-3.1) in men was reported (median of differences between baseline visit and week 48); the remaining changes in metabolic parameters were neutral. CONCLUSIONS DTG + RPV exhibited good and similar virological effectiveness in women and men in real-world settings. However, poorer tolerability and more treatment interruptions were observed in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ramos-Ruperto
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Arcos-Rueda
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Miguel-Buckley
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBER INFECC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Busca-Arenzana
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBER INFECC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Mican
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBER INFECC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Montejano
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBER INFECC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Delgado-Hierro
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Montes
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBER INFECC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Eulalia Valencia
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Serrano
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ramon Arribas
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBER INFECC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan González
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBER INFECC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Bernardino
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBER INFECC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luz Martín-Carbonero
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Department, La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBER INFECC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Ramöller IK, Volpe-Zanutto F, Vora LK, Abbate MTA, Hutton ARJ, McKenna PE, Peng K, Tekko IA, Sabri A, McAlister E, McCarthy HO, Paredes AJ, Donnelly RF. Intradermal delivery of the antiretroviral drugs cabotegravir and rilpivirine by dissolving microarray patches: Investigation of lymphatic uptake. J Control Release 2024; 366:548-566. [PMID: 38211640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The lymphatic system possesses the main viral replication sites in the body following viral infection. Unfortunately, current antiretroviral agents penetrate the lymph nodes insufficiently when administered orally and, therefore, cannot access the lymphatic system sufficiently to interrupt this viral replication. For this reason, novel drug delivery systems aimed at enhancing the lymphatic uptake of antiretroviral drugs are highly desirable. Dissolving polymeric microarray patches (MAPs) may help to target the lymph intradermally. MAPs are intradermal drug delivery systems used to deliver many types of compounds. The present work describes a novel work investigating the lymphatic uptake of two anti-HIV drugs: cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RPV) when delivered intradermally using dissolving MAPs containing nanocrystals of both drugs. Maps were formulated using NCs obtained by solvent-free milling technique. The polymers used to prepare the NCs of both drugs were PVA 10 Kda and PVP 58 Kda. Both NCs were submitted to the lyophilization process and reconstituted with deionized water to form the first layer of drug casting. Backing layers were developed for short application times and effective skin deposition. In vivo biodistribution profiles of RPV and CAB after MAP skin application were investigated and compared with the commercial intramuscular injection using rats. After a single application of RPV MAPs, a higher concentration of RPV was delivered to the axillary lymph nodes (AL) (Cmax 2466 ng/g - Tmax 3 days) when compared with RPV IM injection (18 ng/g - Tmax 1 day), while CAB MAPs delivered slightly lower amounts of drug to the AL (5808 ng/g in 3 days) when compared with CAB IM injection (9225 ng/g in 10 days). However, CAB MAPs delivered 7726 ng/g (Tmax 7 days) to the external lumbar lymph nodes, which was statistically equivalent to IM delivery (Cmax 8282 ng/g - Tmax 7 days). This work provides strong evidence that MAPs were able to enhance the delivery of CAB and RPV to the lymphatic system compared to the IM delivery route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken K Ramöller
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiana Volpe-Zanutto
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, R. Cândido Portinari, 200 - Cidade Universitária, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Marco T A Abbate
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron R J Hutton
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E McKenna
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Ismaiel A Tekko
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, Aleppo University, Syria
| | - Akmal Sabri
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Emma McAlister
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro J Paredes
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
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Busca Arenzana C, González-García J, Blas-García A, Esplugues JV, Olveira Martín A, Montes Ramírez ML. Benefits of rilpivirine for liver stiffness in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) 2024; 42:74-79. [PMID: 36737372 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rilpivirine (RPV) is an antiretroviral drug characterized by good tolerability and a favorable liver safety profile. Recent research has shown that RPV ameliorates liver fibrosis in animal models of various chronic liver diseases. Our study aimed to analyze the effect of RPV on liver fibrosis by assessing changes in liver stiffness using transient elastography. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of HIV-infected patients who were exposed and not exposed to RPV. The change in liver stiffness during the period between two transient elastography measurements was analyzed and compared for patients exposed and not exposed to RPV. RESULTS We selected 118 RPV-exposed and 118 non-RPV-exposed HIV-infected patients. Median time between transient elastography (TE) measurements was 50 (29-68) months. A repeated-measures general linear model based on the main clinical characteristics revealed a significant decrease in the TE value of -0.8kPa in non-RPV-exposed patients (p=0.254) and -1.6kPa in the RPV-exposed group (p<0.001). The subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction in the TE value only patients cured of hepatitis C (RPV-exposed, -2.8kPa [p<0.001]; non-RPV-exposed, -1.1kPa [p=0.22]). CONCLUSION RPV-based antiretroviral regimens significantly reduced liver stiffness, as measured by TE, in patients cured of chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Busca Arenzana
- Unidad VIH, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Idipaz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan González-García
- Unidad VIH, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Idipaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Blas-García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Olveira Martín
- Unidad Hepatología, Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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Bevers LAH, van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer EWJ, Te Brake HML, Burger DM. Development, validation and clinical implementation of a UPLC-MS/MS bioanalytical method for simultaneous quantification of cabotegravir and rilpivirine E-isomer in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115832. [PMID: 37976991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of cabotegravir (CAB) and the E-isomer of rilpivirine (RPV) in human EDTA plasma, also considering RPV E-isomer instability. Because of the instability of RPV (and CAB) in all light conditions, the (RPV Z-isomer/total RPV)-isomer ratio of RPV was determined for each stock, calibration curve standard, quality control sample and patient sample. [2H3]-CAB and [13C6]-RPV were used as internal standard. Sample preparation involved protein precipitation of plasma using methanol. An HSS T3 column with a guard column (set at 40 °C) was used for analyte separation. The mobile phase components were 65 % 0.1 % formic acid in water (A) and 35 % 0.1 % formic acid in acetonitrile (B) and the flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. Detection was performed with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in a total runtime of 3.0 min. The assay was validated over the concentration range of 0.0500 - 10.0 mg/L for CAB and 0.00300 - 3.00 mg/L for RPV. The average within-day and between-day accuracies for the assay in plasma were 101 % and 101 % for CAB and 97.6 % and 98.5 % voor RPV, respectively. Within-day and between-day precision in coefficients of variations (CV) were 5.0 %. Extraction recovery was 99 % and 102 % for CAB and its internal standard and 95 % and 97 % for RPV and its internal standard. As our aim was that the (Z-isomer RPV/total RPV) response ratio in patient samples had to be less than 10 % to give reliable results, the (Z-isomer RPV/total RPV) response ratio in stocks, calibration curve standards and internal quality control samples were also taken into account being maximal 0.9 % and 2.3 % respectively. This assay has been successfully used in our Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) service for people living with HIV on long-acting injectable therapy with CAB/RPV and will also be used in future pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A H Bevers
- Department of Pharmacy & Radboudumc Institute for Medical Innovation (RIMI), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - E W J van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer
- Department of Pharmacy & Radboudumc Institute for Medical Innovation (RIMI), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - H M L Te Brake
- Department of Pharmacy & Radboudumc Institute for Medical Innovation (RIMI), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - D M Burger
- Department of Pharmacy & Radboudumc Institute for Medical Innovation (RIMI), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Sivamalar S, Gomathi S, Boobalan J, Balakrishnan P, Pradeep A, Devaraj CA, Solomonl SS, Nallusamy D, Nalini D, Sureka V, Saravanan S. Delayed identification of treatment failure causes high levels of acquired drug resistance and less future drug options among HIV-1-infected South Indians. Indian J Med Microbiol 2024; 47:100520. [PMID: 38052366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations (DRMs) among Immunological failure (IF) on NRTI based first-line regimens, Thymidine analogue (TA) - AZT & D4T and Non-Thymidine Analogue (NTA) -TDF; and predict viral drug susceptibility to gain vision about optimal treatment strategies for second-line. METHODS Cross-sectionally, 300 HIV-1 infected patients, failing first-line HAART were included. HIV-1 pol gene spanning 20-240 codons of RT was genotyped and mutation pattern was examined, (IAS-USA 2014 and Stanford HIV drug resistance database v7.0). RESULTS The median age of the participants was 35 years (IQR 29-40), CD4 T cell count of TDF failures was low at 172 cells/μL (IQR 80-252), and treatment duration was low among TDF failures (24 months vs. 61 months) (p < 0.0001). Majority of the TDF failures were on EFV based first-line (89 % vs 45 %) (p < 0.0001). Level of resistance for TDF and AZT shows, that resistance to TDF was about one-third (37 %) of TDF participants and onefourth (23 %) of AZT participants; resistance to AZT was 17 % among TDF participants and 47 % among AZT participants; resistance to both AZT and TDF was significantly high among AZT participants [21 % vs. 8 %, OR 3.057 (95 % CI 1.4-6.8), p < 0.0001]. CONCLUSION Although delayed identification of treatment failure caused high levels of acquired drug resistance in our study. Thus, we must include measures to regularize virological monitoring with integrated resistance testing in LMIC (Low and Middle Income Countries) like in India; this will help to preserve the effectiveness of ARV and ensure the success of ending AIDS as public health by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathasivam Sivamalar
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K. K. Nagar, Chennai, 600 078, India; YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Selvamurthi Gomathi
- YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Jayaseelan Boobalan
- YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Saveetha Medical College & Hospitals [SMCH], Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Amrose Pradeep
- YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Chithra A Devaraj
- YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Sunil Suhas Solomonl
- YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Duraisamy Nallusamy
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K. K. Nagar, Chennai, 600 078, India
| | - Devarajan Nalini
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K. K. Nagar, Chennai, 600 078, India
| | - Varalakshmi Sureka
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K. K. Nagar, Chennai, 600 078, India
| | - Shanmugam Saravanan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Saveetha Medical College & Hospitals [SMCH], Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India.
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Sension MG, Brunet L, Hsu RK, Fusco JS, Cochran Q, Uranaka C, Sridhar G, Vannappagari V, Van Wyk J, McCurdy L, Wohlfeiler MB, Fusco GP. Cabotegravir + Rilpivirine Long-Acting Injections for HIV Treatment in the US: Real World Data from the OPERA Cohort. Infect Dis Ther 2023; 12:2807-2817. [PMID: 37966701 PMCID: PMC10746614 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-023-00890-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first complete long-acting antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen, cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-acting (CAB + RPV LA) injectable, was approved in the US for HIV-1 treatment in individuals on a stable antiretroviral regimen with a viral load < 50 copies/mL, no treatment failure history, and no resistance to either cabotegravir or rilpivirine. We describe injection schedule adherence and virologic effectiveness of CAB + RPV LA in routine clinical care in the US. METHODS From the OPERA® cohort, all adults with HIV who received their first CAB + RPV LA injection and ≥ 1 continuation injections between 21 January 2021 and 15 March 2022 were included. The injection target date was updated monthly and set to the same date of the month as the previous injection. Continuation injections administered within 7 days before or after the target date were considered on time, as per the label. Virologic undetectability (viral load < 50 copies/mL), suppression (viral load < 200 copies/mL), and confirmed virologic failure (2 consecutive viral loads ≥ 200 copies/mL or 1 viral load ≥ 200 copies/mL followed by discontinuation) were described among individuals with a viral load < 50 copies/mL at initiation and ≥ 1 follow-up viral load. RESULTS Among 321 individuals on CAB + RPV LA, 90% of the continuation injections were administered on time (within ± 7 days of the target date). Of the 237 individuals with a viral load < 50 copies/mL at initiation and ≥ 1 follow-up viral load, nearly all were undetectable (95%) or suppressed (99%) at their last viral load measurement, 96% maintained virologic suppression with all measured viral loads < 200 copies/mL, and four confirmed virologic failures were observed. Injection delays were infrequent, and did not affect virologic outcomes over the short term. CONCLUSION In this large US cohort, most monthly CAB + RPV LA injections were administered on time and high levels of virologic control were achieved. These results suggest that CAB + RPB LA injectable can be administered effectively during routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ricky K Hsu
- NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- AIDS Healthcare Foundation, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Moragrega AB, Gruevska A, Fuster-Martínez I, Benedicto AM, Tosca J, Montón C, Victor VM, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects of rilpivirine: Relevance for the therapeutics of chronic liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115537. [PMID: 37738799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) worldwide and inflammation is key to its progression/resolution. As we have previously described that rilpivirine (RPV) is hepatoprotective in murine models of CLD, here we determine the molecular mechanisms involved, focusing on its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. They were evaluated in vitro (human hepatic cell lines of the major hepatic cell types), in vivo (liver samples from a murine nutritional model of NAFLD) and ex vivo (peripheral blood mononuclear cells -PBMC- from patients with CLD). Transcriptomic analysis of liver samples from NAFLD mice showed RPV down-regulated biological processes associated with the inflammatory response (NF-κB/IκB signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase -MAPK- activity) and leukocyte chemotaxis and migration. We observed a decrease in Adgre1 and Ccr2 expression and in the number of CCR2 + cells in the periportal areas of RPV-treated NAFLD mice. This RPV-induced effect on the CCL2/CCR2 axis was confirmed in vitro. A similar result was also obtained with CXCL10/IP10, one of the main chemokines in the liver. RPV also diminished activation of MAP kinases p38 and JNK. In addition, RPV inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in vitro, decreasing NLRP3 protein expression, caspase-1 activation and IL-1β gene expression. RPV was also proven anti-inflammatory in PBMC from patients with CLD treated ex vivo. In conclusion, beyond its well-described role in antiretroviral therapy, RPV manifests anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects, a finding that could be of great relevance for the search of novel targets or repositioning strategies for CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela B Moragrega
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Gruevska
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fuster-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana M Benedicto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Tosca
- Departmento de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Montón
- Departmento de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor M Victor
- FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain; Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital Clínico de la Comunidad Valenciana (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain.
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9
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Cervo A, Russo A, Di Carlo D, De Vito A, Fabeni L, D'Anna S, Duca L, Colpani A, Fois M, Zauli B, Mancarella G, Carraro A, Bezenchek A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Santoro MM. Long-acting combination of cabotegravir plus rilpivirine: A picture of potential eligible and ineligible HIV-positive individuals from the Italian ARCA cohort. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 34:141-144. [PMID: 37453495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of people living with HIV (PLWH) eligible for the long-acting injectable (LAI) regimen with cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RPV), in comparison with ineligible individuals. METHODS This was an observational, cross-sectional study from the ARCA cohort, including virologically suppressed PLWH with at least one genotypic resistance testing (GRT) for reverse transcriptase and integrase from plasma and/or PBMCs. Eligibility criteria for LAI CAB+RPV were: negative HBsAg, absence of previous virological failures and/or resistance-associated mutations for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and/or integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Potential differences between eligible and ineligible individuals were investigated by univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS A total of 514 individuals were included: 377 (73.3%) were male, median age was 51 (IQR: 43-58), on ART for 9 years (IQR: 4-17), virologically suppressed for 63 months (IQR: 35-105). Eligible individuals for CAB+RPV were 229 (44.5%, 95%CI: 40.8-48.8); compared with ineligible individuals, they received a lower number of previous regimens (aOR 0.76, 95% CI 0.71-0.83, P < 0.001) and were on current NNRTIs (aOR 2.16, 95% CI 1.38-3.37, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Less than half of virologically suppressed PLWH in the ARCA cohort were potentially eligible for CAB+RPV. They seem to be "less complicated" with shorter exposure to ART and preferably already on NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cervo
- University Hospital of Modena, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Modena, Italy.
| | - Antonio Russo
- University Hospital of Modena, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Modena, Italy; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Mental Health, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Di Carlo
- University of Milan, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea De Vito
- University of Sassari, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lavinia Fabeni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Agnese Colpani
- University of Sassari, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Fois
- University of Sassari, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zauli
- University of Sassari, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giulia Mancarella
- Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Latina, Italy
| | - Anna Carraro
- Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri
- Institute for Global Health, Centre for Clinical Research, Epidemiology, Modelling and Evaluation, London, UK
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10
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Liu K, Hao Z, Zheng H, Wang H, Zhang L, Yan M, Tuerhong R, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Pang T, Shi L. Repurposing of rilpivirine for preventing platelet β3 integrin-dependent thrombosis by targeting c-Src active autophosphorylation. Thromb Res 2023; 229:53-68. [PMID: 37413892 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected individuals are known to be at higher risk for thrombotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may also be differentially affected by components of anti-HIV drugs. To identify the effects of a series of FDA-approved anti-HIV drugs on platelet aggregation in humans, focusing on the novel pharmacological effects of rilpivirine (RPV), a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, on platelet function both in vitro and in vivo and the mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro studies showed that RPV was the only anti-HIV reagent that consistently and efficiently inhibited aggregation elicited by different agonists, exocytosis, morphological extension on fibrinogen, and clot retraction. Treatment of mice with RPV significantly prevented thrombus formation in FeCl3-injured mesenteric vessels, postcava with stenosis surgery, and ADP -induced pulmonary embolism models without defects in platelet viability, tail bleeding, and coagulation activities. RPV also improved cardiac performance in mice with post-ischemic reperfusion. A mechanistic study revealed that RPV preferentially attenuated fibrinogen-stimulated Tyr773 phosphorylation of β3-integrin by inhibiting Tyr419 autophosphorylation of c-Src. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance analyses showed that RPV can bind directly to c-Src. Further mutational analysis showed that the Phe427 residue of c-Src is critical for RPV interaction, suggesting a novel interaction site for targeting c-Src to block β3-integrin outside-in signaling. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that RPV was able to prevent the progression of thrombotic CVDs by interrupting β3-integrin-mediated outside-in signaling via inhibiting c-Src activation without hemorrhagic side effects, highlighting RPV as a promising reagent for the prevention and therapy of thrombotic CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen Hao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Luying Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Minghui Yan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Reyisha Tuerhong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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11
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Zhang C, Yang Y, Gan S, Ren A, Zhou YB, Li J, Xiang DJ, Wang WL. Photophysical Exploration of Alectinib and Rilpivirine: Insights from Theory and Experiment. Molecules 2023; 28:6172. [PMID: 37630424 PMCID: PMC10458258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the excellent characteristics of fluorescence-based imaging, such as non-invasive detection of biomarkers in vitro and in vivo with high sensitivity, good spatio-temporal resolution and fast response times, it has shown significant prospects in various applications. Compounds with both biological activities and fluorescent properties have the potential for integrated diagnosis and treatment application. Alectinib and Rilpivirine are two excellent drugs on sale that represent a clinically approved targeted therapy for ALK-rearranged NSCLC and have exhibited more favorable safety and tolerance profiles in Phase III clinical trials, ECHO and THRIVE, respectively. The optical properties of these two drugs, Alectinib and Rilpivirine, were deeply explored, firstly through the simulation of molecular structures, electrostatic potential, OPA/TPA and emission spectral properties and experiments on UV-vis spectra, fluorescence and cell imaging. It was found that Alectinib exhibited 7.8% of fluorescence quantum yield at the 450 nm excited wavelength, due to a larger electronic transition dipole moment (8.41 Debye), bigger charge transition quantity (0.682 e) and smaller reorganization energy (2821.6 cm-1). The stronger UV-vis spectra of Rilpivirine were due to a larger electron-hole overlap index (Sr: 0.733) and were also seen in CDD plots. Furthermore, Alectinib possessed obvious active two-photon absorption properties (δmaxTPA* ϕ = 201.75 GM), which have potential TPA imaging applications in bio-systems. Lastly, Alectinib and Rilpivirine displayed green fluorescence in HeLa cells, suggesting the potential ability for biological imaging. Investigation using theoretical and experimental methods is certainly encouraged, given the particular significance of developing integrated diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Suya Gan
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Aimin Ren
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road 2#, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Yu-Bo Zhou
- National Center for Drug Screening, State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, SSIP Healthcare and Medicine Demonstration Zone, Zhongshan Tsuihang New District, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, SSIP Healthcare and Medicine Demonstration Zone, Zhongshan Tsuihang New District, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Da-Jun Xiang
- Xishan People’s Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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12
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Moreno S, Rivero A, Ventayol P, Falcó V, Torralba M, Schroeder M, Neches V, Vallejo-Aparicio LA, Mackenzie I, Turner M, Harrison C. Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Long-Acting Antiretroviral Therapy Administered Every 2 Months is Cost-Effective for the Treatment of HIV-1 in Spain. Infect Dis Ther 2023; 12:2039-2055. [PMID: 37452174 PMCID: PMC10505114 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-023-00840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have improved outcomes for people living with HIV. However, the requirement to adhere to lifelong daily oral dosing may be challenging for some people living with HIV, leading to suboptimal adherence and therefore reduced treatment effectiveness. Treatment with long-acting (LA) ART may improve adherence and health-related quality of life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of cabotegravir + rilpivirine (CAB+RPV) LA administered every 2 months (Q2M) compared with current ART administered as daily oral single-tablet regimens (STRs) from a Spanish National Healthcare System perspective. METHODS A hybrid decision-tree and Markov state-transition model was used with pooled data from three phase III/IIIb trials (FLAIR, ATLAS, and ATLAS-2M) over a lifetime horizon, with health states defined by viral load and CD4+ cell count. Direct costs (in €) were taken from Spanish public sources from 2021 and several deterministic and probabilistic analyses were carried out. An annual 3% discount rate was applied to both costs and utilities. RESULTS Over the lifetime horizon, CAB+RPV LA Q2M was associated with an additional 0.27 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and slightly greater lifetime costs (€4003) versus daily oral ART, leading to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €15,003/QALY, below the commonly accepted €30,000/QALY willingness-to-pay threshold in Spain. All scenario analyses showed consistent results, and the probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed cost-effectiveness compared with daily oral STRs in 62.4% of simulations, being dominant in 0.3%. CONCLUSION From the Spanish National Health System perspective, CAB+RPV LA Q2M is a cost-effective alternative compared with the current options of daily oral STR regimens for HIV treatment. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ATLAS, NCT02951052; ATLAS-2M, NCT03299049; FLAIR, NCT02938520.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Moreno
- Hospital Ramón y Cajal, CIBERINFEC, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Victoria Neches
- Market Access, GSK, P.T.M Severo Ochoa, 2-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Weld ED, Parsons TL, Gollings R, McCauley M, Grinsztejn B, Landovitz RJ, Marzinke MA. Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantification of cabotegravir and rilpivirine from dried blood spots. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115307. [PMID: 36842333 PMCID: PMC10065945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried blood spots (DBS) have been utilized as a blood plasma alternative for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacologic analysis. There are analytical and physiochemical considerations in bridging drug concentrations from plasma to DBS. Recently, the long-acting antiretroviral cabotegravir (CAB) has been approved for HIV prevention, and a co-packaged regimen of long-acting CAB and rilpivirine (RPV) has been approved for HIV treatment. Measurement of these drugs in blood collected as DBS may offer increased capacity and flexibility in translational applications. METHODS Whole blood was spiked with CAB and RPV and spotted on DBS cards. Following extraction and addition of isotopically labeled internal standards, samples were subjected to liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The method was validated according to regulatory recommendations, and the assay was evaluated in remnant samples from an HIV prevention trial in which paired DBS and plasma samples were collected. RESULTS DBS CAB and RPV concentrations were linear from 25 to 20,000 ng/mL and 2-2500 ng/mL, respectively. Precision, accuracy, and matrix effect results were acceptable. DBS RPV demonstrated stability under all tested conditions; DBS CAB showed mean biases of - 23.5% when stored at room temperature for 36 days, and - 18.0% at 40 °C and 100% humidity for two days. DBS measurements for CAB and RPV were an average 54.0% and 14.1% lower, respectively, as compared to paired plasma samples. Derived conversion factors of 1.79 and 1.16 were applied to DBS CAB and RPV measurements, respectively, to estimate plasma concentrations. Estimated plasma CAB and RPV concentrations showed mean biases of 2.2% and 0.6%, respectively. In a CAB clinical trial, application of the conversion factor resulted in agreement between estimated plasma CAB concentrations from DBS and plasma CAB concentrations (y = 1.08x - 79.2, r = 0.932; mean bias of -3.2%; 95% CI: -48.2% to 41.9%). CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated a novel LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of CAB and RPV from DBS, and identified conversion factors to estimate plasma concentrations from spotted blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel D Weld
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Teresa L Parsons
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryann Gollings
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raphael J Landovitz
- Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Mark A Marzinke
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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Maggi P, Ricci ED, Cicalini S, Pellicanò GF, Celesia BM, Vichi F, Cascio A, Sarchi E, Orofino G, Squillace N, Madeddu G, De Socio GV, Bargiacchi O, Molteni C, Masiello A, Saracino A, Menzaghi B, Falasca K, Taramasso L, Di Biagio A, Bonfanti P. Lipids and transaminase elevations in ARV-experienced PLWH switching to a doravirine-based regimen from rilpivirine or other regimens. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:227. [PMID: 37059996 PMCID: PMC10103465 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doravirine (DOR) is a newly approved antiretroviral belonging to the class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), well tolerated and leading to an improved lipid profile in antiretroviral experienced people living with HIV (PLWH). We aimed at evaluating if the lipid-lowering effect is linked to the drug class, using real-life data from the SCOLTA cohort. METHODS We compared the lipid profile modifications in experienced PLWH switching to a DOR-based regimen from rilpivirine or another NNRTI-based regimen or from an integrase strand transferase (INSTI)-based regimen. T0 and T1 were defined as the baseline and 6-month follow-up respectively. Data were collected at baseline and prospectively every six months and changes from baseline were compared using a multivariable linear model. RESULTS In 107 PLWH, enrolled in the SCOLTA DOR cohort, with undetectable HIV-RNA at baseline, 32.7% switched from RPV-based regimens (DOR1), 29.9% from other NNRTI-including regimens (DOR2) and 37.4% switched from INSTI-including regimens (DOR3). At T1, TC significantly decreased in DOR2 (-15 mg/dL) and DOR3 (-23 mg/dL), and significantly more in DOR3 than in DOR1 (-6 mg/dL) (p = 0.016). HDL-C declined in DOR2 (-2 mg/dL) whereas it increased in DOR1 (+ 3 mg/dL) (p = 0.042) and remained stable in DOR3. LDL-C significantly decreased from baseline in DOR2 (-12 mg/dL) and DOR3 (-22 mg/dL) and was different between DOR1 (-8 mg/dL) and DOR3 (p = 0.022). TC/HDL ratio showed a significant decline in the DOR3 group (-0.45), although similar to DOR1 (-0.23, p = 0.315) and DOR2 (-0.19, p = 0.254). Triglycerides did not noticeably change. ALT significantly decreased in PLWH with a baseline level > 40 UI/mL. CONCLUSIONS PLWH on doravirine treatment showed different trends in blood lipids according to their previous regimen. In PLWH switching from RPV, minimal modifications were seen, whereas in those switching from other NNRTIs and from INSTI-including regimens, we observed an overall improvement in lipid profile, seemingly independent of the "statin effect" of TDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Maggi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, AORN Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano, Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Cicalini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Roma, Lazio, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Pellicanò
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and the Developmental Age 'G. Barresi', University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Vichi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, USLCENTRO FIRENZE, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sarchi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, S.Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Orofino
- Division I of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASL Città di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nicola Squillace
- Infectious Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Giordano Madeddu
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Olivia Bargiacchi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Molteni
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, A. Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Saracino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Barbara Menzaghi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, ASST della Valle Olona - Busto Arsizio (VA), Busto Arsizio VA, Italy
| | - Katia Falasca
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lucia Taramasso
- Infectious Diseases, San Martino Hospital Genoa, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Infectious Diseases, San Martino Hospital Genoa, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonfanti
- Infectious Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza - University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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15
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Saladini F, Giammarino F, Maggiolo F, Ferrara M, Cenderello G, Celesia BM, Martellotta F, Spagnuolo V, Corbelli GM, Gianotti N, Santoro MM, Rusconi S, Zazzi M, Castagna A. Residual phenotypic susceptibility to doravirine in multidrug-resistant HIV-1 from subjects enrolled in the PRESTIGIO Registry. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 61:106737. [PMID: 36708743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Doravirine shows a rather distinct resistance profile within the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) class. This study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic susceptibility to doravirine, rilpivirine and etravirine in a panel of multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1 isolates collected from people living with HIV (PLWH) enrolled in the PRESTIGIO Registry. METHODS Recombinant viruses expressing PLWH-derived protease, reverse transcriptase coding regions were generated from plasma samples at virological failure with documented resistance to protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, NNRTIs and integrase strand transfer inhibitors. In vitro susceptibility was assessed through a phenotypic assay measuring fold-change values with respect to the reference NL4-3 virus. Genotypic susceptibility was computed by the Stanford HIVdb algorithm 8.9-1. RESULTS Plasma samples were collected from 22 PLWH: 20 (91%) were male, median age 55 years (IQR 50-58), time since HIV-1 diagnosis 27 years (23-31) and time on antiretroviral treatment 23 years (22-26). Median doravirine, etravirine and rilpivirine fold-change values were 9.8 (2.9-40.4), 42.9 (3.1-100.0) and 100.0 (17.9-100.0), respectively. According to the fold-change cut-offs, full susceptibility was observed in five (23%), four (18%) and one (5%) cases with doravirine, etravirine and rilpivirine, respectively. Irrespective of the presence of specific doravirine mutations, higher numbers of NNRTI mutations correlated with higher fold-change values for doravirine. By comparing the distribution of fold-change values with the Stanford HIVdb predicted susceptibility, a significant correlation was detected for doravirine and rilpivirine but not etravirine. CONCLUSION Despite extensive cross-resistance among NNRTIs, doravirine can be a valid option in a proportion of PLWH with MDR HIV-1. Doravirine activity appeared to be inferred with fair accuracy by the HIVdb algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saladini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | - Micol Ferrara
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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16
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García-Zarandieta M, Quesada E, Martínez-Jiménez MI, Newnes CV, Fernández-Cabello V, Sáez-Álvarez Y, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Saiz JC, Del Aguila C, Martín-Acebes MA, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Agudo R. Identification of West Nile virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase non-nucleoside inhibitors by real-time high throughput fluorescence screening. Antiviral Res 2023; 212:105568. [PMID: 36842536 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emergent mosquito-borne RNA virus that causes major outbreaks of encephalitis around the world. However, there is no therapeutic treatment to struggle against WNV, and the current treatment relies on alleviating symptoms. Therefore, due to the threat virus poses to animal and human health, there is an urgent need to come up with fast strategies to identify and assess effective antiviral compounds. A relevant target when developing drugs against RNA viruses is the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), responsible for the replication of the viral genome within a host cell. RdRps are key therapeutic targets based on their specificity for RNA and their essential role in the propagation of the infection. We have developed a fluorescence-based method to measure WNV RdRp activity in a fast and reliable real-time way. Interestingly, rilpivirine has shown in our assay inhibition of the WNV RdRp activity with an IC50 value of 3.3 μM and its antiviral activity was confirmed in cell cultures. Furthermore, this method has been extended to build up a high-throughput screening platform to identify WNV polymerase inhibitors. By screening a small chemical library, novel RdRp inhibitors 1-4 have been identified. When their antiviral activity was tested against WNV in cell culture, 4 exhibited an EC50 value of 2.5 μM and a selective index of 12.3. Thus, rilpivirine shows up as an interesting candidate for repurposing against flavivirus. Moreover, the here reported method allows the rapid identification of new WNV RdRp inhibitors.
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Zeuli JD, Rivera CG, Smith BL, Otto A, Temesgen Z. Cabotegravir: a novel HIV integrase inhibitor combined with rilpivirine as the first long-acting injectable program for the treatment of HIV infection. Drugs Today (Barc) 2022; 58:555-576. [PMID: 36651065 DOI: 10.1358/dot.2022.58.12.3448340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cabotegravir, a novel HIV integrase inhibitor, shares structural similarity with dolutegravir and bictegravir. Its oral half-life is 32 hours, but cabotegravir nanosuspension for intramuscular injection yields half-lives ranging from 25 to 54 days, enabling extended interval dosing. Drug interactions are minimal, although oral doses require spacing from polyvalent cations, and potent uridine glucuronosyltransferase induction (e.g., rifampin, carbamazepine) requires avoidance due to anticipated subtherapeutic cabotegravir exposure through extended intervals. Randomized clinical trials combined cabotegravir treatment with rilpivirine to demonstrate treatment efficacy in patients living with HIV who had attained virologic suppression, lacked known/suspected mutations to either component, and had not experienced prior HIV treatment failure. Together, oral cabotegravir and rilpivirine maintained viral suppression in the LATTE study while the combination, given intramuscularly, performed comparably to conventional oral therapy in LATTE-2. FLAIR and ATLAS, respectively, demonstrated HIV suppression maintenance for monthly injections in treatment-naive participants and treatment-experienced patients, with ATLAS-2M supporting the efficacy of injections given every 2 months. Investigations to date show an excellent safety profile. Injectable cabotegravir causes short-lived, mild injection site reactions (primarily administration site pain/soreness) that decrease in frequency over time, produce attributable discontinuation rates of at least 2%, and generate satisfaction scores that favor injectable therapy over oral therapy. Virologic failure with resistance development is rare, primarily occurs in the first year of therapy, and is associated with baseline proviral DNA mutations to coadministered rilpivirine. A key component of the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved injectable maintenance treatment program for HIV, injectable cabotegravir heralds a new era in HIV treatment innovation. Here we provide a detailed review of the clinical pharmacology, administration and available formulations of the novel HIV integrase inhibitor cabotegravir with in-depth analysis of the clinical trial data, safety, satisfaction and viral resistance development when combined with rilpivirine as the first long-acting injectable program for the treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Zeuli
- HIV Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Christina G Rivera
- HIV Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bradley L Smith
- Department of Pharmacy, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley Otto
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zelalem Temesgen
- HIV Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Scheibe K, Urbańska A, Serwin K, Parczewski M. Frequency of genotypic factors possibly associated with cabotegravir/ rilpivirine failure in antiretroviral treatment-naïve and -experienced HIV-1- infected population. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 104:105358. [PMID: 36057423 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The long-acting injectable (LAI) cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RPV) treatment offers important advantages over oral ART (antiretroviral therapy), however baseline factors possibly contributing to the CAB/RPV treatment failure were identified. The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of virologic factors previously influencing efficacy of this treatment, namely RPV and CAB resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) and A1/A6 subtype among naïve and treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients from Poland. METHODS The following datasets of HIV-1 sequences were analysed: 4809 protease and reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) sequences obtained from 4649 Polish Caucasian patients (4122 naive and 687 non-naïve) supplemented with integrase (PR/RT/INT) sequences in 1217 cases (942 naïve and 275 non-naïve). Sub-subtypes A were assigned by phylogenetic methods. Major and minor CAB and RPV RAMs were determined according to the IAS-USA 2019 list, while minor RAMs were additionally defined based on the Stanford database algorithm. RESULTS Subtype A1/A6 frequency ranged from 6.11% in ART failing cases with PR/RT sequences only, to 15.92% for the PR/RT/INT treatment-naïve dataset, while RPV RAMs were found in up to 5.89% of treatment-naïve and 14.56% of ART failing cases. Regardless treatment history, only <1% sequences had combination of two factors (RPV RAMs and A1/A6 subtype). Furthermore, CAB RAMs were found in 1.27% of treatment-naïve and 14.54% of experienced patients. CONCLUSIONS Despite notable frequency of subtype A1/A6 or CAB/RPV RAMs analysed separately, combination of at least two factors previously associated with failure or this treatment is rare. As subtype A1/A6 becomes more common across real-life cohorts continued subtyping and RAM screening will remain of key importance for LAI treatment implementation. Sequence data from this article have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers: GU906860, GU906864, GU906871-GU906874, JQ305750-JQ305791, KC409134-KC409222, KM057341-KM057362, KM283892-KM284490, KT340108-KT340205, MZ468643-MZ468894, MZ671788-MZ671823, OP298017-OP302727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Scheibe
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Poland.
| | - Anna Urbańska
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Poland
| | - Karol Serwin
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Poland
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Poland
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19
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Ariyo OE, Jones CE. Use of long-acting injectable antiretroviral agents for human immunodeficiency Virus: A review. J Clin Virol 2021; 146:105032. [PMID: 34883407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of potent antiretroviral drugs has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection, however, the effectiveness of these medications depends upon consistent daily oral intake. Non-adherence can lead to the emergence of resistance, treatment failure and disease progression. This has necessitated the development of long-acting antiretroviral formulations administrable via an infrequent dosing regimen. Long-acting injectable forms of cabotegravir and rilpivirine have reached various stages in clinical trials both for the treatment and prevention of HIV. Other long-acting agents are at various stages of development. This review evaluates the current research on the development of long-acting injectable antiretroviral agents for the treatment and prevention of HIV.
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20
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Lim ZC, Hoo GS, Ang JH, Teng CB, Ang LW, Lee CC, Leo YS, Law HL, Ng OT, Wong CS. Safety and effectiveness of switching to Abacavir/Lamivudine plus rilpivirine for maintenance therapy in virologically suppressed HIV-1 individuals in Singapore (SEALS). AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:80. [PMID: 34724931 PMCID: PMC8561921 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and tolerability of an antiretroviral regimen are important considerations for selection of HIV-1 infection maintenance therapy. Abacavir/lamivudine plus rilpivirine (ABC/3TC + RPV) has been shown in international studies to be effective and well-tolerated in virologically suppressed individuals. This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of switching to ABC/3TC + RPV as maintenance therapy in virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected individuals in Singapore. METHODS In this retrospective, single-centre study, we included individuals who were prescribed ABC/3TC + RPV, had HIV-1 viral load (VL) < 50 copies/ml immediately pre-switch, and had no documented history of resistance mutations or virologic failure to any of the components. The follow-up period was 48 ± 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the proportion of individuals who maintained virologic suppression of HIV-1 VL < 50 copies/ml at the end of follow-up period based on on-treatment analysis. The secondary outcomes were the resistance profiles associated with virologic failure, changes in immunologic and metabolic parameters, and the safety profile of ABC/3TC + RPV. RESULTS A total of 222 individuals were included in the study. The primary outcome was achieved in 197 individuals [88.8%, 95% confidence interval: 83.7-92.4%]. There were 21 individuals (9.5%) who discontinued treatment for non-virologic reasons. The remaining 4 individuals experienced virologic failure, of whom, 3 of these individuals had developed emergent antiretroviral resistance and had HIV-1 VL > 500 copies/ml at the end of the 48 ± 12 weeks follow-up period. The remaining individual experienced sustained low level viremia and subsequently achieved viral suppression without undergoing resistance testing. A total of 49 adverse events were observed in 31 out of 222 individuals (14.0%), which led to 13 individuals discontinuing therapy. Neuropsychiatric adverse events were most commonly observed (53.1%). A statistically significant increase in CD4 was observed (p < 0.01), with a median absolute change of 31 cells/uL (interquartile range: - 31.50 to 140.75). No significant changes in lipid profiles were detected. CONCLUSION ABC/3TC + RPV is a safe and effective switch option for maintenance therapy in virologically suppressed HIV-1 individuals with in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G S Hoo
- Department of Pharmacy, National Centre of Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pharmacy, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - J H Ang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C B Teng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - L W Ang
- National Public Health and Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C C Lee
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y S Leo
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H L Law
- Department of Pharmacy, National Centre of Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - O T Ng
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C S Wong
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Lagi F, Botta A, Kiros ST, Meli M, Borchi B, Cavallo A, Pozzi M, Bartoloni A, Sterrantino G. Comparison of the efficacy, safety and durability of a switch to co-formulated RPV/TDF-TAF/FTC or DTG/ABC/3TC in virologically-suppressed HIV-1-infected patients in a single Italian centre: a cohort data analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 59:106465. [PMID: 34699933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy, safety and durability of a switch to co-formulated RPV/TDF-TAF/FTC (RPV-STR) or DTG/ABC/3TC (DTG-STR) in virologically-suppressed HIV-positive patients in a single Italian centre. All HIV-infected ART-experienced patients switching to RPV-STR or DTG-STR with HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL were included. Outcomes were incidence rate and rate ratios for discontinuation due to all causes (DAC), to adverse events (DAE) and to virological failure (VF) after 4 years of follow-up. We included 402 patients (244 on RPV-STR, 158 on DTG-STR). At Year 4 of follow-up, 124 patients (30.8%) discontinued for any cause (71 on RPV-STR, 53 on DTG-STR). Fifteen patients experienced VF [13 (5.3%) on RPV-STR and 2 (1.3%) on DTG-STR; log-rank, P = 0.4413]. Overall, 46 patients (11.4%) had AEs (23 on RPV-STR, 23 on DTG-STR). Nausea/diarrhoea was more frequent with DTG-STR (4.4% vs. 0%) and neurological toxicity with RPV-STR (4.5% vs. 2.5%). The rate of DAC within the first 3 months was significantly higher with DTG-STR (aRR = 5.88, 95% CI 3.20-10.81; P < 0.001); similarly, the discontinuation rate due to AEs was significantly higher with DTG-STR compared with RPV-STR (aRR = 12.89, 95% CI 5.48-30.32; P < 0.001). No difference in VF was observed between the two groups (RR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.10-2.14; P = 0.335). Patients with undetectable viral load who switched to DTG-STR or RPV-STR maintained virological suppression with a low risk of VF. A higher discontinuation rate was observed with DTG-STR compared with RPV-STR, particularly within 3 months from switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Lagi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Annarita Botta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Seble Tekle Kiros
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Meli
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Beatrice Borchi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cavallo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Gaetana Sterrantino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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22
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Ameen F, Mamidala E, Davella R, Vallala S. Rilpivirine inhibits SARS-CoV-2 protein targets: A potential multi-target drug. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1454-1460. [PMID: 34326009 PMCID: PMC8294774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is lacking efficient medication although certain medications are used to relief its symptoms. OBJECTIVES We tested an FDA-approved antiviral medication namely rilpivirine to find a drug against SARS-CoV-2. METHODS The inhibition of rilpivirine against multiple SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic targets was studied using in silico method. The binding attraction of the protein-ligand complexes were calculated using molecular docking analysis. RESULTS Docking rilpivirine with main protease (Mpro), papin like protease (PLpro), sprike protein (Spro), human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), and RNA dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) yielded binding energies of -8.07, -8.40, -7.55, -9.11, and -8.69 kcal/mol, respectively. The electrostatic interaction is the key force in stabilizing the RdRp-rilpivirine complex, while van der Waals interaction dominates in the ACE2 rilpivirine case. Our findings suggest that rilpivirine can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by targeting not only ACE2, but also RdRp and other targets, and therefore, it can be used to invoke altered mechanisms at the pre-entry and post-entry phases. CONCLUSION As a result of our in silico molecular docking study, we suggest that rilpivirine is a compound that could act as a powerful inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 targets. Although in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to verify this prediction we believe that this antiviral drug may be used in preclinical trials to fight against SARS coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Estari Mamidala
- Infectious Diseases Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal 506 009 TS, India
| | - Rakesh Davella
- Infectious Diseases Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal 506 009 TS, India
| | - Shravan Vallala
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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23
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Ohta K, Matsushima N, Tanii H, Crauwels H, Kudo T, Ito K. Pharmacokinetics and safety of rilpivirine in healthy Japanese subjects and exploration of ethnic sensitivity of rilpivirine pharmacokinetics with physiologically based pharmacokinetic model approach. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 41:100422. [PMID: 34717268 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rilpivirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection. An open label study was conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of a single oral dose of rilpivirine 25 mg in Japanese healthy adult subjects. No adverse events were reported. The mean Cmax (144.3 ng/mL) and AUCinf (4542 ng h/mL) in Japanese subjects were approximately 30 % higher than those reported from a similar study in Caucasian healthy subjects, whereas the median tmax and mean t1/2 values were comparable between studies. A simple physiologically based PK model was developed to characterize the rilpivirine PK profile. The model adequately described rilpivirine PK profiles, and well-predicted drug-drug interactions. With exploration using the model, body size and CYP3A4 abundance were identified as factors which explained the observed inter-ethnic difference in rilpivirine exposure. The inter-ethnic difference in rilpivirine exposure was however considered not clinically relevant, since inter-individual variabilities of those intrinsic factors are larger than inter-ethnic ones; and the observed AUCinf in Japanese subjects was within the range of AUCtau associated with efficacy and safety in Phase 3 studies. This study results support the use of rilpivirine without dose modification specific to Japanese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ohta
- Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Hiromi Tanii
- Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Herta Crauwels
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Toshiyuki Kudo
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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Gagliardini R, Gianotti N, Maggiolo F, Cozzi-Lepri A, Antinori A, Nozza S, Lapadula G, De Luca A, Mussini C, Gori A, Saracino A, Andreoni M, Monforte AD; ICONA Foundation Study Group. Durability of rilpivirine-based versus integrase inhibitor-based regimens in a large cohort of naïve HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021;:106406. [PMID: 34293454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Comparisons between rilpivirine (RPV) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-infected individuals are currently lacking. This study aimed to compare, in an observational cohort setting, the durability of treatment with RPV-based and INSTI-based first-line regimens. METHODS Patients who started first-line ARTs based on RPV or INSTIs, with HIV-RNA < 100 000 copies/mL and CD4 cell count > 200 cells/μL were included. The primary endpoint was the cumulative probability of treatment failure (TF = virological failure [confirmed HIV-RNA > 50 copies/mL] or discontinuation of the anchor drug in the regimen), as assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method. A multivariable Cox regression was used to control for potential confounding. RESULTS Of the 1991 included patients, 986 started ART with an RPV-based regimen and 1005 with an INSTIs-based regimen. The median (IQR) follow-up was 20 (10, 35) months. The cumulative 2-year probability of TF with RPV (9.1% [95% 7.2, 11.1]) was lower than that observed in the INSTIs group (16.6% [13.8, 19.4], P = 0.0002) but not when compared with dolutegravir (DTG) alone. Starting ART with an INSTIs-based regimen vs. RPV was associated with a higher risk of TF after controlling for potential confounding factors (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR [95% CI]: 1.64 [1.28, 2.10]; P < 0.001). The results were similar when restricting the analysis to single-tablet regimens, although the probability of virological success was higher for INSTIs and DTG. CONCLUSIONS In ART-naïve patients with low viral loads and high CD4 counts, the risk of treatment failure was lower in those who started RPV-based vs. INSTIs-based regimens other than DTG-based ones.
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Maturavongsadit P, Shrivastava R, Sykes C, Cottrell ML, Montgomery SA, Kashuba ADM, Rahima Benhabbour S. Biodegradable polymeric solid implants for ultra-long-acting delivery of single or multiple antiretroviral drugs. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120844. [PMID: 34216767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lack of adherence is a key barrier to a successful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment and prevention. We report on an ultra-long-acting (ULA) biodegradable polymeric solid implant (PSI) that can accommodate one or more antiretrovirals (e.g., dolutegravir (DTG) and rilpivirine (RPV)) at translatable human doses (65% wt.) in a single implant. PSIs are fabricated using a three-step process: (a) phase inversion of a drug/polymer solution to form an initial in-situ forming solid implant, (b) micronization of dried drug-loaded solid implants, and (c) compression of the micronized drug-loaded solid powder to generate the PSI. DTG and RPV can be pre-combined in a single PLGA-based solution to make dual-drug PSI; or formulated individually in PLGA-based solutions to generate separate micronized powders and form a bilayer dual-drug PSI. Results showed that in a single or bilayer dual-drug PSI, DTG and RPV exhibited physicochemical properties similar to their pure drug analogues. PSIs were well tolerated in vivo and effectively delivered drug(s) over 180 days with concentrations above 4× PA-IC90 after a single subcutaneous administration. While biodegradable and do not require removal, these PSIs can safely be removed to terminate the treatment if required. The versatility of this technology makes it attractive as an ULA drug delivery platform for HIV and various therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panita Maturavongsadit
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Roopali Shrivastava
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig Sykes
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mackenzie L Cottrell
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Rahima Benhabbour
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Giacomelli A, Conti F, Pezzati L, Oreni L, Ridolfo AL, Morena V, Bonazzetti C, Pagani G, Formenti T, Galli M, Rusconi S. Impact of switching to TAF/FTC/RPV, TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi and ABC/3TC/DTG on cardiovascular risk and lipid profile in people living with HIV: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:595. [PMID: 34157984 PMCID: PMC8220746 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess the overall cardiovascular and metabolic effect of the switch to three different single tablet regimens (STRs) [tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine/rilpivirine (TAF/FTC/RPV), TAF/FTC/elvitegravir/cobi (TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi) and ABC/lamivudine/dolutegravir (ABC/3TC/DTG)] in a cohort of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) under effective ART. METHODS All PLWH aged above 18 years on antiretroviral treatment with an HIV-RNA < 50 cp/mL at the time of the switch to TAF/FTC/RPV, TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi and ABC/3TC/DTG were retrospectively included in the analysis. Framingham risk score modification after 12 months from the switch such as lipid profile and body weight modification were assessed. The change from baseline to 12 months in mean cardiovascular risk and body weight in each of the STR's group were assessed by means of Wilcoxon signed-rank test whereas a mixed regression model was used to assess variation in lipid levels. RESULTS Five-hundred and sixty PLWH were switched to an STR regimen of whom 170 (30.4%) to TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi, 191 (34.1%) to TAF/FTC/RPV and 199 (35.5%) to ABC/3TC/DTG. No difference in the Framingham cardiovascular risk score was observed after 12 months from the switch in each of the STR's groups. No significant overtime variation in mean total cholesterol levels from baseline to 12 months was observed for PLWH switched to ABC/3TC/DTG [200 (SD 38) mg/dl vs 201 (SD 35) mg/dl; p = 0.610] whereas a significant increment was observed in PLWH switched to TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi [192 (SD 34) mg/dl vs 208 (SD 40) mg/dl; p < 0.0001] and TAF/FTC/RPV [187 (SD 34) mg/dl vs 195 (SD 35) mg/dl; p = 0.027]. In addition, a significant variation in the mean body weight from baseline to 12 months was observed in PLWH switched to TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi [72.2 (SD 13.5) kilograms vs 74.6 (SD 14.3) kilograms; p < 0.0001] and TAF/FTC/RPV [73.4 (SD 11.6) kilograms vs 75.6 (SD 11.8) kilograms; p < 0.0001] whereas no difference was observed in those switched to ABC/3TC/DTG [71.5 (SD 12.8) kilograms vs 72.1 (SD 12.6) kilograms; p = 0.478]. CONCLUSION No difference in the cardiovascular risk after 1 year from the switch to these STRs were observed. PLWH switched to TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi and TAF/FTC/RPV showed an increase in total cholesterol levels and body weight 12 months after the switch.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anti-HIV Agents/metabolism
- Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Cohort Studies
- Dideoxynucleosides/metabolism
- Dideoxynucleosides/therapeutic use
- Drug Combinations
- Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination/metabolism
- Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination/therapeutic use
- Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine, Tenofovir Drug Combination/metabolism
- Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine, Tenofovir Drug Combination/therapeutic use
- Female
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- Heart Disease Risk Factors
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/metabolism
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Italy/epidemiology
- Lamivudine/metabolism
- Lamivudine/therapeutic use
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Lipids/blood
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oxazines/metabolism
- Oxazines/therapeutic use
- Piperazines/metabolism
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyridones/metabolism
- Pyridones/therapeutic use
- Retrospective Studies
- Tablets/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giacomelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Federico Conti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Laura Pezzati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Letizia Oreni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Ridolfo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Valentina Morena
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Cecilia Bonazzetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Gabriele Pagani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Legnano General Hospital, ASST Ovest Milanese, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Formenti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy.
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Zhang T, Yang J, Zhou Z, Fu Z, Cherukupalli S, Kang D, Zhan P, Liu X. The development of an effective synthetic route of rilpivirine. BMC Chem 2021; 15:22. [PMID: 33810807 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rilpivirine (RPV) was approved by the U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in 2011 to treat individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). Significantly, rilpivirine is three fold more potent than etravirine. Once-daily, it is used with a low oral dose (25 mg/tablet), decreasing the drug administration and bringing a better choice to the patients. However, there are many shortcomings in the existing synthesis route of RPV, such as the high cost, prolonged reaction time and low yield (18.5%). Results This article describes our efforts to develop an efficient and practical microwave-promoted method to synthesize rilpivirine using less toxic organic reagents and low boiling solvents. The last step's reaction time decreased from 69 h to 90 min through this optimized synthetic procedure, and the overall yield improved from 18.5 to 21%. In addition, the yield of intermediate 3 increased from 52 to 62% compared to the original patent. Conclusion Overall, through a series of process optimization, we have developed a practical synthesis method of rilpivirine, which is easy to scale with higher yield and shorter reaction time.
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Seneviratne HK, Tillotson J, Lade JM, Bekker LG, Li S, Pathak S, Justman J, Mgodi N, Swaminathan S, Sista N, Farrior J, Richardson P, Hendrix CW, Bumpus NN. Metabolism of Long-Acting Rilpivirine After Intramuscular Injection: HIV Prevention Trials Network Study 076 (HPTN 076). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:173-183. [PMID: 33191765 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-acting injectable formulation of rilpivirine (RPV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, is currently under investigation for use in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) maintenance therapy. We previously characterized RPV metabolism after oral dosing and identified seven metabolites: four metabolites resulting from mono- or dioxygenation of the 2,6-dimethylphenyl ring itself or either of the two methyl groups located on that ring, one N-linked RPV glucuronide conjugate, and two O-linked RPV glucuronides produced via glucuronidation of mono- and dihydroxymethyl metabolites. However, as is true for most drugs, the metabolism of RPV after injection has yet to be reported. The phase II clinical trial HPTN 076 enrolled 136 HIV-uninfected women and investigated the safety and acceptability of long-acting injectable RPV for use in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Through the analysis of plasma samples from 80 of these participants in the active product arm of the study, we were able to detect 2 metabolites after intramuscular injection of long-acting RPV, 2-hydroxymethyl-RPV, and RPV N-glucuronide. Of the total of 80 individuals, 72 participants exhibited detectable levels of 2-hydroxymethyl-RPV in plasma samples whereas RPV N-glucuronide was detectable in plasma samples of 78 participants. In addition, RPV N-glucuronide was detectable in rectal fluid, cervicovaginal fluid, and vaginal tissue. To investigate potential genetic variation in genes encoding enzymes relevant to RPV metabolism, we isolated genomic DNA and performed next-generation sequencing of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, UGT1A1 and UGT1A4. From these analyses, four missense variants were detected for CYP3A4 whereas one missense variant and one frameshift variant were detected for CYP3A5. A total of eight missense variants of UGT1A4 were detected, whereas two variants were detected for UGT1A1; however, these variants did not appear to account for the observed interindividual variability in metabolite levels. These findings provide insight into the metabolism of long-acting RPV and contribute to an overall understanding of metabolism after oral dosing versus injection. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02165202.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Tillotson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie M. Lade
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sue Li
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention (SCHARP), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Subash Pathak
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention (SCHARP), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica Justman
- ICAP at Columbia, Mailman School of Public Health, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe–University of California, San Francisco (UZ-UCSF) Collaborative Research Programme, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Shobha Swaminathan
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Richardson
- Department of Pathology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Craig W. Hendrix
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Namandje N. Bumpus
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Murray M, Antela A, Mills A, Huang J, Jäger H, Bernal E, Lombaard J, Katner H, Walmsley S, Khuong-Josses MA, Hudson K, Dorey D, Griffith S, Spreen W, Vanveggel S, Shaefer M, Margolis D, Chounta V. Patient-Reported Outcomes in ATLAS and FLAIR Participants on Long-Acting Regimens of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Over 48 Weeks. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:3533-44. [PMID: 32447500 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The phase 3 ATLAS and FLAIR studies demonstrated that maintenance with Long-Acting (LA) intramuscular cabotegravir and rilpivirine is non-inferior in efficacy to current antiretroviral (CAR) oral therapy. Both studies utilized Patient-Reported Outcome instruments to measure treatment satisfaction (HIVTSQ) and acceptance (ACCEPT general domain), health status (SF-12), injection tolerability/acceptance (PIN), and treatment preference. In pooled analyses, LA-treated patients (n = 591) demonstrated greater mean improvements from baseline than the CAR group (n = 591) in treatment satisfaction (Week 44, + 3.9 vs. +0.5 HIVTSQs-points; p < 0.001) and acceptance (Week 48, +8.8 vs. +2.0 ACCEPT-points; p < 0.001). The acceptability of injection site reactions (PIN) significantly improved from week 5 (2.10 points) to week 48 (1.62 points; p < 0.001). In both studies, ≥ 97% of LA group participants with recorded data preferred LA treatment compared with prior oral therapy. These results further support the potential of a monthly injectable option for people living with HIV seeking an alternative to daily oral treatment.
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Behl S, Adem A, Hussain A, Singh J. Effect of the anti-retroviral drug, rilpivirine, on human subcutaneous adipose cells and its nutritional management using quercetin. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 471:1-13. [PMID: 32533464 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rilpivirine, a recently developed drug of choice for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection, can greatly reduce HIV-related inflammation, but in turn, may be associated with adverse secondary effects, including disturbances in lipid metabolism and ultimately in adipose tissue distribution and function. In recent years, research findings on the benefits of anti-oxidant foods and supplements have been employed in counter-acting both oxidative stress as well as inflammation in order to reduce the adverse side effects of anti-retroviral therapy. One such natural flavonoid which possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties is quercetin. This study investigated the effect of quercetin in overcoming the side effects incurred due to rilpivirine administration. The results show substantial reduction in the accumulation of triglyceride levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner for adipose cells treated with either rilpivirine or quercetin alone and in combination, as evidenced by morphological pictures and quantitative measurement of triglycerides throughout the differentiation process. Levels of inflammatory markers such as resistin and IL-8 were increased as compared to the untreated cells. No significant changes in leptin were observed on treatment of adipose cells with rilpivirine alone and its levels were almost comparable to control. Levels of oxidative markers like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione were also decreased. Treatment with quercetin showed a decrease in the inflammatory status and an increase in the oxidative status of adipose cells, thereby exhibiting its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. However, further assessment of lipid metabolism and adipose tissue function in patients administered with rilpivirine-based regimes is advisable considering that totally neutral effects of rilpivirine on lipid homeostasis cannot be anticipated from the current study in vitro. It is concluded that rilpivirine causes an anti-adipogenic and pro-inflammatory response pattern but only at high concentrations, whereas quercetin has been observed to decrease inflammation and restore the levels of anti-oxidant enzymes.
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Di Cristo V, Adorni F, Maserati R, Annovazzi Lodi M, Bruno G, Maggi P, Volpe A, Vitiello P, Abeli C, Bonora S, Ferrara M, Cossu MV, Oreni ML, Colella E, Rusconi S. 96-week results of a dual therapy with darunavir/ritonavir plus rilpivirine once a day vs triple therapy in patients with suppressed viraemia: virological success and non-HIV related morbidity evaluation. HIV Res Clin Pract 2020; 21:34-43. [PMID: 32129161 DOI: 10.1080/25787489.2020.1734752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies have been tested with the goal of maintaining virological suppression with a particular attention in limiting drug-related toxicity. With this aim we designed the DUAL study: a randomized, open-label, multicenter, 96 weeks-long pilot exploratory study in virologically suppressed HIV-1+ patients with the aim of evaluating the immunovirological success and the impact on non-HIV related morbidity of switching to a dual therapy with darunavir-ritonavir (DRV/r) and rilpivirine (RPV). We recruited patients who received a PI/r-containing HAART for ≥6 months, HIV-RNA < 50 cp/mL for ≥3 months, eGFR > 60 mL/min/1,73m2, without DRV or RPV RAMs. We randomized patients in arm A: RPV + DRV/r QD or arm B: ongoing triple therapy. The primary endpoint has been defined as the percentage of patients with HIV-RNA < 50 cp/mL at week 48 (ITT). VACS index, Framingham CVD risk (FRS) and urinary RBP (uRBP) were calculated. We used Chi-square or Fisher statistics for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U for continuous ones. Forty-one patients were enrolled (22 in arm A, 14 in arm B, plus 5 screening failures): 30 patients reached 96 weeks: 100% had HIV-RNA < 50 cp/mL in arm A versus 91.7% in arm B. Similar changes were observed in median CD4/mL between baseline and week 96 (+59 versus - 31, p: n.s.). Thirty-one in arm A and 23 in arm B adverse events took place, whereas only 1 was serious (arm A: turbinate hypertrophy, unrelated to HAART). Among the 6 discontinuations (3 in A, 3 in B), only 1 was related to adverse event (arm A: G3 depression, insomnia, weakness). VACS index, median FRS and median uRBP values did not vary from baseline to week 96. At 96-weeks all patients switched to a QD 2-drug regimen based on DRV/r + RPV maintained HIV-RNA suppression, but a single patient who showed a virological failure at week 4. CD4 counts increased overtime without significant differences between the two arms. The novel dual regimen was well tolerated with the same amount of discontinuation as the control arm. VACS index, FRS and uRBP did not differ between arms at week 96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Cristo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Renato Maserati
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Annovazzi Lodi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruno
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Maggi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Volpe
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Vitiello
- Infectious Diseases Unit, ASST Valle Olona, Ospedale di Circolo, Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy
| | - Clara Abeli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, ASST Valle Olona, Ospedale di Circolo, Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Micol Ferrara
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Maria Letizia Oreni
- Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Colella
- Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Sang Y, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Zhuang C, Chen F. Pharmacophore-fusing design of pyrimidine sulfonylacetanilides as potent non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103595. [PMID: 32006797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven derivatives (40-66) were generated by pharmacophore fusing of sulfonylacetanilide-diarylpyrimidine (1) with rilpivirine or biphenyl-diarylpyrimidines. They displayed up to single-digit nanomolar activity against wild-type (WT) virus and various drug-resistant mutant strains in HIV-1-infected MT-4 cells, thereby targeting the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. Compound 51 displayed exceptionally potent activity against WT virus (EC50 = 6 nM) and several mutant strains (L100I, EC50 = 8 nM, K103N, EC50 = 6 nM, Y181C, EC50 = 26 nM, Y188L, EC50 = 122 nM, E138K, EC50 = 26 nM). The structure-activity relationships of the newly obtained pyrimidine sulfonylacetanilides were also elucidated. Molecular docking analysis explained the activity and provided a structural insight for follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Sang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao Wang Road, 310014 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Galizzi N, Poli A, Galli L, Muccini C, Mastrangelo A, Dell'Acqua R, Maillard M, Bossolasco S, Cinque P, Lazzarin A, Castagna A, Gianotti N. Retrospective study on the outcome of two-drug regimens based on dolutegravir plus one reverse transcriptase inhibitor in virologically-suppressed HIV-infected patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105893. [PMID: 31926287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This was a retrospective study on the efficacy and drug resistance mutations selected at virological failure (VF) in prospectively-followed HIV-infected patients switched to dolutegravir plus rilpivirine (DTG+RPV) or lamivudine (DTG+3TC) while virologically suppressed (HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL). VF was defined as HIV-RNA >50 copies/mL in two consecutive determinations or in a single determination if followed by treatment modification, or >1000 copies/mL in a single determination. Totally, 374 patients were analysed (307 switched to DTG+3TC and 67 to DTG+RPV); 220 had documented historical resistance. The median (IQR) time with HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL before switch was 4.52 (1.93-8.14) years. VF occurred in 17 patients after a median of 1.74 (0.90-2.46) years of follow-up in the 3TC group [incidence rate (95% CI) 3.34 (2.08-5.37) per 100-PYFU] and in 2 patients after a median of 1.78 (1.10-2.99) years of follow-up in the RPV group [incidence rate (95% CI) 1.57 (0.4-6.28) per 100-PYFU]. The 48-week estimated probabilities to maintain virological suppression during treatment with a two-drug regimen were 97.8% (95% CI 95.1-99.0%) vs. 98.3% (95% CI 88.6-99.8%) in the 3TC versus RPV group (P = 0.311). At switch, patients with VF had undetectable HIV-RNA since 0.71 (0.23-1.07) years versus 1.49 (0.64-2.2) years in those without VF (P = 0.001). In the 3TC group, VF was not associated with the presence of historical resistance to nucleoside analogues, and DTG-resistant variants were not selected at VF. One VF to DTG+RPV occurred because of historical resistance to RPV, accompanied by newly selected G140A and Q148R mutations. VF was infrequent with these regimens and was negatively associated with duration of viral undetectability. Drug resistance mutations selected at failure of these regimens were those expected in case of failure of any regimen including DTG, 3TC or RPV, but the impact of resistance to NRTIs on efficacy of DTG+3TC seems lower than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Galizzi
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Poli
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Galli
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Muccini
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Mastrangelo
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dell'Acqua
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy; University Hospital Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Myriam Maillard
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bossolasco
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Cinque
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriano Lazzarin
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Gianotti
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy.
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Mukadam IZ, Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Oleynikov MD, Blomberg WR, Svechkarev D, Mohs AM, Zhou Y, Dash P, McMillan J, Gorantla S, Garrison J, Gendelman HE, Kevadiya BD. Rilpivirine-associated aggregation-induced emission enables cell-based nanoparticle tracking. Biomaterials 2020; 231:119669. [PMID: 31865227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the quality and duration of life for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, limitations in drug efficacy, emergence of viral mutations and the paucity of cell-tissue targeting remain. We posit that to maximize ART potency and therapeutic outcomes newer drug formulations that reach HIV cellular reservoirs need be created. In a step towards achieving this goal we harnessed the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor rilpivirine (RPV) and used it as a platform for drug cell and subcellular tracking. RPV nanocrystals were created with endogenous AIE properties enabling the visualization of intracellular particles in cell and tissue-based assays. The intact drug crystals were easily detected in CD4+ T cells and macrophages, the natural viral target cells, by flow cytometry and ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We conclude that AIE can be harnessed to monitor cell biodistribution of selective antiretroviral drug nanocrystals.
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Hilaire JR, Bade AN, Sillman B, Gautam N, Herskovitz J, Dyavar Shetty BL, Wojtkiewicz MS, Szlachetka A, Lamberty BG, Sravanam S, Fox HS, Alnouti Y, Dash PK, McMillan JM, Edagwa BJ, Gendelman HE. Creation of a long-acting rilpivirine prodrug nanoformulation. J Control Release 2019; 311-312:201-11. [PMID: 31491432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy requires lifelong daily dosing to attain viral suppression, restore immune function, and improve quality of life. As a treatment alternative, long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals can sustain therapeutic drug concentrations in blood for prolonged time periods. The success of recent clinical trials for LA parenteral cabotegravir and rilpivirine highlight the emergence of these new therapeutic options. Further optimization can improve dosing frequency, lower injection volumes, and facilitate drug-tissue distributions. To this end, we report the synthesis of a library of RPV prodrugs designed to sustain drug plasma concentrations and improved tissue biodistribution. The lead prodrug M3RPV was nanoformulated into the stable LA injectable NM3RPV. NM3RPV treatment led to RPV plasma concentrations above the protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration for 25 weeks with substantial tissue depots after a single intramuscular injection in BALB/cJ mice. NM3RPV elicited 13- and 26-fold increases in the RPV apparent half-life and mean residence time compared to native drug formulation. Taken together, proof-of-concept is provided that nanoformulated RPV prodrugs can extend the apparent drug half-life and improve tissue biodistribution. These results warrant further development for human use.
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Moorhouse MA, Cohen K. The role of rilpivirine in Southern Africa. South Afr J HIV Med 2019; 20:825. [PMID: 31205774 PMCID: PMC6556917 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rilpivirine, a second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), is included as an option in first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) for antiretroviral-naïve individuals in treatment guidelines in high-income countries, including the United States and many European countries. Rilpivirine is available in a single-tablet fixed-dose combination, has a favourable tolerability profile and is of relatively low cost. However, rilpivirine has reduced efficacy in patients commencing ART at high viral loads. Therefore, baseline viral load testing is required before commencing rilpivirine, and it is not recommended for patients commencing therapy with a viral load greater than 100 000 copies/mL. Rilpivirine is not included in the treatment regimens recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), which form the basis of treatment guidelines in many lower- and middle-income countries. Some patients commencing standard first-line regimens experience treatment-limiting toxicity. A low-cost rilpivirine-containing fixed-dose combination would potentially be a useful addition to treatment options available in South Africa and other countries in the region, for patients who do not tolerate standard first-line ART. In this article, we explore the utility of rilpivirine as an option in ART in South Africa and the region in the context of current public-sector regimens. We consider what role rilpivirine might play if first-line therapy moves to a dolutegravir-based regimen, as has already happened in some lower- and middle-income countries, including Botswana, Kenya and Brazil. Finally, we describe emerging evidence for rilpivirine in the prevention of HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Moorhouse
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Karen Cohen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
Advances in antiretroviral therapy have led to dramatic improvements in survival of HIV-infected persons. However, HIV cure remains elusive and lifelong treatment is needed. Attempts for reducing long-term drug exposure, toxicities, and cost, while maintaining viral suppression, have led to explore whether maintenance strategies with less than triple therapy could be feasible using the newest more potent antiretrovirals. While monotherapies have failed to do so with selection of drug resistance, some dual combinations have proven its efficacy when used sequentially in patients with viral suppression under standard triple regimens. Furthermore, the advent of coformulations makes easier long-term drug adherence. Herein, we review the current experience with the new single tablet regimen of dolutegravir (DTG) and rilpivirine (RPV) (Juluca®). It is the first approved two-drug single-tablet regimen and the first dual nuc-sparing coformulation. Two randomized, non-inferiority clinical trials (SWORD-1 and -2) and five observational studies have evaluated DTG-RPV in treatment-experienced patients. Despite distinct inclusion criteria, more than 95% of patients kept plasma HIV-RNA undetectable for at least 48 weeks. Along with virological efficacy being non-inferior to triple regimens, the tolerance of DTG-RPV was good, being discontinuations due to adverse events only 0.8-7.9%. Moreover, improvements were seen in lipid profiles in patients switched from protease inhibitors, and in renal and bone biomarkers in those switched from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Finally, resistance is rare failing on DTG-RPV. In summary, DTG-RPV is a novel two-drug coformulation that can be effectively and safely used in treatment-experienced patients with viral suppression if the virus is fully susceptible to both drugs. Its unique features make this drug one of the best options as long-term regimen or lifelong maintenance HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Ribera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Govender T, Baijnath S. Rilpivirine as a potential candidate for the treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). J Mol Histol 2019; 50:295-303. [PMID: 31011919 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the HIV epidemic continues to contribute to global morbidity and mortality, the prevalence of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) also continues to be a major concern in infected individuals, despite the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, current antiretroviral drugs should be able to reach therapeutic levels in the brain for the treatment of HAND. The brain distribution of the next-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, rilpivirine (RPV) was investigated in healthy female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The presented study involves the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to estimate the concentrations of RPV in plasma and brain homogenate samples. The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) provided regional spatial distribution of RPV in brain tissue sections. The localization of RPV was found to be relatively high in the hypothalamus, thalamus and corpus callosum, brain regions known to be associated with neurodegeneration during HAND (including the cerebral cortex). This study has shown that RPV has an excellent blood-brain barrier penetrability. Thus, in combination with other antiretroviral drugs, better central nervous system (CNS) protection against HAND can possibly be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa.
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Gatechompol S, Avihingsanon A, Apornpong T, Han WM, Kerr SJ, Ruxrungtham K. Efficacy and improvement of lipid profile after switching to rilpivirine in resource limited setting: real life clinical practice. AIDS Res Ther 2019; 16:7. [PMID: 30953533 PMCID: PMC6451290 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-019-0222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term success of cART is possible if the regimen is convenient and less-toxic. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of switching from a first-line NNRTI or boosted PI-based regimens to RPV-based regimens among virologically suppressed participants in resource-limited setting (RLS). Methods This is a prospective cohort study. Participants with plasma HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL receiving cART were switched from a PI- or NNRTI-based, to a RPV-based regimen between January 2011 and April 2018. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA level < 50 copies/mL after 12 months of RPV. The secondary endpoint was the virological response at 24 months and safety endpoint (change in lipid profiles and kidney function from baseline to 12 months). Results A total of 320 participants were enrolled into the study. The rationale for switching to RPV was based on toxicity of the current regimen (57%) or desire to simplify cART (41%). Totally, 177 (55%) and 143 (45%) participants were on NNRTI and boosted PI, respectively, prior to switching to RPV. After 12 months, 298 (93%) participants maintained virological suppression. There were significant improvements in the lipid parameters: TC (− 21 (IQR − 47 to 1) mg/dL; p < 0.001), LDL (− 14 (IQR − 37 to 11) mg/dL; p < 0.001) and TG (− 22 (IQR − 74 to 10) mg/dL; p < 0.001). Also, there was a small but statistically significant decrease in eGFR (− 4.3 (IQR − 12 to 1.1) mL/min per 1.73m2; p < 0.001). Conclusions In RLS where integrase inhibitors are not affordable, RPV-based regimens are a good alternative option for PLHIV who cannot tolerate first-line NNRTI or boosted PI regimen, without prior NNRTI/PI resistance. Trial registration HIV-NAT 006 cohort, clinical trial number: NCT00411983
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Pasquau J, de Jesus SE, Arazo P, Crusells MJ, Ríos MJ, Lozano F, de la Torre J, Galindo MJ, Carmena J, Santos J, Tornero C, Verdejo G, Samperiz G, Palacios Z, Hidalgo-Tenorio C. Effectiveness and safety of dual therapy with rilpivirine and boosted darunavir in treatment-experienced patients with advanced HIV infection: a preliminary 24 week analysis (RIDAR study). BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:207. [PMID: 30819101 PMCID: PMC6396540 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The objective was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of dual therapy with rilpivirine plus boosted-darunavir (RPV + bDRV) in real-life patients. Methods Observational, retrospective, multi-center study in HIV+ patients who had received RPV + bDRV for 24 weeks to optimize/simplify their previous antiretroviral treatment. We determined the percentage of patients without virologic failure (2 consecutive viral loads > 50 copies/mL) at 24 weeks of treatment. Results The study included 161 patients from 15 hospitals with median age of 49 years; 29.3% had previous AIDS stage and median CD4+ lymphocyte nadir of 170 cells/uL. They had been diagnosed with HIV for a median of 17 years and had received 14 years of ART, with five previous treatment combinations, and 36.6% had a history of virological failure. The reasons for the switch were simplification/optimization (49.7%), toxicity/intolerance (17.4%), or inadequate effectiveness of previous ART (10.6%). Baseline VL of 50–1000 copies/mL was recorded in 25.5% of the patients. In the“intention-to-treat” analysis at 24 weeks, 87.6% of 161 patients continued the study treatment without virologic failure criteria. In the “on treatment” analysis (excluding patients who discontinued treatment with dual therapy for any reason other than virologic failure) the efficacy was 94.6% (141/149 patients). Conclusions Dual therapy with RPV + DRVb proved to be effective and safe in patients with advanced HIV infection, long exposure to ART, low CD4 nadir, previous virologic failure, and/or history of ineffective ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pasquau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Carmena
- Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
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Troya J, Ryan P, Montejano R, Cabello A, Cuevas G, Matarranz M, Cañamares I, Solís J, Walther LÁS. Alternative switching strategies based on regimens with a low genetic barrier: do clinicians have a choice nowadays? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 38:423-426. [PMID: 30443683 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians sometimes use switching strategies based on regimens such as RAL + ABC/3TC or RPV + ABC/3TC in order to resolve tolerability or safety issues associated with conventional recommended first-line strategies. Despite the low genetic barrier of these regimens, high safety and efficacy rates have been reported in retrospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Troya
- Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain. .,School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Ryan
- Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Javier Solís
- Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Sala Walther
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Mc Crudden MTC, Larrañeta E, Clark A, Jarrahian C, Rein-Weston A, Lachau-Durand S, Niemeijer N, Williams P, Haeck C, McCarthy HO, Zehrung D, Donnelly RF. Design, formulation and evaluation of novel dissolving microarray patches containing a long-acting rilpivirine nanosuspension. J Control Release 2018; 292:119-129. [PMID: 30395897 PMCID: PMC6290172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
One means of combating the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is through the delivery of long-acting, antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for prevention and treatment. The development of a discreet, self-administered and self-disabling delivery vehicle to deliver such ARV drugs could obviate compliance issues with daily oral regimens. Alternatives in development, such as long-acting intramuscular (IM) injections, require regular access to health care facilities and disposal facilities for sharps. Consequently, this proof of concept study was developed to evaluate the use of dissolving microarray patches (MAPs) containing a long-acting (LA) nanosuspension of the candidate ARV drug, rilpivirine (RPV). MAPs were mechanically strong and penetrated skin in vitro, delivering RPV intradermally. In in vivo studies, the mean plasma concentration of RPV in rats (431 ng/ml at the Day 7 time point) was approximately ten-fold greater than the trough concentration observed after a single-dose in previous clinical studies. These results are the first to indicate, by the determination of relative exposures between IM and MAP administration, that larger multi-array dissolving MAPs could potentially be used to effectively deliver human doses of RPV LA. Importantly, RPV was also detected in the lymph nodes, indicating the potential to deliver this ARV agent into one of the primary sites of HIV replication over extended durations. These MAPs could potentially improve patient acceptability and adherence to HIV prevention and treatment regimens and combat instances of needle-stick injury and the transmission of blood-borne diseases, which would have far-reaching benefits, particularly to those in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Annie Clark
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nico Niemeijer
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter Williams
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Clement Haeck
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Darin Zehrung
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Galizzi N, Galli L, Poli A, Spagnuolo V, Castagna A, Gianotti N. Glomerular filtration rate estimated by cystatin C formulas in HIV-1 patients treated with dolutegravir, rilpivirine or cobicistat. New Microbiol 2018; 41:256-261. [PMID: 30252923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As dolutegravir (DTG), rilpivirine (RPV) and cobicistat affect creatinine, but not cystatin C, tubular transport or serum concentration, the aim of the study was to compare estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) calculated by means of a standard creatinine formula with those calculated by means of the cystatin C formula in patients receiving these drugs. This was a cross-sectional study of HIV-1 infected patients with eGFR <90 ml/min/1.73 m2 (CKD-EPI-creatinine formula) on-treatment with regimens including DTG, RVP or cobicistat; cystatin C was measured after the switch to these regimens. eGFR was calculated by means of the CKD-EPI formulas (CKD-EPI-creatinine: eGFRcrea; CKD-EPI-cystatin C: eGFRcyst). eGFRcyst was compared with the last eGFR assessed before (eGFRcrea pre) and after the switch (eGFRcrea post). The primary end-point of the study was the difference between eGFRcyst and eGFRcrea post. One hundred and twenty patients were included. eGFRcrea pre was 80 (70-92) ml/min/1.73 m2. eGFRcrea post was significantly lower than eGFRcyst (65 [59-75] vs. 80 [69-95] mL/ min/1.73m2; p<0.001); eGFRcyst did not differ from eGFRcrea pre (p=0.544). The difference between eGFRcyst and eGFRcrea post was not significantly different among regimen groups (p=0.056). In HIV-patients with reduced eGFR treated with DTG, RPV or cobicistat, measuring eGFR by means of the CKD-EPI cystatin C formula is probably more relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Galizzi
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Galli
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Poli
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnuolo
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Gianotti
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milano, Italy
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Taramasso L, Tatarelli P, Ricci E, Madeddu G, Menzaghi B, Squillace N, De Socio GV, Martinelli C, Gulminetti R, Maggi P, Orofino G, Vichi F, Di Biagio A, Bonfanti P. Improvement of lipid profile after switching from efavirenz or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors to rilpivirine or once-daily integrase inhibitors: results from a large observational cohort study (SCOLTA). BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:357. [PMID: 30064371 PMCID: PMC6069550 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia represents a significant non-infectious comorbidity among people living with HIV. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact on lipid profile of switches from an efavirenz (EFV) or protease inhibitor/ritonavir (PI/r)-based regimen to a rilpivirine (RPV) or a once-daily integrase inhibitor-based regimen. Methods We analyzed data from SCOLTA prospective database. All patients with HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml in therapy with two NRTI + EFV or PI/r were included if they switched from EFV to dolutegravir (group EFV-DTG), elvitegravir (EFV-EVG), or RPV (EFV-RPV) and from PI/r to DTG (PI/r-DTG), PI/r to EVG (PI/r-EVG), or PI/r to RPV (PI/r-RPV). Total cholesterol (TC), TC/HDL ratio, LDL-cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) were compared at baseline, six months and one year. Comparisons among groups were performed by a general linear model. Results Four hundred and ninety patients were enrolled, 24.9% female, mean age 47.3 years (±10.1). According to ART switch, 11.4% were classified in group EFV-DTG, 3.9% in EFV-EVG, 23.9% in EFV-RPV, 17.6% in PI/r-DTG, 17.8% in PI/r-EVG, and 25.5% in PI/r-RPV. After adjusted analysis, TC significantly decreased in all groups but EFV-EVG, TC/HDL in all but EFV-DTG and EFV-EVG, while the reduction of TG was significant only in switches to RPV (EFV-RPV and PI/r-RPV). The one year decrease of TC, TC/HDL, LDL and TG was higher in patients with higher baseline levels of the same variable (p < .0001 for all). Conclusions In SCOLTA, all switches from PI/r regimens gave advantages on lipid profile, while stopping EFV had consistently favorable lipid effects only if replaced by RPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Taramasso
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy. .,Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Health and Health Sciences, Policlinico Hospital San Martino, Via Pastore, 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Paola Tatarelli
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Centro Ortopedico di Quadrante, Madonna del Popolo Hospital, Omegna, Italy
| | | | - Giordano Madeddu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Barbara Menzaghi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, ASST della Valle Olona, Busto Arsizio Hospital, Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Nicola Squillace
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Canio Martinelli
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Maggi
- Infectious diseases Clinic, Policlinico Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Orofino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, "Divisione A", Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Vichi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Bagno a Ripoli, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonfanti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, A. Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy
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Néant N, Gattacceca F, Lê MP, Yazdanpanah Y, Dhiver C, Bregigeon S, Mokhtari S, Peytavin G, Tamalet C, Descamps D, Lacarelle B, Solas C. Population pharmacokinetics of Rilpivirine in HIV-1-infected patients treated with the single-tablet regimen rilpivirine/tenofovir/emtricitabine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 74:473-481. [PMID: 29374296 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rilpivirine, prescribed for the treatment of HIV infection, presents an important inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability. We aimed to determine population pharmacokinetic parameters of rilpivirine in adult HIV-infected patients and quantify their inter-individual variability. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, and observational study in patients treated with the once-daily rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine regimen. As part of routine therapeutic drug monitoring, rilpivirine concentrations were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM software. Once the compartmental and random effects models were selected, covariates were tested to explain the inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetic parameters. The final model qualification was performed by both statistical and graphical methods. RESULTS We included 379 patients, resulting in the analysis of 779 rilpivirine plasma concentrations. Of the observed trough individual plasma concentrations, 24.4% were below the 50 ng/ml minimal effective concentration. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption best described the data. The estimated fixed effect for plasma apparent clearance and distribution volume were 9 L/h and 321 L, respectively, resulting in a half-life of 25.2 h. The common inter-individual variability for both parameters was 34.1% at both the first and the second occasions. The inter-individual variability of clearance was 30.3%. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed a terminal half-life lower than reported and a high proportion of patients with suboptimal rilpivirine concentrations, which highlights the interest of using therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical practice. The population analysis performed with data from "real-life" conditions resulted in reliable post hoc estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters, suitable for individualization of dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Néant
- INSERM U911-CRO2 SMARTc, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Florence Gattacceca
- INSERM U911-CRO2 SMARTc, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Minh Patrick Lê
- APHP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Toxicologie, IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- APHP, IAME-UMR 1137, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Univ Paris Diderot, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Dhiver
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille Univ., AP-HM, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Bregigeon
- APHM, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Service d'Immuno-hématologie clinique, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Saadia Mokhtari
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille Univ., AP-HM, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Peytavin
- APHP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Toxicologie, IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Tamalet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille Univ., AP-HM, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- APHP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Lacarelle
- INSERM U911-CRO2 SMARTc, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM U911-CRO2, SMARTc, Hôpital La Timone, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Solas
- INSERM U911-CRO2 SMARTc, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM U911-CRO2, SMARTc, Hôpital La Timone, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, 13005, Marseille, France
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Osiyemi O, Yasin S, Zorrilla C, Bicer C, Hillewaert V, Brown K, Crauwels HM. Pharmacokinetics, Antiviral Activity, and Safety of Rilpivirine in Pregnant Women with HIV-1 Infection: Results of a Phase 3b, Multicenter, Open-Label Study. Infect Dis Ther 2018; 7:147-59. [PMID: 29335895 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-017-0184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physiologic changes during pregnancy may impact the pharmacokinetics of drugs. In addition, efficacy and safety/tolerability concerns have been identified for some antiretroviral agents. METHODS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected pregnant women (18-26 weeks gestation) receiving the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor rilpivirine 25 mg once daily were enrolled in this phase 3b, open-label study examining the impact of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine when it is given in combination with other antiretroviral agents. Blood samples (collected over the 24-h dosing interval) to assess total and unbound rilpivirine plasma concentrations were obtained during the second and third trimesters (24-28 and 34-38 weeks gestation, respectively) and 6-12 weeks postpartum. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental analysis and compared (pregnancy versus postpartum) using linear mixed effects modeling. Antiviral and immunologic response and safety were assessed. RESULTS Nineteen women were enrolled; 15 had evaluable pharmacokinetic results. Total rilpivirine exposure was 29-31% lower during pregnancy versus postpartum; differences were less pronounced for unbound (pharmacodynamically active) rilpivirine. At study entry, 12/19 (63.2%) women were virologically suppressed; 10/12 (83.3%) women were suppressed at the postpartum visit. Twelve infants were born to the 12 women who completed the study (7 discontinued); no perinatal viral transmission was observed among 10 infants with available data. Rilpivirine was generally safe and well tolerated in women and infants exposed in utero. CONCLUSION Despite decreased rilpivirine exposure during pregnancy, treatment was effective in preventing mother-to-child transmission and suppressing HIV-1 RNA in pregnant women. Results suggest that rilpivirine 25 mg once daily, as part of individualized combination antiretroviral therapy, may be an appropriate option for HIV-1-infected pregnant women. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT00855335.
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Jackson A, Else L, Higgs C, Karolia Z, Khoo S, Back D, Devitt E, Pozniak A, Boffito M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nucleoside sparing dual regimen containing rilpivirine plus darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals. HIV Clin Trials 2017; 19:31-37. [PMID: 29189101 DOI: 10.1080/15284336.2017.1408928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed at investigating the antiviral activity and the pharmacokinetics of the dual antiretroviral (ARV) combination of rilpivirine plus darunavir/ritonavir 25/800/100 mg once-daily in naïve HIV-1-infected individuals (NHII) with different baseline viral loads. SETTINGS Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics study in ARV-naïve HIV-infected individuals. METHODS The primary endpoint was the number of NHII with HIV-RNA < 40 copies/mL at week 48. Secondary endpoints included rilpivirine/darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics, HIV-RNA decay, and changes in ECG QT interval. RESULTS Thirty-six individuals were enrolled, 18 with a baseline viral load < 100,000 copies/mL (group A) and 18 with a baseline viral load > 100,000 copies/mL (group B). All but 1 (HIV-RNA = 63 copies/mL) subjects achieved viral load < 50 copies/mL by week 36, and all at week 48. Median (range) HIV-RNA reduction (Log10 copies/mL) was 1.3 (0.6-1.9) over the first week, with no differences between groups A and B. Geometric mean and 95%CI rilpivirine Cmax, Ctrough, AUC were 183 (165-239), 114 (104-109) ng/mL, 2966 (2704-3820) ng h/mL. No QTcF interval changes were recorded. CONCLUSIONS rilpivirine/darunavir/ritonavir could be efficacious, with limited short-term toxicity in ARV-naïve patients. Although rilpivirine was co-administered with ritonavir, its exposure was within ranges measured during phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akil Jackson
- a St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK.,b Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Laura Else
- b Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Christopher Higgs
- a St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK
| | - Zeenat Karolia
- a St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK
| | - Saye Khoo
- b Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - David Back
- b Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Emma Devitt
- a St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK
| | - Anton Pozniak
- a St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK
| | - Marta Boffito
- a St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK.,c Department of Medicine , Imperial College , London , UK
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Gianotti N, Poli A, Nozza S, Galli L, Galizzi N, Ripa M, Merli M, Carbone A, Spagnuolo V, Lazzarin A, Castagna A. Durability of switch regimens based on rilpivirine or on integrase inhibitors, both in association with tenofovir and emtricitabine, in HIV-infected, virologically suppressed patients. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:723. [PMID: 29145807 PMCID: PMC5691866 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Switch strategies based on rilpivirine/tenofovir/emtricitabine or on an integrase inhibitor (InSTI) plus tenofovir/emtricitabine have never been compared in randomized clinical trials. The main aim of the study was to investigate the durability of these two switch regimens in virologically suppressed, HIV-infected patients. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients who started rilpivirine or an InSTI (both with tenofovir and emtricitabine) with <50 HIV-RNA copies/mL and had at least one HIV-RNA assessed while receiving the study regimen. Virological failure (VF) was defined as two consecutive measurements of HIV-RNA >50 copies/mL. Treatment failure (TF) was define as either VF or discontinuation of any drug of the regimen. Durability was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by Log-rank test. Residual viremia was defined as any detectable HIV-RNA below 50 copies/mL, as assed by a real-time PCR assay. Results Six hundred seventy-five patients (466 switched to a rilpivirine-, 209 switched to an InSTI-based regimen [18% dolutegravir, 39% raltegravir, 43% elvitegravir/cobicistat] were included in the analysis. The median (interquartile range, IQR) follow-up in the rilpivirine and in the InSTI group was 16.7 (8.8–22.2) and 10.4 (5.4–19.6) months. The 1-year cumulative probabilities (95%CI) of VF and TF were 0.97% (0.36%–2.62%) and 9.73% (7.21%–13.06%) in the rilpivirine group and 1.83% (0.57%–5.77%) and 8.75% (5.25%–14.4%) in the InSTI group, with no difference between groups (p = 0.328 and 0.209 for VF and TF). The proportion of time spent with residual viremia was comparable in the two groups (9% [IQR 0.5%–49%] and 17% [IQR 0.5%–50%] in the rilpivirine and in the InSTI group, p = 0.087). By the multivariable Cox regression model, TF was independently associated with being on therapy with a protease inhibitor vs. a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor at switch (AHR = 0.52; 95%CI = 0.31–0.90; p = 0.018), baseline total/HDL-cholesterol ratio (AHR = 1.19 per 0.5-units increments; 95%CI = 1.06–1.34; p = 0.004), baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (AHR = 0.78 per 10-units increments; 95%CI = 0.67–0.90; p = 0.001) and baseline hemoglobin (AHR = 0.78 per 1-unit increments; 95%CI = 0.64–0.94; p = 0.009), but not with treatment group (rilpivirine vs. InSTI). Conclusions In our clinical practice, the durability of the two regimens was comparable and both showed a very low probability of VF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-017-2831-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gianotti
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Poli
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Galli
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Galizzi
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Ripa
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Merli
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Carbone
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnuolo
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriano Lazzarin
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Suzuki T, Hara N, Osa M, Misawa K, Imai K, Fujikura Y, Maeda T, Sonehara W, Kawana A. Efficacy of switching to dolutegravir plus rilpivirine, the small-tablet regimen, in patients with dysphagia: two case reports. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2017; 3:23. [PMID: 28944075 PMCID: PMC5606108 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-017-0093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of well-tolerated and effective anti-retroviral drugs against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection has been a major step forward that has achieved long-term survival in recent years. The number of HIV-1 infected patients who experience difficulty in swallowing tablets is expected to increase as the HIV-infected population advances in age or develops comorbidities or treatment sequelae affecting the central nervous system. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we describe two HIV-1-infected patients who experienced progressive dysphagia leading to inability to swallow the antiretroviral tablets included in the standard regimen. Both patients had a plasma viral load < 40 copies/mL while receiving anti-retroviral therapy with the recommended combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimen, but the dysphagia necessitated a switch. By switching to much smaller sized combined regimen of dolutegravir (DTG) plus rilpivirine (RPV) tablets, both of our patients were able to successfully continue treatment and maintain adherence without the need for crushing tablets or preparing an oral suspension. Additionally, switching from the recommended cART regimen to DTG plus RPV successfully maintained viral suppression. At the last available follow-up (12 months after switching to DTG/RPV), HIV-1 viral load remained below the lower limit of quantification. CONCLUSIONS An alternative therapeutic option that takes tablet size into consideration could not only contribute to improved patient adherence, but also a reduced care burden for HIV-infected patients with dysphagia. Thus, switching to the "small-tablet regimen" of DTG plus RPV has the potential to improve the survival and well-being of patients with dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical College Hospital, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Nobuko Hara
- Department of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical College Hospital, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Morichika Osa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Misawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Kazuo Imai
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Yuji Fujikura
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-Machi, Iruma-Gun, Saitama, 350-0495 Japan.,Center for Clinical Infectious Diseases and Research, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-Machi, Iruma-Gun, Saitama, 350-0495 Japan
| | - Wataru Sonehara
- Department of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical College Hospital, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Mishuku Hospital, 5-33-12, Kamimeguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-0051 Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawana
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan
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Sculier D, Gayet-Ageron A, Battegay M, Cavassini M, Fehr J, Hirzel C, Schmid P, Bernasconi E, Calmy A; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Rilpivirine use in the Swiss HIV cohort study: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:476. [PMID: 28683720 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rilpivirine is safe and effective in HIV-naïve patients with low baseline HIV-RNA or in switch strategy. It offers the advantages of few drug-drug interactions and a favourable toxicity profile. We aimed to determine the reasons for prescribing the rilpivirine (RPV)/tenofovir disoproxil (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC) co-formulation within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and to assess its effectiveness and safety over a 24 months period. Methods All individuals enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study who initiated a RPV/TDF/FTC co-formulation between April 2013 and March 2014 were included. Primary outcomes were the HIV-RNA viral load (copies/mL) and CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) at 6, 12 and 24 months. Reasons for a switch to RPV/TDF/FTC were evaluated through a standardized questionnaire. We also assessed discontinuation and reasons for discontinuation of RPV/TDF/FTC until October 30, 2015. Results Of 644 individuals who started the RPV/TDF/FTC co-formulation, only 7.5% were treatment-naïve. At 24 months, viral suppression (HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL) was achieved in 100% and 96.7% of cART-naïve and cART-experienced patients respectively. The switch to RPV was mainly done for simplification (44.6%) and to overcome central nervous system toxicity symptoms due to efavirenz (24%). Six months after switch, 74.8% of patients reported an improvement of psycho-neurological symptoms with continued improvement at 12 months for almost 80%. However, one quarter of patients reported a discontinuation of RPV/TDF/FTC on October 30, 2015 after a median time of 18.4 months. Reasons for discontinuation included physician decision (5.3%) and side-effects (3.9%) mainly related to the central nervous system and to renal toxicity. Conclusion The RPV/TDF/FTC co-formulation was safe and effective throughout 24 months of follow-up but barely prescribed for HIV-naïve patients. Despite excellent virological suppression among both treatment-naïve and -experienced patients, we observed a high rate of treatment discontinuation.
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