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Lu DJ, Zheng HL, Xi JY, Zhang T, Chen XM, Lu FM. [The mechanisms of the translation of polymerase from HBV pregenomic RNA]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2021; 29:1035-1040. [PMID: 34814405 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20210808-00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important pathogen that causes different liver diseases such as viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) plays a crucial role in HBV life cycle, which is not only the translation template of core (C) and polymerase (P), but also the template of reverse transcription. The ratio of P protein to core protein is tightly regulated. Since P and core are both translated by pgRNA and the open reading frame (ORF) of P is located downstream of the ORF of core, how to initiate P protein translation is a key scientific question. Previous studies suggest that P can be translated through different mechanisms, such as leaky scanning and reinitiation. In this review, we summarized the proposed mechanisms relevant to the translation of polymerase from HBV pgRNA through literature review and derivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - H L Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - J Y Xi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - T Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - X M Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - F M Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing 100044, China
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Dong HJ, Zhang R, Kuang Y, Wang XJ. Selective regulation in ribosome biogenesis and protein production for efficient viral translation. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:1021-1032. [PMID: 33124672 PMCID: PMC7594972 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As intracellular parasites, viruses depend heavily on host cell structures and their functions to complete their life cycle and produce new viral particles. Viruses utilize or modulate cellular translational machinery to achieve efficient replication; the role of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis in viral replication particularly highlights the importance of the ribosome quantity and/or quality in controlling viral protein synthesis. Recently reported studies have demonstrated that ribosome biogenesis factors (RBFs) and ribosomal proteins (RPs) act as multifaceted regulators in selective translation of viral transcripts. Here we summarize the recent literature on RBFs and RPs and their association with subcellular redistribution, post-translational modification, enzyme catalysis, and direct interaction with viral proteins. The advances described in this literature establish a rationale for targeting ribosome production and function in the design of the next generation of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yu Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Shaffer D, Rollins JA. Fluorescent Polysome Profiling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3742. [PMID: 33659402 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An important but often overlooked aspect of gene regulation occurs at the level of protein translation. Many genes are regulated not only by transcription but by their propensity to be recruited to actively translating ribosomes (polysomes). Polysome profiling allows for the separation of unbound 40S and 60S subunits, 80S monosomes, and actively translating mRNA bound by two or more ribosomes. Thus, this technique allows for actively translated mRNA to be isolated. Transcript abundance can then be compared between actively translated mRNA and all mRNA present in a sample to identify instances of post-transcriptional regulation. Additionally, polysome profiling can be used as a readout of global translation rates by quantifying the proportion of actively translating ribosomes within a sample. Previously established protocols for polysome profiling rely on the absorbance of RNA to visualize the presence of polysomes within the fractions. However, with the advent of flow cells capable of detecting fluorescence, the association of fluorescently tagged proteins with polysomes can be detected and quantified in addition to the absorbance of RNA. This protocol provides detailed instructions on how to perform fluorescent polysome profiling in C. elegans to collect actively translated mRNA, to quantify changes in global translation, and to detect ribosomal binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shaffer
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME, USA
| | - Jarod A Rollins
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME, USA
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Abstract
We discuss novel insight into the role and consequences of the phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α in the context of stress responses and cell-cycle regulation. eIF2α is centrally located to regulate translation and its phosphorylation in response to different environmental challenges is one of the best characterized stress-response pathways. In addition to its role in stress management, eIF2α phosphorylation is also linked to cell-cycle progression and memory consolidation in the nervous system. The best known consequences of eIF2α phosphorylation are downregulation of global translation and stimulation of translation of some mRNAs. However, recent evidence shows that (i) eIF2α phosphorylation is not always required for the downregulation of global translation after exposure to stress and (ii) eIF2α phosphorylation does not necessarily lead to the downregulation of global translation. These results suggest that the textbook view of eIF2α phosphorylation needs to be revised and that there must be additional regulatory mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Boye
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beáta Grallert
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Rothe C, Rødland GE, Anda S, Stonyte V, Boye E, Lopez-Aviles S, Grallert B. A checkpoint-independent mechanism delays entry into mitosis after UV irradiation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:4028-4037. [PMID: 29046339 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.204693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When cells are exposed to stress they delay entry into mitosis. The most extensively studied mechanism behind this delay is the DNA-damage-induced G2/M checkpoint. Here, we show the existence of an additional stress-response pathway in Schizosaccharomyces pombe that is independent of the classic ATR/Rad3-dependent checkpoint. This novel mechanism delays entry mitosis independently of the spindle assembly checkpoint and the mitotic kinases Fin1, Ark1 and Plo1. The pathway delays activation of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) Cdc2 after UV irradiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that translation of the mitotic cyclin Cdc13 is selectively downregulated after UV irradiation, and we propose that this downregulation of Cdc13 contributes to the delayed activation of Cdc2 and the delayed mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Rothe
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Elise Rødland
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje Anda
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vilte Stonyte
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Boye
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandra Lopez-Aviles
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Beáta Grallert
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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Gonskikh Y, Polacek N. Alterations of the translation apparatus during aging and stress response. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 168:30-36. [PMID: 28414025 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process characterized by the irreversible and time-dependent deterioration of cell functions, tissues, and organs. Accumulating studies in a wide range of species from yeast to human revealed changes associated with the aging process to be conserved throughout evolution. The main characteristics of aging are (i) genomic instability, (ii) loss of telomere function, (iii) epigenetic changes,(iv) increased cellular senescence, (v) depletion of the stem cell pool, (vi) altered intercellular communication and (vii) loss of protein homeostasis. Among the multiple molecular mechanisms underlying aging, alterations of the translation machinery affecting the rate and selectivity of protein biosynthesis seem to play a central role. At the very heart of translation is the ribosome, a multifaceted and universally conserved RNA-protein particle responsible for accurate polypeptide synthesis and co-translational protein folding. Here we summarize and discuss recent developments on the contribution of altered translation and age-dependent modifications on the ribosome structure to aging and cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Gonskikh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Polacek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Faye MD, Holcik M. The role of IRES trans-acting factors in carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1849:887-97. [PMID: 25257759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of protein expression through RNA metabolism is a key aspect of cellular homeostasis. Upon specific cellular stresses, distinct transcripts are selectively controlled to modify protein output in order to quickly and appropriately respond to stress. Reprogramming of the translation machinery is one node of this strict control that typically consists of an attenuation of the global, cap-dependent translation and accompanying switch to alternative mechanisms of translation initiation, such as internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated initiation. In cancer, many aspects of the RNA metabolism are frequently misregulated to provide cancer cells with a growth and survival advantage. This includes changes in the expression and function of RNA binding proteins termed IRES trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that are central to IRES translation. In this review, we will examine select emerging, as well as established, ITAFs with important roles in cancer initiation and progression, and in particular their role in IRES-mediated translation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translation and Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mame Daro Faye
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Martin Holcik
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada.
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