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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this review is to summarize the current scientific knowledge about acceleration and deceleration demands during football training. METHODS A systematic search of three electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) was performed to identify peer-reviewed relevant English-language articles, following PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS All acceleration and deceleration data were analyzed and organized into four categories: i) training drills variables (i.e. manipulated drills variables such as number of players in small-sided games), ii) training exercises (i.e. different drills such small games or circuit training), iii) players' positions (i.e. demands for each playing position) and iv) training schedule (i.e. training sessions presented as microcycles, season sections or full season). Full-text articles of 42 studies were included in the final analysis. Players' level included: amateur, youth, semi-professional, professional and elite players. All playing positions were considered, including goalkeepers. Six different global position systems brands were used, with the majority measuring data at 10 Hz. Different thresholds and intensities were used in several papers. Lower acceleration and deceleration intensities occurred more often than higher intensities in all four categories. CONCLUSION Different exercises elicit different demands and small-sided games presented higher acceleration and deceleration demands than circuit training and other running based drills. Furthermore, manipulating drills variables, as reducing or increasing number of players in small-sided games increase or decrease demands, respectively. Additionally, wide playing positions, such as fullbacks, are generally exposed to higher acceleration and deceleration demands. From a planning point of view, acceleration and deceleration demands decrease as match day approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Silva
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Rui Marcelino
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
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Zanin M, Ranaweera J, Darrall-Jones J, Weaving D, Till K, Roe G. A systematic review of small sided games within rugby: Acute and chronic effects of constraints manipulation. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1633-1660. [PMID: 33956579 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1891723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Small-sided games is a commonly used training method to develop technical, tactical and physical qualities concurrently. However, a review of small-sided games in rugby football codes (e.g. rugby union, rugby league) is not available. This systematic review aims to investigate the acute responses and chronic adaptations of small-sided games within rugby football codes considering the constraints applied. Four electronical databases were systematically searched until August 2020. Acute and chronic studies investigating rugby football codes small-sided games, with healthy amateur and professional athletes were included. Twenty studies were eventually included: 4 acute and 1 chronic in rugby union, 13 acute and 2 chronic in rugby league. Acute studies investigated task and individual constraints. Chronic studies showed that small-sided games would be an effective training method to improve physical performance. Current research in rugby football codes is heavily biased towards investigating how manipulating constraints can affect the physical characteristics of small-sided games, with limited literature investigating the effect on technical skills, and no studies investigating tactical behaviour. Future research is needed to evidence the effects of constraint manipulation on technical and tactical behaviour of rugby football players in small-sided games, in addition to physical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zanin
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
| | - Jayamini Ranaweera
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK
| | - Dan Weaving
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.,Department of Sport Health, and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
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Bonney N, Ball K, Berry J, Larkin P. Effects of manipulating player numbers on technical and physical performances participating in an Australian football small-sided game. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2430-2436. [PMID: 32605432 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1787697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In Australian Football (AF), small-sided games (SSGs) are used extensively to replicate particular technical, tactical or physiological responses. Whilst research on SSGs has been extensive in soccer, in AF it has been limited to agility demands and exploring the effect of field dimensions on technical skill (i.e., handballing) and physical responses of senior athletes. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of four different SSG player number conditions (5v5, 5v6, 6v6, 7v7) on the technical (e.g., kicking) and physical (i.e., odometer, m-min-1, max velocity and percentage of high intensity running) performance outcomes in 22 sub-elite youth AF players. Particular constraints were applied to the SSG to ensure the focus was on kicking (i.e., after each handball a kick must be performed). The results of this study demonstrate when more technical events are required under more pressured situations (i.e., physical and time) the 5v6 condition appears to be most appropriate. However, when the focus is on kicking to a contested possession (i.e., kicking to leading or covered players) balanced player numbers (e.g., 6v6) would appear optimal. Alternatively, when the SSG focus is on increasing physiological demands (i.e., m.min-1) lower player density conditions (i.e., 5v5) appear more suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Bonney
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Ball
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Paul Larkin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
In Australian Football (AF), small sided games have been used extensively as an alternative training method for technical and physical adaptations. Considering their application to AF, it is surprising a valid and reliable small-sided game kicking assessment remains absent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable 5v6 Australian football small-sided game kicking proficiency assessment. Youth male AF players (n = 145) from different stages within the AF talent pathway were recruited. Validity (i.e., logical and construct) and reliability (i.e., test re-test) were assessed. The largest kicking proficiency difference was between U13 and U16 players and between novice and sub-elite players. Between the ages of U16 and U18 kicking proficiency appears to stabilise. The Australian football small-sided kicking assessment was 97% successful in identifying players as either novice or sub-elite. Larger physical performance (i.e., odometer, m/min-1 and %HIR) outputs were noted between U14 and U18 players and novice and sub-elite players. Collectively, these findings suggest the Australian football small-sided kicking assessment is a valid and reliable AF kicking proficiency assessment tool and may provide worthwhile information to coaches regarding kicking performance along the AFL pathway, to profile player strengths whilst identifying specific areas of improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Bonney
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Kevin Ball
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Larkin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Maribrynong Sports Academy, Melbourne, Australia
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Hammami A, Chamari K, Slimani M, Shephard RJ, Yousfi N, Tabka Z, Bouhlel E. Effects of recreational soccer on physical fitness and health indices in sedentary healthy and unhealthy subjects. Biol Sport 2016; 33:127-37. [PMID: 27274105 PMCID: PMC4885622 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1198209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreational soccer (RS) is becoming a popular alternative to the classical continuous exercise mode used for the improvement of cardiovascular and metabolic fitness in untrained people. The objective of this paper was to conduct a detailed systematic review of the literature, identifying the physiological responses to RS and the training effects of RS on aerobic fitness and health in untrained healthy individuals and clinical patients. PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases were searched using terms related to recreational soccer. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCT) that assessed acute physiological responses to RS or the training effects of RS on physical fitness and health in sedentary, untrained subjects of any age or health status. All studies were assessed for methodological quality using the PEDro scale. Thirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria; seven examined the acute response to RS, and 28 assessed training effects. Clear evidence was found that RS had positive effects on many health-related indices and variables, including VO2max (gains of 7-16%), blood pressure (reductions of 6-13 mmHg), body composition (decreased fat mass and improved indices of bone health), and metabolic and cardiac function. These positive effects were observed in both healthy individuals and clinical patients, irrespective of age or sex. Although this review provides clear evidence of the positive effects of RS on health, most studies had limitations of methodology (an average PEDro score < 6). Furthermore, many of the training studies were from a small number of research groups. Future studies should be extended to other countries and institutions to ensure generality of the results. Regular RS training leads to significant cardiovascular and muscular adaptations and gains of health both in sedentary individuals and clinical patients at all ages, suggesting that RS is a potentially highly motivational method to enhance population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hammami
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - K Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Slimani
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - R J Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Yousfi
- Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Z Tabka
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - E Bouhlel
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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