1
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Miao P, Zhou JM, Wang W. A self-assembling split Nano luciferase-based assay for investigating Pseudomonas syringae effector secretion. Stress Biol 2024; 4:14. [PMID: 38363371 PMCID: PMC10873255 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative pathogens employ the type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver effector proteins into host cells, thereby modulating host cellular processes and suppressing host immunity to facilitate pathogenesis and colonization. In this study, we developed a straightforward, rapid, and quantitative method for detecting T3SS-mediated translocation of Pseudomonas syringae effectors using a self-assembling split Nano luciferase (Nluc)-based reporter system. It was demonstrated that this system can detect effector secretion in vitro with an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity, attributed to the strong affinity between the split domains of Nluc and the intense luminescence generated by functional Nluc. During natural infections, effectors fused to a small C-terminal fragment of Nluc were successfully translocated into plant cells and retained their virulence functions. Furthermore, upon infection of plants expressing the N-terminal fragment of Nluc with these P. syringae strains, functional Nluc proteins were spontaneously assembled and produced bright luminescence, demonstrating that this system enables the straightforward and rapid assessment of P. syringae T3SS-mediated effector translocation during natural infections. In conclusion, the self-assembling split Nluc-based reporting system developed in this study is suitable for efficient in vitro and in planta detection of effectors secreted via T3SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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2
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Koirala R, Fongsaran C, Poston T, Rogge M, Rogers B, Thune R, Dubytska L. Edwardsiella ictaluri T3SS effector EseN is a phosphothreonine lyase that inactivates ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and PDK1 and modulates cell death in infected macrophages. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0300323. [PMID: 37796003 PMCID: PMC10714789 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This work has global significance in the catfish industry, which provides food for increasing global populations. E. ictaluri is a leading cause of disease loss, and EseN is an important player in E. ictaluri virulence. The E. ictaluri T3SS effector EseN plays an essential role in establishing infection, but the specific role EseN plays is not well characterized. EseN belongs to a family of phosphothreonine lyase effectors that specifically target host mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways important in regulating host responses to infection. No phosphothreonine lyase equivalents are known in eukaryotes, making this family of effectors an attractive target for indirect narrow-spectrum antibiotics. Targeting of major vault protein and PDK1 kinase by EseN has not been reported in EseN homologs in other pathogens and may indicate unique functions of E. ictaluri EseN. EseN targeting of PDK1 is particularly interesting in that it is linked to an extraordinarily diverse group of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Koirala
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chanida Fongsaran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tanisha Poston
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew Rogge
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bryan Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald Thune
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lidiya Dubytska
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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3
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Liao XJ, He TT, Liu LY, Jiang XL, Sun SS, Deng YH, Zhang LQ, Xie HX, Nie P. Unraveling and characterization of novel T3SS effectors in Edwardsiella piscicida. mSphere 2023; 8:e0034623. [PMID: 37642418 PMCID: PMC10597406 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00346-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion system (T3SS) facilitates survival and replication of Edwardsiella piscicida in vivo. Identifying novel T3SS effectors and elucidating their functions are critical in understanding the pathogenesis of E. piscicida. E. piscicida T3SS effector EseG and EseJ was highly secreted when T3SS gatekeeper-containing protein complex EsaB-EsaL-EsaM was disrupted by EsaB deficiency. Based on this observation, concentrated secretomes of ΔesaB strain and ΔesaBΔesaN strain were purified by loading them into SDS-PAGE gel for a short electrophoresis to remove impurities prior to the in-the gel digestion and mass spectrometry. Four reported T3SS effectors and two novel T3SS effector candidates EseQ (ETAE_2009) and Trx2 (ETAE_0559) were unraveled by quantitative comparison of the identified peptides. EseQ and Trx2 were revealed to be secreted and translocated in a T3SS-dependent manner through CyaA-based translocation assay and immunofluorescent staining, demonstrating that EseQ and Trx2 are the novel T3SS effectors of E. piscicida. Trx2 was found to suppress macrophage apoptosis as revealed by TUNEL staining and cleaved caspase-3 of infected J774A.1 monolayers. Moreover, Trx2 has been shown to inhibit the p65 phosphorylation and p65 translocation into the nucleus, thus blocking the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, depletion of Trx2 slightly but significantly attenuates E. piscicida virulence in a fish infection model. Taken together, an efficient method was established in unraveling T3SS effectors in E. piscicida, and Trx2, one of the novel T3SS effectors identified in this study, was demonstrated to suppress apoptosis and block NF- κB pathway during E. piscicida infection. IMPORTANCE Edwardsiella piscicida is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes intestinal inflammation and hemorrhagic sepsis in fish and human. Virulence depends on the Edwardsiella type III secretion system (T3SS). Identifying the bacterial effector proteins secreted by T3SS and defining their role is key to understanding Edwardsiella pathogenesis. EsaB depletion disrupts the T3SS gatekeeper-containing protein complex, resulting in increased secretion of T3SS effectors EseG and EseJ. EseQ and Trx2 were shown to be the novel T3SS effectors of E. piscicida by a secretome comparison between ∆esaB strain and ∆esaB∆esaN strain (T3SS mutant), together with CyaA-based translocation assay. In addition, Trx2 has been shown to suppress macrophage apoptosis and block the NF-κB pathway. Together, this work expands the known repertoire of T3SS effectors and sheds light on the pathogenic mechanism of E. piscicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tian He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Fisheries Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiu Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Qiang Zhang
- Fisheries Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Xia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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4
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Meng K, Zhu P, Shi L, Li S. Determination of the Salmonella intracellular lifestyle by the diversified interaction of Type III secretion system effectors and host GTPases. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1587. [PMID: 36250298 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria have developed sophisticated strategies to subvert the host endomembrane system to establish a stable replication niche. Small GTPases are critical players in regulating each step of membrane trafficking events, such as vesicle biogenesis, cargo transport, tethering, and fusion events. Salmonella is a widely studied facultative intracellular bacteria. Salmonella delivers several virulence proteins, termed effectors, to regulate GTPase dynamics and subvert host trafficking for their benefit. In this review, we summarize an updated and systematic understanding of the interactions between bacterial effectors and host GTPases in determining the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuliu Shi
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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5
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Assis RAB, Varani AM, Sagawa CHD, Patané JSL, Setubal JC, Uceda-Campos G, da Silva AM, Zaini PA, Almeida NF, Moreira LM, Dandekar AM. A comparative genomic analysis of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis strains reveal hallmarks of mobile genetic elements in the adaptation and accelerated evolution of virulence. Genomics 2021; 113:2513-2525. [PMID: 34089784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) is the most significant aboveground walnut bacterial pathogen. Disease management uses copper-based pesticides which induce pathogen resistance. We examined the genetic repertoire associated with adaptation and virulence evolution in Xaj. Comparative genomics of 32 Xaj strains reveal the possible acquisition and propagation of virulence factors via insertion sequences (IS). Fine-scale annotation revealed a Tn3 transposon (TnXaj417) encoding copper resistance genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer and associated with adaptation and tolerance to metal-based pesticides commonly used to manage pathogens in orchard ecosystems. Phylogenomic analysis reveals IS involvement in acquisition and diversification of type III effector proteins ranging from two to eight in non-pathogenic strains, 16 to 20 in pathogenic strains, besides six other putative effectors with a reduced identity degree found mostly among pathogenic strains. Yersiniabactin, xopK, xopAI, and antibiotic resistance genes are also located near ISs or inside genomic islands and structures resembling composite transposons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A B Assis
- Center of Research in Biological Science, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro M Varani
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences of Jaboticabal (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Department of Technology, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Cintia H D Sagawa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - José S L Patané
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Setubal
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Uceda-Campos
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Maria da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nalvo F Almeida
- School of Computing, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, MS, Brazil
| | - Leandro Marcio Moreira
- Center of Research in Biological Science, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Department of Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Science, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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6
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Xue J, Hu S, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Yi X, Pan X, Li S. Arg-GlcNAcylation on TRADD by NleB and SseK1 Is Crucial for Bacterial Pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:641. [PMID: 32766249 PMCID: PMC7379376 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Death receptor signaling is critical for cell death, inflammation, and immune homeostasis. Hijacking death receptors and their corresponding adaptors through type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors has been evolved to be a bacterial evasion strategy. NleB from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and SseK1/2/3 from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) can modify some death domain (DD) proteins through arginine-GlcNAcylation. Here, we performed a substrate screen on 12 host DD proteins with conserved arginine during EPEC and Salmonella infection. NleB from EPEC hijacked death receptor signaling through tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-associated death domain protein (TRADD), FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD), and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), whereas SseK1 and SseK3 disturbed TNF signaling through the modification of TRADD Arg235/Arg245 and TNFR1 Arg376, respectively. Furthermore, mouse infection studies showed that SseK1 but not SseK3 rescued the bacterial colonization deficiency contributed by the deletion of NleBc (Citrobacter NleB), indicating that TRADD was the in vivo substrate. The result provides an insight into the mechanism by which attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogen manipulate TRADD-mediated signaling and evade host immune defense through T3SS effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xue
- Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shufan Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Pan
- Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Li
- Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Xue J, Pan X, Peng T, Duan M, Du L, Zhuang X, Cai X, Yi X, Fu Y, Li S. Auto Arginine-GlcNAcylation Is Crucial for Bacterial Pathogens in Regulating Host Cell Death. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:197. [PMID: 32432056 PMCID: PMC7214673 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens utilize the type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject virulence factors, named effectors, into host cells. These T3SS effectors manipulate host cellular signaling pathways to facilitate bacterial pathogenesis. Death receptor signaling plays an important role in eukaryotic cell death pathways. NleB from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and SseK1/3 from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) are T3SS effectors. They are defined as a family of arginine GlcNAc transferase to modify a conserved arginine residue in the death domain (DD) of the death receptor TNFR and their corresponding adaptors to hijack death receptor signaling. Here we identified that these enzymes, NleB, SseK1, and SseK3 could catalyze auto-GlcNAcylation. Residues, including Arg13/53/159/293 in NleB, Arg30/158/339 in SseK1, and Arg153/184/305/335 in SseK3 were identified as the auto-GlcNAcylation sites by mass spectrometry. Mutation of the auto-modification sites of NleB, SseK1, and SseK3 abolished or attenuated the capability of enzyme activity toward their death domain targets during infection. Loss of this ability led to the increased susceptibility of the cells to TNF- or TRAIL-induced cell death during bacterial infection. Overall, our study reveals that the auto-GlcNAcylation of NleB, SseK1, and SseK3 is crucial for their biological activity during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xue
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Pan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meimei Duan
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijie Du
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhuang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobin Cai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Fu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Abstract
In recent years, protein glycosylation in pathogenic bacteria has attracted more and more attention, and accumulating evidence indicated that this type of posttranslational modification is involved in many physiological processes. The NleB from several enteropathogenic bacteria species as well as SseK from Salmonella enterica are type III secretion system effectors, which have an atypical N-acetylglucosamine (N-GlcNAc) transferase activity that specifically modified a conserved arginine in TRADD, FADD, and RIPK1. NleB/SseKs GlcNAcylation of death domain proteins abrogates homotypic and heterotypic death receptors/adaptors interactions, thereby blocking an important antimicrobial host response. Interestingly, NleB/SseKs could also GlcNAcylate themselves, and self-GlcNAcylation of NleB, SseK1, and SseK3 are crucial for their biological activity during infection. In addition, EarP (EF-P specific arginine rhamnosyl transferase for Posttranslational activation) catalyzes arginine rhamnosylation of translation elongation factor P (EF-P). Importantly, this kind of N-linked protein glycosylation is not only important for EF-P dependent rescue of polyproline stalled ribosomes but also for pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other clinically relevant bacteria. Glycosylation of arginine is unique because the guanidine group of arginine has a high acid dissociation constant value and representing an extremely poor nucleophile. Recently, the crystal structures of NleB, SseKs, EarP, arginine GlcNAcylated death domain-containing proteins, NleB/FADD-DD, and EarP/EF-P/dTDP-β-L-rhamnose were solved by our group and other groups, revealing the unique catalytic mechanisms. In this review, we provide detailed information about the currently known arginine glycosyltransferases and their potential catalytic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Pan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Samassa F, Ferrari ML, Husson J, Mikhailova A, Porat Z, Sidaner F, Brunner K, Teo TH, Frigimelica E, Tinevez JY, Sansonetti PJ, Thoulouze MI, Phalipon A. Shigella impairs human T lymphocyte responsiveness by hijacking actin cytoskeleton dynamics and T cell receptor vesicular trafficking. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13166. [PMID: 31957253 PMCID: PMC7187243 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strategies employed by pathogenic enteric bacteria, such as Shigella, to subvert the host adaptive immunity are not well defined. Impairment of T lymphocyte chemotaxis by blockage of polarised edge formation has been reported upon Shigella infection. However, the functional impact of Shigella on T lymphocytes remains to be determined. Here, we show that Shigella modulates CD4+ T cell F‐actin dynamics and increases cell cortical stiffness. The scanning ability of T lymphocytes when encountering antigen‐presenting cells (APC) is subsequently impaired resulting in decreased cell–cell contacts (or conjugates) between the two cell types, as compared with non‐infected T cells. In addition, the few conjugates established between the invaded T cells and APCs display no polarised delivery and accumulation of the T cell receptor to the contact zone characterising canonical immunological synapses. This is most likely due to the targeting of intracellular vesicular trafficking by the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors IpaJ and VirA. The collective impact of these cellular reshapings by Shigella eventually results in T cell activation dampening. Altogether, these results highlight the combined action of T3SS effectors leading to T cell defects upon Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatoumata Samassa
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Mariana L Ferrari
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Katja Brunner
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Teck-Hui Teo
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France.,Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Armelle Phalipon
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
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10
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Carden SE, Walker GT, Honeycutt J, Lugo K, Pham T, Jacobson A, Bouley D, Idoyaga J, Tsolis RM, Monack D. Pseudogenization of the Secreted Effector Gene sseI Confers Rapid Systemic Dissemination of S. Typhimurium ST313 within Migratory Dendritic Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:182-94. [PMID: 28182950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome degradation correlates with host adaptation and systemic disease in Salmonella. Most lineages of the S. enterica subspecies Typhimurium cause gastroenteritis in humans; however, the recently emerged ST313 lineage II pathovar commonly causes systemic bacteremia in sub-Saharan Africa. ST313 lineage II displays genome degradation compared to gastroenteritis-associated lineages; yet, the mechanisms and causal genetic differences mediating these infection phenotypes are largely unknown. We find that the ST313 isolate D23580 hyperdisseminates from the gut to systemic sites, such as the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), via CD11b+ migratory dendritic cells (DCs). This hyperdissemination was facilitated by the loss of sseI, which encodes an effector that inhibits DC migration in gastroenteritis-associated isolates. Expressing functional SseI in D23580 reduced the number of infected migratory DCs and bacteria in the MLN. Our study reveals a mechanism linking pseudogenization of effectors with the evolution of niche adaptation in a bacterial pathogen.
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Hume PJ, Singh V, Davidson AC, Koronakis V. Swiss Army Pathogen: The Salmonella Entry Toolkit. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:348. [PMID: 28848711 PMCID: PMC5552672 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes disease in humans and animals ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to potentially life-threatening typhoid fever. Salmonellosis remains a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality globally, and hence imposes a huge socio-economic burden worldwide. A key property of all pathogenic Salmonella strains is the ability to invade non-phagocytic host cells. The major determinant of this invasiveness is a Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS), a molecular syringe that injects virulence effector proteins directly into target host cells. These effectors cooperatively manipulate multiple host cell signaling pathways to drive pathogen internalization. Salmonella does not only rely on these injected effectors, but also uses several other T3SS-independent mechanisms to gain entry into host cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of the methods used by Salmonella for cell invasion, with a focus on the host signaling networks that must be coordinately exploited for the pathogen to achieve its goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hume
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vikash Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C Davidson
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Koronakis
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom
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Stolle AS, Norkowski S, Körner B, Schmitz J, Lüken L, Frankenberg M, Rüter C, Schmidt MA. T3SS-Independent Uptake of the Short-Trip Toxin-Related Recombinant NleC Effector of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Leads to NF-κB p65 Cleavage. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:119. [PMID: 28451521 PMCID: PMC5390045 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector proteins secreted by the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) of pathogenic bacteria have been shown to precisely modulate important signaling cascades of the host for the benefit of the pathogens. Among others, the non-LEE encoded T3SS effector protein NleC of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a Zn-dependent metalloprotease and suppresses innate immune responses by directly targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Many pathogenic bacteria release potent bacterial toxins of the A-B type, which-in contrast to the direct cytoplasmic injection of T3SS effector proteins-are released first into the environment. In this study, we found that NleC displays characteristics of bacterial A-B toxins, when applied to eukaryotic cells as a recombinant protein. Although lacking a B subunit, that typically mediates the uptake of toxins, recombinant NleC (rNleC) induces endocytosis via lipid rafts and follows the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. The conformation of rNleC is altered by low pH to facilitate its escape from acidified endosomes. This is reminiscent of the homologous A-B toxin AIP56 of the fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae piscicida (Phdp). The recombinant protease NleC is functional inside eukaryotic cells and cleaves p65 of the NF-κB pathway. Here, we describe the endocytic uptake mechanism of rNleC, characterize its intracellular trafficking and demonstrate that its specific activity of cleaving p65 requires activation of host cells e.g., by IL1β. Further, we propose an evolutionary link between some T3SS effector proteins and bacterial toxins from apparently unrelated bacteria. In summary, these properties might suggest rNleC as an interesting candidate for future applications as a potential therapeutic against immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Stolle
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Norkowski
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Britta Körner
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schmitz
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Lena Lüken
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Maj Frankenberg
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Christian Rüter
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - M Alexander Schmidt
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
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Ugalde-Silva P, Gonzalez-Lugo O, Navarro-Garcia F. Tight Junction Disruption Induced by Type 3 Secretion System Effectors Injected by Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:87. [PMID: 27606286 PMCID: PMC4995211 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium consists of a single cell layer, which is a critical selectively permeable barrier to both absorb nutrients and avoid the entry of potentially harmful entities, including microorganisms. Epithelial cells are held together by the apical junctional complexes, consisting of adherens junctions, and tight junctions (TJs), and by underlying desmosomes. TJs lay in the apical domain of epithelial cells and are mainly composed by transmembrane proteins such as occludin, claudins, JAMs, and tricellulin, that are associated with the cytoplasmic plaque formed by proteins from the MAGUK family, such as ZO-1/2/3, connecting TJ to the actin cytoskeleton, and cingulin and paracingulin connecting TJ to the microtubule network. Extracellular bacteria such as EPEC and EHEC living in the intestinal lumen inject effectors proteins directly from the bacterial cytoplasm to the host cell cytoplasm, where they play a relevant role in the manipulation of the eukaryotic cell functions by modifying or blocking cell signaling pathways. TJ integrity depends on various cell functions such as actin cytoskeleton, microtubule network for vesicular trafficking, membrane integrity, inflammation, and cell survival. EPEC and EHEC effectors target most of these functions. Effectors encoded inside or outside of locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) disrupt the TJ strands. EPEC and EHEC exploit the TJ dynamics to open this structure, for causing diarrhea. EPEC and EHEC secrete effectors that mimic host proteins to manipulate the signaling pathways, including those related to TJ dynamics. In this review, we focus on the known mechanisms exploited by EPEC and EHEC effectors for causing TJ disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ugalde-Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional México City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Gonzalez-Lugo
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional México City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Navarro-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional México City, Mexico
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