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Pietz S, Kolbenschlag S, Röder N, Roodt AP, Steinmetz Z, Manfrin A, Schwenk K, Schulz R, Schäfer RB, Zubrod JP, Bundschuh M. Subsidy Quality Affects Common Riparian Web-Building Spiders: Consequences of Aquatic Contamination and Food Resource. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:1346-1358. [PMID: 36946335 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors can affect the emergence of aquatic insects. These insects link aquatic and adjacent terrestrial food webs, serving as high-quality subsidy to terrestrial consumers, such as spiders. While previous studies have demonstrated that changes in the emergence biomass and timing may propagate across ecosystem boundaries, the physiological consequences of altered subsidy quality for spiders are largely unknown. We used a model food chain to study the potential effects of subsidy quality: Tetragnatha spp. were exclusively fed with emergent Chironomus riparius cultured in the absence or presence of either copper (Cu), Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), or a mixture of synthetic pesticides paired with two basal resources (Spirulina vs. TetraMin®) of differing quality in terms of fatty acid (FA) composition. Basal resources shaped the FA profile of chironomids, whereas their effect on the FA profile of spiders decreased, presumably due to the capacity of both chironomids and spiders to modify (dietary) FA. In contrast, aquatic contaminants had negligible effects on prey FA profiles but reduced the content of physiologically important polyunsaturated FAs, such as 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid) and 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid), in spiders by approximately 30% in Cu and Bti treatments. This may have contributed to the statistically significant decline (40%-50%) in spider growth. The observed effects in spiders are likely related to prey nutritional quality because biomass consumption by spiders was, because of our experimental design, constant. Analyses of additional parameters that describe the nutritional quality for consumers such as proteins, carbohydrates, and the retention of contaminants may shed further light on the underlying mechanisms. Our results highlight that aquatic contaminants can affect the physiology of riparian spiders, likely by altering subsidy quality, with potential implications for terrestrial food webs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1346-1358. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pietz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Sara Kolbenschlag
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Nina Röder
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Alexis P Roodt
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Zacharias Steinmetz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Alessandro Manfrin
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwenk
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf B Schäfer
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Zubrod Environmental Data Science, Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Berger CA, Brewer MS, Kono N, Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Kennedy SR, Wood HM, Adams SA, Gillespie RG. Shifts in morphology, gene expression, and selection underlie web loss in Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:48. [PMID: 33752590 PMCID: PMC7983290 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A striking aspect of evolution is that it often converges on similar trajectories. Evolutionary convergence can occur in deep time or over short time scales, and is associated with the imposition of similar selective pressures. Repeated convergent events provide a framework to infer the genetic basis of adaptive traits. The current study examines the genetic basis of secondary web loss within web-building spiders (Araneoidea). Specifically, we use a lineage of spiders in the genus Tetragnatha (Tetragnathidae) that has diverged into two clades associated with the relatively recent (5 mya) colonization of, and subsequent adaptive radiation within, the Hawaiian Islands. One clade has adopted a cursorial lifestyle, and the other has retained the ancestral behavior of capturing prey with sticky orb webs. We explore how these behavioral phenotypes are reflected in the morphology of the spinning apparatus and internal silk glands, and the expression of silk genes. Several sister families to the Tetragnathidae have undergone similar web loss, so we also ask whether convergent patterns of selection can be detected in these lineages. RESULTS The cursorial clade has lost spigots associated with the sticky spiral of the orb web. This appears to have been accompanied by loss of silk glands themselves. We generated phylogenies of silk proteins (spidroins), which showed that the transcriptomes of cursorial Tetragnatha contain all major spidroins except for flagelliform. We also found an uncharacterized spidroin that has higher expression in cursorial species. We found evidence for convergent selection acting on this spidroin, as well as genes involved in protein metabolism, in the cursorial Tetragnatha and divergent cursorial lineages in the families Malkaridae and Mimetidae. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide strong evidence that independent web loss events and the associated adoption of a cursorial lifestyle are based on similar genetic mechanisms. Many genes we identified as having evolved convergently are associated with protein synthesis, degradation, and processing, which are processes that play important roles in silk production. This study demonstrates, in the case of independent evolution of web loss, that similar selective pressures act on many of the same genes to produce the same phenotypes and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Berger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA.
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Michael S Brewer
- Department of Biology, N1088 Howell Science Complex, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Nobuaki Kono
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Enzyme Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Arakawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Susan R Kennedy
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha 1919-1, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hannah M Wood
- Smithsonian Institution, Entomology, MRC105, Natural History Bldg. E519, 1000 Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC, 20560-0188, USA
| | - Seira A Adams
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
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Danielson-François A, Sullivan HN. Do exaggerated chelicerae function as weapons or genitalia in a long-jawed spider? Functional allometric analysis yields an answer. J Morphol 2020; 282:66-79. [PMID: 33074570 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
From the elongated neck of the giraffe to the elaborate train of the peacock, extreme traits can result from natural or sexual selection (or both). The extreme chelicerae of the long-jawed spiders (Tetragnatha) present a puzzle: do these exaggerated chelicerae function as weapons or genitalia? Bristowe first proposed that Tetragnatha chelicerae function as a holdfast because these spiders embrace chelicerae during mating. This hypothesis has remained untested until now. Here, we use functional allometry to examine how extreme chelicerae develop and perform in the long-jawed spider Tetragnatha elongata. Similar to other Tetragnatha species, chelicerae were longer in adult males than in adult females. Overall, we confirm Bristowe's hypothesis: elongation only occurred in the adult stage. However, we propose that chelicerae function as more than a holdfast in T. elongata. Male chelicerae exhibited positive allometry, which suggests scaling as weapons rather than genitalia. However, fieldwork revealed that the operational sex ratio is female-biased and both adult male-male competition and sexual cannibalism were rarely observed. Consequently, we propose that the positive allometry of male chelicerae may result from sexual selection to mechanically mesh with larger and more fecund females. Evidence for mechanical mesh includes multiple traits ranging from apophyses and grooves to guide teeth on the basal portion of the chelicerae. In contrast, we propose that chelicerae of females are analogous to the female peacock's tail: shortened by natural selection limiting the exaggeration of sexually selected traits. Indeed, females had increased foraging efficiency compared to males and exhibited negative cheliceral allometry. We discuss the implications for the evolution of elongated chelicerae in Tetragnatha.
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Cotoras DD, Bi K, Brewer MS, Lindberg DR, Prost S, Gillespie RG. Co-occurrence of ecologically similar species of Hawaiian spiders reveals critical early phase of adaptive radiation. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:100. [PMID: 29921226 PMCID: PMC6009049 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The processes through which populations originate and diversify ecologically in the initial stages of adaptive radiation are little understood because we lack information on critical steps of early divergence. A key question is, at what point do closely related species interact, setting the stage for competition and ecological specialization? The Hawaiian Islands provide an ideal system to explore the early stages of adaptive radiation because the islands span ages from 0.5–5 Mya. Hawaiian spiders in the genus Tetragnatha have undergone adaptive radiation, with one lineage (“spiny legs”) showing four different ecomorphs (green, maroon, large brown, small brown); one representative of each ecomorph is generally found at any site on the older islands. Given that the early stages of adaptive radiation are characterized by allopatric divergence between populations of the same ecomorph, the question is, what are the steps towards subsequent co-occurrence of different ecomorphs? Using a transcriptome-based exon capture approach, we focus on early divergence among close relatives of the green ecomorph to understand processes associated with co-occurrence within the same ecomorph at the early stages of adaptive radiation. Results The major outcomes from the current study are first that closely related species within the same green ecomorph of spiny leg Tetragnatha co-occur on the same single volcano on East Maui, and second that there is no evidence of genetic admixture between these ecologically equivalent species. Further, that multiple genetic lineages exist on a single volcano on Maui suggests that there are no inherent dispersal barriers and that the observed limited distribution of taxa reflects competitive exclusion. Conclusions The observation of co-occurrence of ecologically equivalent species on the young volcano of Maui provides a missing link in the process of adaptive radiation between the point when recently divergent species of the same ecomorph occur in allopatry, to the point where different ecomorphs co-occur at a site, as found throughout the older islands. More importantly, the ability of close relatives of the same ecomorph to interact, without admixture, may provide the conditions necessary for ecological divergence and independent evolution of ecomorphs associated with adaptive radiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1209-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko D Cotoras
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA. .,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA. .,Department of Entomology / Center for Comparative Genomics, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
| | - Ke Bi
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3160, USA.,Computational Genomics Resource Laboratory (CGRL), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Michael S Brewer
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, 1000 E 5th St, Greenville, NC, 27858-4353, USA
| | - David R Lindberg
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA.,Museum of Paleontology, University of California, 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
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Cotoras DD, Murray GGR, Kapp J, Gillespie RG, Griswold C, Simison WB, Green RE, Shapiro B. Ancient DNA Resolves the History of Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) Spiders on Rapa Nui. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8120403. [PMID: 29261166 PMCID: PMC5748721 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapa Nui is one of the most remote islands in the world. As a young island, its biota is a consequence of both natural dispersals over the last ~1 million years and recent human introductions. It therefore provides an opportunity to study a unique community assemblage. Here, we extract DNA from museum-preserved and newly field-collected spiders from the genus Tetragnatha to explore their history on Rapa Nui. Using an optimized protocol to recover ancient DNA from museum-preserved spiders, we sequence and assemble partial mitochondrial genomes from nine Tetragnatha species, two of which were found on Rapa Nui, and estimate the evolutionary relationships between these and other Tetragnatha species. Our phylogeny shows that the two Rapa Nui species are not closely related. One, the possibly extinct, T. paschae, is nested within a circumtropical species complex (T. nitens), and the other (Tetragnatha sp. Rapa Nui) appears to be a recent human introduction. Our results highlight the power of ancient DNA approaches in identifying cryptic and rare species, which can contribute to our understanding of the global distribution of biodiversity in all taxonomic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko D Cotoras
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
- Entomology Department, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Dr., Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Center for Comparative Genomics, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Dr., Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Gemma G R Murray
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Joshua Kapp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA.
| | - Charles Griswold
- Entomology Department, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Dr., Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - W Brian Simison
- Center for Comparative Genomics, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Dr., Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Richard E Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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