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Rodrigues S, Avellan A, Bland GD, Miranda MCR, Larue C, Wagner M, Moreno-Bayona DA, Castillo-Michel H, Lowry GV, Rodrigues SM. Effect of a Zinc Phosphate Shell on the Uptake and Translocation of Foliarly Applied ZnO Nanoparticles in Pepper Plants ( Capsicum annuum). Environ Sci Technol 2024. [PMID: 38340051 PMCID: PMC10882962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Here, isotopically labeled 68ZnO NPs (ZnO NPs) and 68ZnO NPs with a thin 68Zn3(PO4)2 shell (ZnO_Ph NPs) were foliarly applied (40 μg Zn) to pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) to determine the effect of surface chemistry of ZnO NPs on the Zn uptake and systemic translocation to plant organs over 6 weeks. Despite similar dissolution of both Zn-based NPs after 3 weeks, the Zn3(PO4)2 shell on ZnO_Ph NPs (48 ± 12 nm; -18.1 ± 0.6 mV) enabled a leaf uptake of 2.31 ± 0.34 μg of Zn, which is 2.7 times higher than the 0.86 ± 0.18 μg of Zn observed for ZnO NPs (26 ± 8 nm; 14.6 ± 0.4 mV). Further, ZnO_Ph NPs led to higher Zn mobility and phloem loading, while Zn from ZnO NPs was stored in the epidermal tissues, possibly through cell wall immobilization as a storage strategy. These differences led to higher translocation of Zn from the ZnO_Ph NPs within all plant compartments. ZnO_Ph NPs were also more persistent as NPs in the exposed leaf and in the plant stem over time. As a result, the treatment of ZnO_Ph NPs induced significantly higher Zn transport to the fruit than ZnO NPs. As determined by spICP-TOFMS, Zn in the fruit was not in the NP form. These results suggest that the Zn3(PO4)2 shell on ZnO NPs can help promote the transport of Zn to pepper fruits when foliarly applied. This work provides insight into the role of Zn3(PO4)2 on the surface of ZnO NPs in foliar uptake and in planta biodistribution for improving Zn delivery to edible plant parts and ultimately improving the Zn content in food for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rodrigues
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Astrid Avellan
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Géosciences-Environnement-Toulouse (GET), CNRS, UMR 5563 CNRS, UT3, IRD, CNES, OMP, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Garret D Bland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Matheus C R Miranda
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Camille Larue
- Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UT3), 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Mickaël Wagner
- Géosciences-Environnement-Toulouse (GET), CNRS, UMR 5563 CNRS, UT3, IRD, CNES, OMP, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UT3), 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Diana A Moreno-Bayona
- Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UT3), 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Hiram Castillo-Michel
- The European Synchrotron, ESRF, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Gregory V Lowry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sónia M Rodrigues
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Gao L, Li R, Liang Z, Yang C, Yang Z, Hou L, Ouyang L, Zhao X, Chen J, Zhao P. Remobilization characteristics and diffusion kinetic processes of sediment zinc (Zn) in a tidal reach of the Pearl River Estuary, South China. J Hazard Mater 2023; 457:131692. [PMID: 37257381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of the remobilization mechanism of trace metals in estuarine sediments remain challenging because of dynamic hydrochemical conditions. This study integrated a chemical sequential extraction procedure (BCR), the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) and high-resolution dialysis techniques, and Visual MINTEQ ver.3.1 to identify the seasonal mobilization characteristics of sediment Zn within a tidal reach, South China. The mobility of sediment Zn based on the BCR procedure contradicted the results of DGT analysis. In summer, reductive dissolution of Fe/Mn oxides was the key driver of sediment Zn remobilization; during winter, cation exchange reactions facilitated the mobilization of Zn in the brackish water zone. The time-dependence ratios of DGT-labile Zn and dissolved Zn concentrations (mean: 0.34-0.81) indicated the sediment solid phase had partially sustained capacity to resupply Zn to the porewater in both seasons. Sediments generally functioned as a source of Zn in the freshwater zone with organically complexed Zn being diffusively released into the water column at rates of 0.3-15.5 μg·m-2·d-1. In the brackish water zone, the dominant Zn species were transformed into free Zn ions and Zn-inorganic complexes and migrated into sediment, with respective influxes of 18.9-70.7 μg·m-2·d-1 and 18.9-68.3 μg·m-2·d-1, which shifted to a sink of Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Rui Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zuobing Liang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chenchen Yang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zaizhi Yang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Lei Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jianyao Chen
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Mastoi AK, Bhanbhro R, Chen X, Fatah TA, Mehroz A. Assessing long-term performance of stabilized Zn-contaminated dredged sediment slurry treated with the PHDVPSS method. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:19262-19272. [PMID: 34714480 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solidification/stabilization (S/S) has been widely used for effective treatment of dredged sediment (DS) for many years, with the objective of improving the mechanical properties of DS through the addition of inorganic cementitious materials. Most previous studies have reported the short-term performance of S/S. However, long-term effectiveness is critical, as contaminants remain underground and are subjected to a variety of environmental stresses that can degrade S/S materials. In this regard, this experimental work investigated the long-term efficacy of solidification/stabilization of dredged contaminated sediments (DCS) treated with a new integrated method, namely PHDVPSS, which uses a prefabricated horizontal drain (PHD) assisted by vacuum pressure (VP) as well as solidification/stabilization. The DCS were treated with Portland cement (PC) as binder in the PHDVPSS method (abbreviated as VP-PC) at different zinc (Zn) concentration levels and compared with the traditional cement-based solidification/stabilization method (abbreviated as SS-PC). A series of experimental tests such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were performed to assess the long-term strength, leaching and microstructural characteristics of high-water-content DCS, respectively. The UCS test results indicated that the strength of VP-PC mixes increased significantly with curing time compared to the limited strength development of SS-PC mixes. After 180-day curing, VP-PC mixes exhibited 3.5-5.5 times higher UCS values than the SS-PC mixes. Furthermore, when compared to the SS-PC mixes, the VP-PC mixes had 14.7-36.4% lower leached Zn concentrations at different Zn levels. This is attributed to an increase in the least reactive F4 (residual) fraction and a decrease in the most mobile F1 (acid-soluble) fraction as confirmed by the BCR method. Microstructural tests including XRD and SEM-EDS revealed that calcium silicate hydrate-like compounds were identified as the main hydration products of both the VP-PC and SS-PC mixes. However, portlandite, a major hydration product of PC, was not detected in either case, which is attributed to the retardant effect of Zn on cement hydration. Overall, the experimental results showed that the PHDVPSS method, when compared to the conventional solidification/stabilization method, is a viable choice for treating high-water-content DCS at different Zn concentration levels with low cement content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Khan Mastoi
- Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Department of Civil Engineering, Quaid-E-Awam University of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Nawabshah, 67450, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Bhanbhro
- Department of Civil Engineering, Quaid-E-Awam University of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Nawabshah, 67450, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Xunlong Chen
- Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Traore Abdoul Fatah
- Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Atta Mehroz
- Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Petrosino M, Stellato F, Chiaraluce R, Consalvi V, La Penna G, Pasquo A, Proux O, Rossi G, Morante S. Zn-Induced Interactions Between SARS-CoV-2 orf7a and BST2/Tetherin. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1133-1141. [PMID: 34791819 PMCID: PMC8600262 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present in this work a first X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy study of the interactions of Zn with human BST2/tetherin and SARS-CoV-2 orf7a proteins as well as with some of their complexes. The analysis of the XANES region of the measured spectra shows that Zn binds to BST2, as well as to orf7a, thus resulting in the formation of BST2-orf7a complexes. This structural information confirms the the conjecture, recently put forward by some of the present Authors, according to which the accessory orf7a (and possibly also orf8) viral protein are capable of interfering with the BST2 antiviral activity. Our explanation for this behavior is that, when BST2 gets in contact with Zn bound to the orf7a Cys15 ligand, it has the ability of displacing the metal owing to the creation of a new disulfide bridge across the two proteins. The formation of this BST2-orf7a complex destabilizes BST2 dimerization, thus impairing the antiviral activity of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petrosino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza Università di RomaPiazzale Aldo Moro 500185RomaItaly
| | - Francesco Stellato
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di Roma Tor Vergata and INFNVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
- INFN - Sezione di Roma Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
| | - Roberta Chiaraluce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza Università di RomaPiazzale Aldo Moro 500185RomaItaly
| | - Valerio Consalvi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza Università di RomaPiazzale Aldo Moro 500185RomaItaly
| | - Giovanni La Penna
- INFN - Sezione di Roma Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
- CNR - Istituto di chimica dei composti organometallici50019 –Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Alessandra Pasquo
- ENEA CR FrascatiDiagnostics and Metrology Laboratory FSN-TECFIS-DIMVia Enrico Fermi, 4500044FrascatiRM
| | - Olivier Proux
- Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de GrenobleUAR 832 CNRSUniversitè Grenoble Alpes38041GrenobleFrance
| | - Giancarlo Rossi
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di Roma Tor Vergata and INFNVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
- INFN - Sezione di Roma Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
- Centro Fermi – Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”00184RomaItaly
| | - Silvia Morante
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di Roma Tor Vergata and INFNVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
- INFN - Sezione di Roma Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
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Adediran GA, Ngwenya BT, Mosselmans JFW, Heal KV. Bacteria-zinc co-localization implicates enhanced synthesis of cysteine-rich peptides in zinc detoxification when Brassica juncea is inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum. New Phytol 2016; 209:280-93. [PMID: 26263508 PMCID: PMC4676334 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Some plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are enigmatic in enhancing plant growth in the face of increased metal accumulation in plants. Since most PGPB colonize the plant root epidermis, we hypothesized that PGPB confer tolerance to metals through changes in speciation at the root epidermis. We employed a novel combination of fluorophore-based confocal laser scanning microscopic imaging and synchrotron based microscopic X-ray fluorescence mapping with X-ray absorption spectroscopy to characterize bacterial localization, zinc (Zn) distribution and speciation in the roots of Brassica juncea grown in Zn contaminated media (400 mg kg(-1) Zn) with the endophytic Pseudomonas brassicacearum and rhizospheric Rhizobium leguminosarum. PGPB enhanced epidermal Zn sequestration relative to PGBP-free controls while the extent of endophytic accumulation depended on the colonization mode of each PGBP. Increased root accumulation of Zn and increased tolerance to Zn was associated predominantly with R. leguminosarum and was likely due to the coordination of Zn with cysteine-rich peptides in the root endodermis, suggesting enhanced synthesis of phytochelatins or glutathione. Our mechanistic model of enhanced Zn accumulation and detoxification in plants inoculated with R. leguminosarum has particular relevance to PGPB enhanced phytoremediation of soils contaminated through mining and oxidation of sulphur-bearing Zn minerals or engineered nanomaterials such as ZnS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbotemi A Adediran
- School of GeoSciences, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK
- Author for correspondence:,
Gbotemi A. Adediran
,
Tel: +44 (0)7447945688
,
| | - Bryne T Ngwenya
- School of GeoSciences, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK
| | | | - Kate V Heal
- School of GeoSciences, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK
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6
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Adediran GA, Ngwenya BT, Mosselmans JFW, Heal KV, Harvie BA. Mechanisms behind bacteria induced plant growth promotion and Zn accumulation in Brassica juncea. J Hazard Mater 2014; 283:490-9. [PMID: 25464287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The growth and metal-extraction efficiency of plants exposed to toxic metals has been reported to be enhanced by inoculating plants with certain bacteria but the mechanisms behind this process remain unclear. We report results from glasshouse experiments on Brassica juncea plants exposed to 400mgZnkg(-1) that investigated the abilities of Pseudomonas brassicacearum and Rhizobium leguminosarum to promote growth, coupled with synchrotron based μXANES analysis to probe Zn speciation in the plant roots. P. brassicacearum exhibited the poorest plant growth promoting ability, while R. leguminosarum alone and in combination with P. brassicacearum enhanced plant growth and Zn phytoextraction. Reduced growth in un-inoculated plants was attributed to accumulation of Zn oxalate and Zn sulfate in roots. In plants inoculated with P. brassicacearum the high concentration of Zn polygalacturonic acid in the root may be responsible for the stunted growth and reduced Zn phytoextraction. The improved growth and increased metal accumulation observed in plants inoculated with R. leguminosarum and in combination with P. brassicacearum was attributed to the storage of Zn in the form of Zn phytate and Zn cysteine in the root. When combined with the observation that both bacteria do not statistically improve B. juncea growth in the absence of Zn, this work suggests that bacteria-induced metal chelation is the key mechanism of plant growth promoting bacteria in toxicity attenuation and microbial-assisted phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbotemi A Adediran
- School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK.
| | - Bryne T Ngwenya
- School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK
| | | | - Kate V Heal
- School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK
| | - Barbra A Harvie
- School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK
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Schneider T, Persson DP, Husted S, Schellenberg M, Gehrig P, Lee Y, Martinoia E, Schjoerring JK, Meyer S. A proteomics approach to investigate the process of Zn hyperaccumulation in Noccaea caerulescens (J & C. Presl) F.K. Meyer. Plant J 2013; 73:131-42. [PMID: 22974502 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element in all living organisms, but is toxic in excess. Several plant species are able to accumulate Zn at extraordinarily high concentrations in the leaf epidermis without showing any toxicity symptoms. However, the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are still poorly understood. A state-of-the-art quantitative 2D liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) proteomics approach was used to investigate the abundance of proteins involved in Zn hyperaccumulation in leaf epidermal and mesophyll tissues of Noccaea caerulescens. Furthermore, the Zn speciation in planta was analyzed by a size-exclusion chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (SEC-ICP-MS) method, in order to identify the Zn-binding ligands and mechanisms responsible for Zn hyperaccumulation. Epidermal cells have an increased capability to cope with the oxidative stress that results from excess Zn, as indicated by a higher abundance of glutathione S-transferase proteins. A Zn importer of the ZIP family was more abundant in the epidermal tissue than in the mesophyll tissue, but the vacuolar Zn transporter MTP1 was equally distributed. Almost all of the Zn located in the mesophyll was stored as Zn-nicotianamine complexes. In contrast, a much lower proportion of the Zn was found as Zn-nicotianamine complexes in the epidermis. However, these cells have higher concentrations of malate and citrate, and these organic acids are probably responsible for complexation of most epidermal Zn. Here we provide evidence for a cell type-specific adaptation to excess Zn conditions and an increased ability to transport Zn into the epidermal vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schneider
- Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstraße 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Pergament Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Husted
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Schellenberg
- Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstraße 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Gehrig
- Functional Genomics Center, University and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Postech-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstraße 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Postech-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Jan K Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Meyer
- Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstraße 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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