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Liu L, Chen X, Jin HM, Zhao SS, Zhu Y, Qian SX, Wu YJ. [The Expression and Function of NK Cells in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia]. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2022; 30:49-55. [PMID: 35123603 DOI: 10.19746/j.cnki.issn.1009-2137.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the expression characteristics of antigens and functional markers of natural killer (NK) cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS Multi-parameter flow cytometry was used to detect NK cell surface markers and their functional indicators in 56 newly diagnosed AML patients and 24 healthy controls, including activating receptors NKG2D, NKP46, DNAM-1, and killing indicators granzyme B, perforin. RESULTS Referring to the WHO hematopoiesis and lymph tissue tumor classification criteria, 56 cases were roughly divided into three types: AML M1, M2, and M4/M5. However, there was no differences about NK cells among the three types, so it was no longer subdivided. NK cells were divided into two groups: CD3-CD56hiCD16- (CD56hiNK) and CD3-CD56dimCD16+ (CD56dimNK). Compared with CD56dimNK cell population, except for NKP46, the positive expression levels of NKG2D and other receptors of CD56hiNK cells in AML patients decreased (P<0.001). Compared with healthy controls, the proportion of CD56hiNK cells in AML patients increased, while the number and proportion of NK cells and proportion of CD56dimNK cells significantly decreased (P<0.05). The proportion of perforin in CD56hiNK cells significantly increased (P<0.05). The expression of DNAM-1 in CD56hiNK cells, NKG2D, DNAM-1, and perforin in CD56dimNK cells decreased significantly (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in expression of other functional indexes in AML patients compared with corresponding indexes of healthy controls. In addition, the proportion of CD56hiNK cells was positively correlated with the expression of CD34+ in AML (r=0.303). CONCLUSION Compared with CD56dimNK, the ratio of CD56hiNK and the expression of functional markers in AML patients are lower. Compared with healthy controls, the number and expression ratio of NK cells in AML patients decrease and the expression of functional markers is abnormal, indicating that its function is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui-Min Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si-Shu Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si-Xuan Qian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Jie Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China,E-mail:
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Key PN, Germino J, Yang L, Piersma SJ, Tripathy SK. Chronic Ly49H Receptor Engagement in vivo Decreases NK Cell Response to Stimulation Through ITAM-Dependent and Independent Pathways Both in vitro and in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1692. [PMID: 31396217 PMCID: PMC6664057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the innate immune response. The summation of activation and inhibitory signals delivered through cell surface membrane receptors determines NK cell function. However, the continuous engagement of an activating receptor on NK cells appears to render the cells hyporesponsive to stimulation through other unrelated activating receptors. The mechanism by which this takes place remains unclear. Herein we demonstrate that continuous in vivo engagement of the Ly49H receptor with its ligand, m157, results in Ly49H+ NK cells that are hyporesponsive to further stimulation by other ITAM-dependent and independent receptors, while Ly49H− NK cells remain unaffected. The hyporesponsiveness of the NK cell correlates with the degree of Ly49H receptor downmodulation on its cell surface. We observe defects in calcium flux in the hyporesponsive NK cells following stimulation through the NK1.1 receptor. In addition, we observe differences in signaling molecules that play a role in calcium flux, including spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) at baseline and phosphorylated phospholipase C gamma 2 (p-PLCγ2) at both baseline and following stimulation through NK1.1. We also demonstrate that various ITAM associated activation receptors, including Ly49H, remain associated with their respective adaptor molecules. With regard to in vivo NK cell function, we did not find differences in the formation of metastatic lung lesions following IV injection of B16 melanoma cells. However, we did observe defects in rejection of missing-self targets in vivo. The data suggest that continuous engagement of the Ly49H activating receptor on NK cells results in hyporesponsiveness of the NK cells to all of the ITAM-dependent and independent receptors we analyzed due to altered signaling pathways downstream of the receptor and adaptor molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip N Key
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joe Germino
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Liping Yang
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sytse J Piersma
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sandeep K Tripathy
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells express an array of germ-line encoded receptors that are capable of triggering cytotoxicity. NK cells tend to express many members of a given family of signalling molecules. The presence of many activating receptors and many members of a given family of signalling molecules can enable NK cells to detect different kinds of target cells, and to mount different kinds of responses. This contributes also to the robustness of NK cells responses; cytotoxic functions of NK cells often remain unaffected in the absence of selected signalling molecules. NK cells express many MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors. Signals from MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors tightly control NK cell cytotoxicity and, paradoxically, maintain NK cells in a state of proper responsiveness. This review provides a brief overview of the events that underlie NK cell activation, and how signals from inhibitory receptors intercept NK cell activation to prevent inappropriate triggering of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in antiviral innate defenses because of their abilities to kill infected cells and secrete regulatory cytokines. Additionally, NK cells exhibit adaptive memory-like antigen-specific responses, which represent a novel antiviral NK cell defense mechanism. Viruses have evolved various strategies to evade the recognition and destruction by NK cells through the downregulation of the NK cell activating receptors. Here, we review the recent findings on viral evasion of NK cells via the impairment of NK cell-activating receptors and ligands, which provide new insights on the relationship between NK cells and viral actions during persistent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Sun C, Sun H, Zhang C, Tian Z. NK cell receptor imbalance and NK cell dysfunction in HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:292-302. [PMID: 25308752 PMCID: PMC4654321 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the third leading cause of cancer mortality and a common poor-prognosis malignancy due to postoperative recurrence and metastasis. There is a significant correlation between chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocarcinogenesis. As the first line of host defense against viral infections and tumors, natural killer (NK) cells express a large number of immune recognition receptors (NK receptors (NKRs)) to recognize ligands on hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, stellate cells and Kupffer cells, which maintain the balance between immune response and immune tolerance of NK cells. Unfortunately, the percentage and absolute number of liver NK cells decrease significantly during the development and progression of HCC. The abnormal expression of NK cell receptors and dysfunction of liver NK cells contribute to the progression of chronic HBV infection and HCC and are significantly associated with poor prognosis for liver cancer. In this review, we focus on the role of NK cell receptors in anti-tumor immune responses in HCC, particularly HBV-related HCC. We discuss specifically how tumor cells evade attack from NK cells and how emerging understanding of NKRs may aid the development of novel treatments for HCC. Novel mono- and combination therapeutic strategies that target the NK cell receptor-ligand system may potentially lead to successful and effective immunotherapy in HCC.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 6 October 2014; doi:10.1038/cmi.2014.91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Kaifu T, Escalière B, Gastinel LN, Vivier E, Baratin M. B7-H6/NKp30 interaction: a mechanism of alerting NK cells against tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3531-9. [PMID: 21877119 PMCID: PMC11114815 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that sense target cells through a panel of activating and inhibitory receptors. Together with NKG2D, the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) are major activating receptors involved in tumor cell detection. Although numerous NKG2D ligands have been identified, characterization of the molecules interacting with the NCRs is still incomplete. The identification of B7-H6 as a counter structure of the NCR NKp30 shed light on the molecular basis of NK cell immunosurveillance. We review here the current knowledge on NKp30 and B7-H6, and we discuss their potential role in anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Kaifu
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bertrand Escalière
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Case 906, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- INSERM U631, Case 906, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR6102, Case 906, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Louis N. Gastinel
- INSERM UMR-S850, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie des Immunosuppresseurs en Transplantation, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Case 906, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- INSERM U631, Case 906, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR6102, Case 906, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Myriam Baratin
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Case 906, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- INSERM U631, Case 906, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR6102, Case 906, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
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Casado JG, Pawelec G, Morgado S, Sanchez-Correa B, Delgado E, Gayoso I, Duran E, Solana R, Tarazona R. Expression of adhesion molecules and ligands for activating and costimulatory receptors involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity in a large panel of human melanoma cell lines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1517-26. [PMID: 19259667 PMCID: PMC11030684 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the interactions between MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic effector cells and solid tumour cells is essential for introducing more effective NK cell-based immunotherapy protocols into clinical practise. Here, to begin to obtain an overview of the possible universe of molecules that could be involved in the interactions between immune effector cells and melanoma, we analyse the surface expression of adhesion and costimulatory molecules and of ligands for NK-activating receptors on a large panel of cell lines from the "European Searchable Tumour Cell Line and Data Bank" (ESTDAB, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/estdab/ ) and discuss their potential role in the immune response against this tumour. We show that most melanoma cell lines express not only adhesion molecules that are likely to favour their interaction with cells of the immune system, but also their interaction with endothelial cells potentially increasing their invasiveness and metastatic capacity. A high percentage of melanoma cell lines also express ligands for the NK-activating receptor NKG2D; whereas, the majority express MICA/B molecules, ULBP expression, however, was rarely found. In addition to these molecules, we also found that CD155 (poliovirus receptor, PVR) is expressed by the majority of melanoma cell lines, whereas CD112 (Nectin-2) expression was rare. These molecules are DNAM-1 ligands, a costimulatory molecule involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production that also mediates costimulatory signals for triggering naïve T cell differentiation. The phenotypical characterisation of adhesion molecules and ligands for receptors involved in cell cytotoxicity on a large series of melanoma cell lines will contribute to the identification of markers useful for the development of new immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier G. Casado
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Morgado
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Elena Delgado
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gayoso
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avenida de Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Esther Duran
- Department of Comparative Pathology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Solana
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avenida de Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Shibuya A, Nakahashi-Oda C, Tahara-Hanaoka S. Regulation of Immune Responses by the Activating and Inhibitory Myeloid-Associate Immunoglobuline-Like Receptors (MAIR) (CD300). Immune Netw 2009; 9:41-5. [PMID: 20107542 PMCID: PMC2803305 DOI: 10.4110/in.2009.9.2.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors play important roles in regulation of immune responses. Recent progress has demonstrated that many inhibitory receptors pair with activating, as well as inhibitory, isoforms, both of whose genes are located in small clusters on a chromosome. We and others identified paired activating and inhibitory immunoglobulin-like receptors, designated myeloid-associated immunoglobulin-like receptors (MAIR) (CD300). MAIR is a multigene family consisting of nine genes on a small segment of mouse chromosome 11. MAIR family receptors are preferentially expressed on myeloid cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and bone-marrow-derived cultured mast cells, and a subset of B cells and regulate activation of these cells. Thus, MAIR plays an important role in innate immunity mediated by myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Cantoni C, Bottino C, Vitale M, Pessino A, Augugliaro R, Malaspina A, Parolini S, Moretta L, Moretta A, Biassoni R. NKp44, a triggering receptor involved in tumor cell lysis by activated human natural killer cells, is a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. J Exp Med 1999; 189:787-96. [PMID: 10049942 PMCID: PMC2192947 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.5.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface receptors involved in natural killer (NK) cell triggering during the process of tumor cell lysis have recently been identified. Of these receptors, NKp44 is selectively expressed by IL-2- activated NK cells and may contribute to the increased efficiency of activated NK cells to mediate tumor cell lysis. Here we describe the molecular cloning of NKp44. Analysis of the cloned cDNA indicated that NKp44 is a novel transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the Immunoglobulin superfamily characterized by a single extracellular V-type domain. The charged amino acid lysine in the transmembrane region may be involved in the association of NKp44 with the signal transducing molecule killer activating receptor-associated polypeptide (KARAP)/DAP12. These molecules were found to be crucial for the surface expression of NKp44. In agreement with data of NKp44 surface expression, the NKp44 transcripts were strictly confined to activated NK cells and to a minor subset of TCR-gamma/delta+ T lymphocytes. Unlike genes coding for other receptors involved in NK cell triggering or inhibition, the NKp44 gene is on human chromosome 6.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Cell Compartmentation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/classification
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Immunologic/classification
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cantoni
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro and Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Kubagawa H, Chen CC, Ho LH, Shimada TS, Gartland L, Mashburn C, Uehara T, Ravetch JV, Cooper MD. Biochemical nature and cellular distribution of the paired immunoglobulin-like receptors, PIR-A and PIR-B. J Exp Med 1999; 189:309-18. [PMID: 9892613 PMCID: PMC2192985 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.2.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1998] [Revised: 11/02/1998] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PIR-A and PIR-B, paired immunoglobulin-like receptors encoded, respectively, by multiple Pira genes and a single Pirb gene in mice, are relatives of the human natural killer (NK) and Fc receptors. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies produced against a recombinant PIR protein identified cell surface glycoproteins of approximately 85 and approximately 120 kD on B cells, granulocytes, and macrophages. A disulfide-linked homodimer associated with the cell surface PIR molecules was identified as the Fc receptor common gamma (FcRgammac) chain. Whereas PIR-B fibroblast transfectants expressed cell surface molecules of approximately 120 kD, PIR-A transfectants expressed the approximately 85-kD molecules exclusively intracellularly; PIR-A and FcRgammac cotransfectants expressed the PIR-A/ FcRgammac complex on their cell surface. Correspondingly, PIR-B was normally expressed on the cell surface of splenocytes from FcRgammac-/- mice whereas PIR-A was not. Cell surface levels of PIR molecules on myeloid and B lineage cells increased with cellular differentiation and activation. Dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and mast cells expressed the PIR molecules in varying levels, but T cells and NK cells did not. These experiments define the coordinate cellular expression of PIR-B, an inhibitory receptor, and PIR-A, an activating receptor; demonstrate the requirement of FcRgammac chain association for cell surface PIR-A expression; and suggest that the level of FcRgammac chain expression could differentially affect the PIR-A/PIR-B equilibrium in different cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kubagawa
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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