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Li K, You W, Wang W, Gong K, Liu Y, Wang L, Ge Q, Ruan X, Ao J, Ji M, Zhang L. Significantly Accelerated Photochemical Perfluorooctanoic Acid Decomposition at the Air-Water Interface of Microdroplets. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:21448-21458. [PMID: 38047763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficient elimination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from the environment remains a huge challenge and requires advanced technologies. Herein, we demonstrate that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) photochemical decomposition could be significantly accelerated by simply carrying out this process in microdroplets. The almost complete removal of 100 and 500 μg/L PFOA was observed after 20 min of irradiation in microdroplets, while this was achieved after about 2 h in the corresponding bulk phase counterpart. To better compare the defluorination ratio, 10 mg/L PFOA was used typically, and the defluorination rates in microdroplets were tens of times faster than that in the bulk phase reaction system. The high performances in actual water matrices, universality, and scale-up applicability were demonstrated as well. We revealed in-depth that the great acceleration is due to the abundance of the air-water interface in microdroplets, where the reactants concentration enrichment, ultrahigh interfacial electric field, and partial solvation effects synergistically promoted photoreactions responsible for PFOA decomposition, as evidenced by simulated Raman scattering microscopy imaging, vibrational Stark effect measurement, and DFT calculation. This study provides an effective approach and highlights the important roles of air-water interface of microdroplets in PFASs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejian Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo You
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Kedong Gong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Longqian Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyue Ge
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Ruan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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2
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Tian W, Yang J, Xu WQ, Lian L, Qiu XW, Liang X, Wu CC, Gong X, Zhang G, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Fluorescent Visualization of Chemical Profiles across the Air-Water Interface. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:20107-20117. [PMID: 37990860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical transfer across the air-water interface is one of the most important geochemical processes of global significance. Quantifying such a process has remained extremely challenging due to the lack of suitable technologies to measure chemical diffusion across the air-water microlayer. Herein, we present a fluorescence optical system capable of visualizing the formation of the air-water microlayer with a spatial resolution of 10 μm and quantifying air-water diffusion fluxes using pyrene as a target chemical. We show for the first time that the air-water microlayer is composed of the surface microlayer in water (∼290 ± 40 μm) and a diffusion layer in air (∼350 ± 40 μm) with 1 μg L-1 of pyrene. The diffusion flux of pyrene across the air-water interface is derived from its high-resolution concentration profile without any pre-emptive assumption, which is 2 orders of magnitude lower than those from the conventional method. This system can be expanded to visualize diffusion dynamics of other fluorescent chemicals across the air-water interface and provides a powerful tool for furthering our understanding of air-water mass transfer of organic chemicals related to their global cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Tian
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lin Lian
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xia-Wen Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiangjun Gong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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3
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Szewczyk J, Babacic V, Krysztofik A, Ivashchenko O, Pochylski M, Pietrzak R, Gapiński J, Graczykowski B, Bechelany M, Coy E. Control of Intermolecular Interactions toward the Production of Free-Standing Interfacial Polydopamine Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37489635 PMCID: PMC10401576 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of the polydopamine (PDA) molecular building blocks at the air/water interface leads to obtaining large surface nanometric-thin films. This mechanism follows two possible pathways, namely, covalent or non-covalent self-assembly, which result in a different degree of structure order and, consequently, different structural properties. Control of this mechanism could be vital for applications that require true self-support PDA free-standing films, for example, electrochemical sensing or membrane technology. Here, we are considering the impact of boric acid (BA) and Cu2+ ions on the mentioned mechanism exclusively for the free-standing films from the air/water interface. We have employed and refined our own spectroscopic reflectometry method to achieve an exceptionally high real-time control over the thickness growth. It turned out that BA and Cu2+ ions significantly impact the film growth process. Reduction of the nanoparticles size and their number was examined via UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, showing a colossal reduction in the mean diameter of nanoparticles in the case of BA and a moderate reduction in the case of Cu2+. This modification is leading to significant enhancement of the process efficiency through moderation of the topological properties of the films, as revealed by atomic force microscopy. Next, applying infrared, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we presented small amounts of metal (B or Cu) in the final structure of PDA and simultaneously their vital role in the oxidation mechanism and cross-linking through covalent or non-covalent bonds. Therefore, we revealed the possibility of synthesizing films via the expected self-assembly mechanism which has hitherto been out of control. Moreover, modification of mechanical properties toward exceptionally elastic films through the BA-assisted synthesis pathway was shown by achieving Young's modulus value up to 24.1 ± 5.6 and 18.3 ± 6.4 GPa, using nanoindentation and Brillouin light scattering, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Szewczyk
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Visnja Babacic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Krysztofik
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Olena Ivashchenko
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Pochylski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Gapiński
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Graczykowski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Gulf University for Science and Technology, GUST, 32093 Hawally, Kuwait
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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4
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Jin S, Chen H, Yuan X, Xing D, Wang R, Zhao L, Zhang D, Gong C, Zhu C, Gao X, Chen Y, Zhang X. The Spontaneous Electron-Mediated Redox Processes on Sprayed Water Microdroplets. JACS Au 2023; 3:1563-1571. [PMID: 37388681 PMCID: PMC10301804 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Water is considered as an inert environment for the dispersion of many chemical systems. However, by simply spraying bulk water into microsized droplets, the water microdroplets have been shown to possess a large plethora of unique properties, including the ability to accelerate chemical reactions by several orders of magnitude compared to the same reactions in bulk water, and/or to trigger spontaneous reactions that cannot occur in bulk water. A high electric field (∼109 V/m) at the air-water interface of microdroplets has been postulated to be the probable cause of the unique chemistries. This high field can even oxidize electrons out of hydroxide ions or other closed-shell molecules dissolved in water, forming radicals and electrons. Subsequently, the electrons can trigger further reduction processes. In this Perspective, by showing a large number of such electron-mediated redox reactions, and by studying the kinetics of these reactions, we opine that the redox reactions on sprayed water microdroplets are essentially processes using electrons as the charge carriers. The potential impacts of the redox capability of microdroplets are also discussed in a larger context of synthetic chemistry and atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuihui Jin
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Dong Xing
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Ruijing Wang
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Chu Gong
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Chenghui Zhu
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xufeng Gao
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yeye Chen
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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5
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Abstract
The transport of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil and groundwater is important for site investigation, risk characterization, and remediation planning. The adsorption of PFAS at air-water interfaces has been shown to significantly contribute to PFAS retention, with subsequent effects on concentrations and the time scales of transport. In this study, column experiments were conducted to investigate the transport of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) individually and in binary mixtures in the presence of a trapped gas phase, using clean sands to isolate adsorption to air-water interfaces. Consistent with previous studies, the transport of PFOS, PFOA, and 6:2 FTS was retarded by adsorption at the air-water interface, with greater retention of PFOS due to its higher affinity for the air-water interface. Chromatographic separation occurred in the experiments using binary mixtures of PFOS and PFOA, with greater retention at lower influent concentrations. The mixture experiments also showed enhanced breakthrough of PFOA in the presence of PFOS, where effluent concentrations of PFOA were temporarily greater than the influent concentration prior to the breakthrough of PFOS. This enhanced breakthrough was attributed to competition between PFOS and PFOA for adsorption to the air-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine E F Abraham
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, OntarioCanada, K7L 3N6
| | - Kevin G Mumford
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, OntarioCanada, K7L 3N6
| | - David J Patch
- Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, OntarioCanada, 7K7 7B4
| | - Kela P Weber
- Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, OntarioCanada, 7K7 7B4
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Yu J, Liang C, Lee M, Das S, Ye A, Mujid F, Poddar PK, Cheng B, Abbott NL, Park J. Two-Dimensional Mechanics of Atomically Thin Solids on Water. Nano Lett 2022; 22:7180-7186. [PMID: 36047815 PMCID: PMC9479134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Movement of a three-dimensional solid at an air-water interface is strongly influenced by the extrinsic interactions between the solid and the water. The finite thickness and volume of a moving solid causes capillary interactions and water-induced drag. In this Letter, we report the fabrication and dynamical imaging of freely floating MoS2 solids on water, which minimizes such extrinsic effects. For this, we delaminate a synthesized wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 onto a water surface, which shows negligible height difference across water and MoS2. Subsequently patterning by a laser generates arbitrarily shaped MoS2 with negligible in-plane strain. We introduce photoswitchable surfactants to exert a lateral force to floating MoS2 with a spatiotemporal control. Using this platform, we demonstrate a variety of two-dimensional mechanical systems that show reversible shape changes. Our experiment provides a versatile approach for designing and controlling a large array of atomically thin solids on water for intrinsically two-dimensional dynamics and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyung Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ce Liang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Myungjae Lee
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrew Ye
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Fauzia Mujid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Preeti K Poddar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Baorui Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiwoong Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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7
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Dao HM, Sahakijpijarn S, Chrostowski RR, Moon C, Mangolini F, Cui Z, Williams RO. Aggregation of Lactoferrin Caused by Droplet Atomization Process via a Two-Fluid Nozzle: The Detrimental Effect of Air-Water Interfaces. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2662-2675. [PMID: 35639017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biological macromolecules, especially therapeutic proteins, are delicate and highly sensitive to denaturation from stresses encountered during the manufacture of dosage forms. Thin-film freeze-drying (TFFD) and spray freeze-drying (SFD) are two processes used to convert liquid forms of protein into dry powders. In the production of inhalable dry powders that contain proteins, these potential stressors fall into three categories based on their occurrence during the primary steps of the process: (1) droplet formation (e.g., the mechanism of droplet formation, including spray atomization), (2) freezing, and (3) frozen water removal (e.g., sublimation). This study compares the droplet formation mechanism used in TFFD and SFD by investigating the effects of spraying on the stability of proteins, using lactoferrin as a model. This study considers various perspectives on the denaturation (e.g., conformation) of lactoferrin after subjecting the protein solution to the atomization process using a pneumatic two-fluid nozzle (employed in SFD) or a low-shear drop application through the nozzle. The surface activity of lactoferrin was examined to explore the interfacial adsorption tendency, diffusion, and denaturation process. Subsequently, this study also investigates the secondary and tertiary structure of lactoferrin and the quantification of monomers, oligomers, and, ultimately, aggregates. The spraying process affected the tertiary structure more negatively than the tightly woven secondary structure, resulting in the peak position corresponding to the tryptophan (Trp) residues red-shifting by 1.5 nm. This conformational change can either (a) be reversed at low concentrations via relaxation or (b) proceed to form irreversible aggregates at higher concentrations. Interestingly, when the sample was allowed to progress into micrometer-sized aggregates, such a dramatic change was not detected using methods such as size-exclusion chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and dynamic light scattering at 173°. A more complete understanding of the heterogeneous protein sample was achieved only through a combination of 173 and 13° backward and forward scattering, a combination of derived count rate measurements, and microflow imaging (MFI). After studying the impact of droplet formation mechanisms on aggregation tendency of lactoferrin, we further investigated two additional model proteins with different surface activity: bovine IgG (serving as a non surface-active negative reference), and β-galactosidase (another surface-active protein). The results corroborated the lactoferrin findings that spray-atomization-related stress-induced protein aggregation was much more pronounced for proteins that are surface active (lactoferrin and β-galactosidase), but it was minimal for non-surface-active protein (bovine IgG). Finally, compared to the low-shear dripping used in the TFFD process, lactoferrin underwent a relatively fast conformational change upon exposure to the high air-water interface of the two-fluid atomization nozzle used in the SFD process as compared to the low shear dripping used in the TFFD process. The interfacial-induced denaturation that occurred during spraying was governed primarily by the size of the atomized droplets, regardless of the duration of exposure to air. The percentage of denatured protein population and associated activity loss, in the case of β-galactosidase, was determined to range from 2 to 10% depending on the air-flow rate of the spraying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy M Dao
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | | | - Robert R Chrostowski
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Chaeho Moon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Filippo Mangolini
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
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8
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Stults JF, Choi YJ, Schaefer CE, Illangasekare TH, Higgins CP. Estimation of Transport Parameters of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Unsaturated Porous Media: Critical Experimental and Modeling Improvements. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:7963-7975. [PMID: 35549168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the transport of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the vadose zone is critically important for PFAA site cleanup and risk mitigation. PFAAs exhibit several unusual and poorly understood transport behaviors, including partitioning to the air-water interface, which is currently the subject of debate. This study develops a novel use of quasi-saturated (residual air saturation) column experiments to estimate chemical partitioning parameters of both linear and branched perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in unsaturated soils. The ratio of linear-to-branched air-water interfacial partitioning constants for all six experiments was 1.62 ± 0.24, indicating significantly greater partitioning of linear PFOS isomers at the air-water interface. Standard breakthrough curve analysis and numerical inversion of HYDRUS models support the application of a Freundlich isotherm for PFOS air-water interfacial partitioning below a critical reference concentration (CRC). Data from this study and previously reported unsaturated column data on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were reevaluated to examine unsaturated systems for transport nonidealities. This reanalysis suggests both transport nonidealities and Freundlich isotherm behavior for PFOA below the CRC using drainage-based column methods, contrary to the assertions of the original authors. Finally, a combined Freundlich-Langmuir isotherm was proposed to describe PFAA air-water interfacial partitioning across the full range of relevant PFAA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Stults
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 3557, United States
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 3557, United States
| | - Charles E Schaefer
- CDM Smith, 110 Fieldcrest Avenue, #8, 6th Floor, Edison, New Jersey 08837, United States
| | - Tissa H Illangasekare
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 3557, United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 3557, United States
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9
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Yoo S, Qiao B, Douglas T, Bu W, Olvera de la Cruz M, Dutta P. Specific Ion Effects in Lanthanide-Amphiphile Structures at the Air-Water Interface and Their Implications for Selective Separation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:7504-7512. [PMID: 35099919 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of surfactants to attract dissolved ions to water surfaces and interfaces is an essential step in both solvent-based and solvent-free separation processes. We have studied the interactions of lanthanide ions in the aqueous subphase with monolayers of dihexadecyl phosphate at air-water interfaces. With heavier lanthanides (atomic number Z ≥ 65) in the subphase, the floating layer can be compressed to an area/molecule of about half the molecular cross section, indicating bilayer formation. X-ray fluorescence and reflectivity data support this conclusion. In the presence of lighter lanthanides (Z < 65), only monolayers are observed. Subphase-concentration-dependent studies using Er3+ (heavier) and Nd3+ (lighter) lanthanides show a stepwise progression, with ions attaching to the monolayer only when the solution concentration is >3 × 10-7 M. Above ∼10-5 M, bilayers form but only in the presence of the heavier lanthanide. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction shows evidence of lateral ion-ion correlations in the bilayer structure but not in monolayers. Explicit solvent all-atom molecular dynamics simulations confirm the elevated ion-ion correlation in the bilayer system. This bilayer structure isolates heavier lanthanides but not lighter lanthanides from an aqueous solution and is therefore a potential mechanism for the selective separation of heavier lanthanides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Yoo
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Baofu Qiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Travis Douglas
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei Bu
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pulak Dutta
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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Gong C, Zhao Y, Zhang D, Wang J, Mu C, Wang W, Zhu S, Zhang X. Investigation of the Acid-Mediated Photosensitized Reactions of Amphiphilic α-Keto Acids at the Air-Water Interface Using Field-Induced Droplet Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2021; 32:2306-2312. [PMID: 33561341 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photochemistry of α-keto acids has been of great interest due to its implications in atmospheric and prebiotic chemistries. α-Keto acids with long alkyl chains are amphiphilic in nature, and they tend to partition at the air-water interface of atmospheric water droplets and add to the complexity of the chemistries therein. The air-water interface is a unique environment that plays a vital role in overall atmospheric processes. However, existing studies mostly focus on the photochemistry of α-keto acids in the bulk solution and neglect the reactions that occur at the interface. In this study, using the field-induced droplet ionization mass spectrometry methodology that is capable of selectively sampling amphiphilic molecules that reside at the air-water interface, we show that the acid-mediated photochemistry of 2-oxooctanoic acid and 2-oxoheptoic acid is highly different from those of previously reported reactions in the bulk and contributes to the formation of humic-like substances (HULIS). This work emphasizes the uniqueness of the photochemistry at the air-water interface. We anticipate that studies of atmosphere-relevant photochemistry at the air-water interface will be an avenue rich with opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Gong
- College of Chemistry, Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yutao Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Chemistry, Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chaonan Mu
- College of Chemistry, Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shoufei Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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11
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Lin J, Dai Q, Zhao H, Cao H, Wang T, Wang G, Chen C. Photoinduced Release of Volatile Organic Compounds from Fatty Alcohols at the Air-Water Interface: The Role of Singlet Oxygen Photosensitized by a Carbonyl Group. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:8683-8690. [PMID: 33966388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced interfacial release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from surfactants receives emerging concerns. Here, we investigate the photoreaction of 1-nonanol (NOL) as a model surfactant at the air-water interface, especially for the important role of 1O2 in the formation of VOCs. The production of VOCs is real-time quantitated. The results indicate that the oxygen content apparently affects the total yields of VOCs during the photoreaction of interfacial NOL. The photoactivity of NOL is about 8 times higher under air than that under nitrogen, which is mainly attributed to the generation of 1O2. Additionally, the production of VOCs increased by about 4 times with the existence of the air-water interface. Quenching experiments of 1O2 also illustrate the contribution of 1O2 to VOC formation, which could reach more than 95% during photoirradiation of NOL. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations show that 1O2 generated via energy transfer of photosensitizers can abstract two hydrogen atoms from a fatty alcohol molecule. The energy barrier of this reaction is 72.3 kJ/mol, and its reaction rate coefficient is about 2.742 s-1 M-1. 1O2 significantly promotes photoinduced oxidation of fatty alcohols and VOC formation through hydrogen abstraction, which provides a new insight into the interfacial photoreaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Lin
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qin Dai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - He Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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12
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Coy E, Iatsunskyi I, Colmenares JC, Kim Y, Mrówczyński R. Polydopamine Films with 2D-like Layered Structure and High Mechanical Resilience. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:23113-23120. [PMID: 33969981 PMCID: PMC8289185 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly oriented, layered, and mechanically resilient films of polydopamine (PDA) have been synthesized from the air/water interface. The films show a unique layered structure, as shown by scanning and transmission electron studies (SEM/TEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), which resemble that of 2D layered materials. The films exhibit a composition typical of PDA-based materials, as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); moreover, the samples present the distinctive resonance modes of PDA-based nanomaterials in Raman and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments. The presence of highly ordinated 3-4 protomolecule stacking, taking place at the air/water interface, with a unique eumelanin-like supramolecular arrangement is presented. Moreover, the films show superior mechanical resilience with E = 13 ± 4 GPa and H = 0.21 ± 0.03 GPa, as revealed by nanoindentation experiments, making them highly resilient and easily transferable. Finally, the ordering induced by the interface opens many possibilities for further studies, including those regarding the supramolecular structure on PDA due to their similarity to 2D layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical
Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Igor Iatsunskyi
- NanoBioMedical
Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Juan Carlos Colmenares
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yeonho Kim
- Research
Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National
University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Radosław Mrówczyński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytet Poznańskiego
8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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13
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Zhou J, Venturelli L, Keiser L, Sekatskii SK, Gallaire F, Kasas S, Longo G, Knowles TPJ, Ruggeri FS, Dietler G. Environmental Control of Amyloid Polymorphism by Modulation of Hydrodynamic Stress. ACS Nano 2021; 15:944-953. [PMID: 33348981 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of amyloid polymorphism is a key feature of protein aggregation. Unravelling this phenomenon is of great significance for understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative diseases and for the development of amyloid-based functional biomaterials. However, the understanding of the molecular origins and the physicochemical factors modulating amyloid polymorphs remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate an association between amyloid polymorphism and environmental stress in solution, induced by an air/water interface in motion. Our results reveal that low-stress environments produce heterogeneous amyloid polymorphs, including twisted, helical, and rod-like fibrils, whereas high-stress conditions generate only homogeneous rod-like fibrils. Moreover, high environmental stress converts twisted fibrils into rod-like fibrils both in-pathway and after the completion of mature amyloid formation. These results enrich our understanding of the environmental origin of polymorphism of pathological amyloids and shed light on the potential of environmentally controlled fabrication of homogeneous amyloid biomaterials for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zhou
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Venturelli
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Keiser
- Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Instabilities, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sergey K Sekatskii
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Gallaire
- Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Instabilities, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Kasas
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Francesco S Ruggeri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Dietler
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Lee K, Kreitschitz A, Lee J, Gorb SN, Lee H. Localization of Phenolic Compounds at an Air-Solid Interface in Plant Seed Mucilage: A Strategy to Maximize Its Biological Function? ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:42531-42536. [PMID: 32830951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Given a low concentration of phenols in the naturally occurring aqueous lubricant (mucilage) from hydrated seeds, their biological functions should be severely limited. Here, we introduce an undisclosed natural strategy that enables maximization of phenolic functions through exposing the phenols at the air-seed solid interface. Our findings not only offer a new perspective on plant reproduction physiology but also provide insights into an innovative design of lubricating biomaterials with additional phenolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyueui Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Agnieszka Kreitschitz
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, Kiel D-24118, Germany
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Kanonia 6/8, Wrocław 50-328, Poland
| | - Jeehee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, Kiel D-24118, Germany
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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15
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Scherz LF, Schroyen B, Pepicelli M, Schlüter DA, Vermant J, Vlassopoulos D. Molecularly Designed Interfacial Viscoelasticity by Dendronized Polymers: From Flexible Macromolecules to Colloidal Objects. ACS Nano 2019; 13:14217-14229. [PMID: 31743645 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamic and rheological properties of densely packed dendronized polymers (DPs) at water-air interfaces were studied here for first- and fourth-generation DPs (PG1, PG4) with both small (Pn ≈ 50) and large (Pn ≈ 500) backbone degrees of polymerization. The excellent control over the structural characteristics of these polymers enabled us to investigate how the interfacial properties change as we go from thin, flexible macromolecules toward thicker molecular objects that display colloidal features. The effects of the dendron generation, affecting the persistence length, as well as the degree of polymerization and surface pressure on the formation of DP layers at the water-air interface were studied. Surface pressure measurements and interfacial rheology suggest the existence of significant attractive interactions between the molecules of the higher generation DPs. While all DPs featured reproducible Π-A diagrams, successive compression-expansion cycles and surface pressure relaxation experiments revealed differences in the stability of the formed films, which are consistent with the variations in shape persistence and interactions between the studied DPs. Atomic force microscopy after Langmuir-Blodgett transfer of the films displayed a nanostructuring that can be attributed to the increase in attractive forces with increasing polymer generation and anisotropy. The importance of such structures on the surface properties was probed by interfacial shear rheology, which validated the existence of strong albeit brittle structures for fourth-generation DPs. Ultimately, we demonstrate how in particular rod-like DPs can be used as robust foam stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon F Scherz
- Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Bram Schroyen
- Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jan Vermant
- Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Vlassopoulos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser , FORTH, 70013 Heraklion , Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology , University of Crete , 70013 Heraklion , Greece
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16
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Mori T, Chin H, Kawashima K, Ngo HT, Cho NJ, Nakanishi W, Hill JP, Ariga K. Dynamic Control of Intramolecular Rotation by Tuning the Surrounding Two-Dimensional Matrix Field. ACS Nano 2019; 13:2410-2419. [PMID: 30673207 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The intramolecular rotation of 4-farnesyloxyphenyl-4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza- s-indacene (BODIPY-ISO) was controlled by tuning its local physical environment within a mixed self-assembled monolayer at an air-water interface. Intramolecular rotation was investigated by considering the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) fluorescence of BODIPY-ISO, which increases in intensity with increasing viscosity of the medium. In situ fluorescence spectroscopy was performed on mixed monolayers of BODIPY-ISO with several different lipids at the air-water interface during in-plane compression of the monolayers. Depending on the identity of the lipid used, the fluorescence of the mixed monolayers could be enhanced by mechanical compression, indicating that the rotation of BODIPY-ISO can be controlled dynamically in mixtures with lipids dispersed at the air-water interface. Taken together, our findings provide insight into strategies for controlling the dynamic behavior of molecular machines involving mechanical stimuli at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Mori
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa 277-0827 , Japan
- World Premier International (WPI) Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Hokyun Chin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , 637553 , Singapore
| | - Kazuhiro Kawashima
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy Based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN) , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Huynh Thien Ngo
- World Premier International (WPI) Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , 637553 , Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , 637459 , Singapore
| | - Waka Nakanishi
- World Premier International (WPI) Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- World Premier International (WPI) Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa 277-0827 , Japan
- World Premier International (WPI) Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
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17
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Biswas S, Jana D, Kumar GS, Maji S, Kundu P, Ghorai UK, Giri RP, Das B, Chattopadhyay N, Ghorai BK, Acharya S. Supramolecular Aggregates of Tetraphenylethene-Cored AIEgen toward Mechanoluminescent and Electroluminescent Devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:17409-17418. [PMID: 29697251 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent materials possessing both the mechanoluminescence (MCL) and electroluminescence (EL) properties are the quest for sensing and optoelectronic applications. We report on the synthesis of a new tailor-made luminogen, 1,2-bis(4-(1-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylvinyl)phenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (TPE 5), using Suzuki coupling reaction with high yield. An aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active complex TPE 5 forms supramolecular spherical aggregates at the air-water interface of a Langmuir trough. As a consequence, a large enhancement of luminescence is obtained from the mono- and multilayer Langmuir-Blodgett films of TPE 5 owing to the AIE effect. The luminogen TPE 5 exhibits a reversible MCL response, displaying photoluminescence switching due to change in the crystalline states under external stimuli. The unique feature of luminescence enhancement upon aggregate formation is utilized for the fabrication of light-emitting diodes with low threshold voltage using supramolecular aggregates as the active layer. This work demonstrates an efficient strategy for obtaining controlled supramolecular aggregates of AIEgen with a potential in the dual applications of MCL and EL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debabrata Jana
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , Shibpur, Howrah 711103 , India
| | | | | | - Pronab Kundu
- Department of Chemistry , Jadavpur University , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Uttam K Ghorai
- Department of Industrial Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Swami Vivekananda Research Centre , Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira , Belurmath, Howrah 711202 , India
| | - Rajendra P Giri
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division , Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI , 1/AF, Bidhannagar , Kolkata 700064 , India
| | | | | | - Binay K Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , Shibpur, Howrah 711103 , India
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18
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Perrine KA, Parry KM, Stern AC, Van Spyk MHC, Makowski MJ, Freites JA, Winter B, Tobias DJ, Hemminger JC. Specific cation effects at aqueous solution-vapor interfaces: Surfactant-like behavior of Li + revealed by experiments and simulations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13363-8. [PMID: 29078311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707540114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established by numerous experimental and computational studies that the adsorption propensities of inorganic anions conform to the Hofmeister series. The adsorption propensities of inorganic cations, such as the alkali metal cations, have received relatively little attention. Here we use a combination of liquid-jet X-ray photoelectron experiments and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the behavior of K+ and Li+ ions near the interfaces of their aqueous solutions with halide ions. Both the experiments and the simulations show that Li+ adsorbs to the aqueous solution-vapor interface, while K+ does not. Thus, we provide experimental validation of the "surfactant-like" behavior of Li+ predicted by previous simulation studies. Furthermore, we use our simulations to trace the difference in the adsorption of K+ and Li+ ions to a difference in the resilience of their hydration shells.
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19
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Wouters AGB, Fierens E, Rombouts I, Brijs K, Joye IJ, Delcour JA. Exploring the Relationship between Structural and Air-Water Interfacial Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Gluten Hydrolysates in a Food System Relevant pH Range. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:1263-1271. [PMID: 28125223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between structural and foaming properties of two tryptic and two peptic wheat gluten hydrolysates was studied at different pH conditions. The impact of pH on foam stability (FS) of the samples heavily depended on the peptidase used and the degree of hydrolysis reached. Surface dilatational moduli were in most, but not all, instances related to FS, implying that, although the formation of a viscoelastic protein hydrolysate film is certainly important, this is not the only phenomenon that determines FS. In contrast to what might be expected, surface charge was not a major factor contributing to FS, except when close to the point-of-zero-charge. Surface hydrophobicity and intrinsic fluorescence measurements suggested that changes in protein conformation take place when the pH is varied, which can in turn influence foaming. Finally, hydrolyzed gluten proteins formed relatively large particles, suggesting that protein hydrolysate aggregation probably influences its foaming properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno G B Wouters
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Fierens
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ine Rombouts
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Brijs
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iris J Joye
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph , 50 Stone Road East Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Krishnan V, Kasuya Y, Ji Q, Sathish M, Shrestha LK, Ishihara S, Minami K, Morita H, Yamazaki T, Hanagata N, Miyazawa K, Acharya S, Nakanishi W, Hill JP, Ariga K. Vortex-aligned fullerene nanowhiskers as a scaffold for orienting cell growth. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:15667-73. [PMID: 26115554 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A versatile method for the rapid fabrication of aligned fullerene C60 nanowhiskers (C60NWs) at the air-water interface is presented. This method is based on the vortex motion of a subphase (water), which directs floating C60NWs to align on the water surface according to the direction of rotational flow. Aligned C60NWs could be transferred onto many different flat substrates, and, in this case, aligned C60NWs on glass substrates were employed as a scaffold for cell culture. Bone forming human osteoblast MG63 cells adhered well to the C60NWs, and their growth was found to be oriented with the axis of the aligned C60NWs. Cells grown on aligned C60NWs were more highly oriented with the axis of alignment than when grown on randomly oriented nanowhiskers. A study of cell proliferation on the C60NWs revealed their low toxicity, indicating their potential for use in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Krishnan
- †Supermolecules Group, WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yuki Kasuya
- ‡Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Qingmin Ji
- †Supermolecules Group, WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Marappan Sathish
- †Supermolecules Group, WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Lok Kumar Shrestha
- †Supermolecules Group, WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishihara
- §Functional Geomaterials Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minami
- †Supermolecules Group, WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hiromi Morita
- ∥Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- ∥Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- ∥Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kun'ichi Miyazawa
- ⊥Fullerene Engineering Group, Exploratory Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Somobrata Acharya
- #Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM), Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Waka Nakanishi
- †Supermolecules Group, WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- †Supermolecules Group, WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- †Supermolecules Group, WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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21
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Liu Y, Chen J, Guo D, Cao M, Jiang L. Floatable, Self-Cleaning, and Carbon-Black-Based Superhydrophobic Gauze for the Solar Evaporation Enhancement at the Air-Water Interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:13645-13652. [PMID: 26027770 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient solar evaporation plays an indispensable role in nature as well as the industry process. However, the traditional evaporation process depends on the total temperature increase of bulk water. Recently, localized heating at the air-water interface has been demonstrated as a potential strategy for the improvement of solar evaporation. Here, we show that the carbon-black-based superhydrophobic gauze was able to float on the surface of water and selectively heat the surface water under irradiation, resulting in an enhanced evaporation rate. The fabrication process of the superhydrophobic black gauze was low-cost, scalable, and easy-to-prepare. Control experiments were conducted under different light intensities, and the results proved that the floating black gauze achieved an evaporation rate 2-3 times higher than that of the traditional process. A higher temperature of the surface water was observed in the floating gauze group, revealing a main reason for the evaporation enhancement. Furthermore, the self-cleaning ability of the superhydrophobic black gauze enabled a convenient recycling and reusing process toward practical application. The present material may open a new avenue for application of the superhydrophobic substrate and meet extensive requirements in the fields related to solar evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- †Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Chen
- †Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Guo
- †Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Moyuan Cao
- †Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- †Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, P. R. China
- ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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22
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Meister K, Lotze S, Olijve LLC, DeVries AL, Duman JG, Voets IK, Bakker HJ. Investigation of the Ice-Binding Site of an Insect Antifreeze Protein Using Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1162-1167. [PMID: 26262966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study the ice-binding site (IBS) of a hyperactive antifreeze protein from the beetle Dendroides canadensis (DAFP-1) using vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. We find that DAFP-1 accumulates at the air-water interface due to the hydrophobic character of its threonine-rich IBS while retaining its highly regular β-helical fold. We observe a narrow band at 3485 cm(-1) that we assign to the O-H stretch vibration of threonine hydroxyl groups of the IBS. The narrow character of the 3485 cm(-1) band suggests that the hydrogen bonds between the threonine residues at the IBS and adjacent water molecules are quite similar in strength, indicating that the IBS of DAFP-1 is extremely well-ordered, with the threonine side chains showing identical rotameric confirmations. The hydrogen-bonded water molecules do not form an ordered ice-like layer, as was recently observed for the moderate antifreeze protein type III. It thus appears that the antifreeze action of DAFP-1 does not require the presence of ordered water but likely results from the direct binding of its highly ordered array of threonine residues to the ice surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Meister
- †FOM-Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Lotze
- †FOM-Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk L C Olijve
- ‡Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur L DeVries
- §Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 515 Morrill Hall, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John G Duman
- ∥Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ilja K Voets
- ‡Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Huib J Bakker
- †FOM-Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Silverberg GJ, Pearce P, Vecitis CD. Controlling self-assembly of reduced graphene oxide at the air-water interface: quantitative evidence for long-range attractive and many-body interactions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:3807-3815. [PMID: 25611882 DOI: 10.1021/am5087984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial-scale applications of two-dimensional materials are currently limited due to lack of a cost-effective and controlled synthesis method for large-area monolayer films. Self-assembly at fluid interfaces is one promising method. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of the forces governing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) assembly at the air-water interface using two unique approaches: area-based radial distribution functions and a theoretical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interaction potential for disks interacting edge-to-edge. rGO aggregates at the air-water interface when the subphase ionic strength results in a Debye screening length equal to the rGO thickness (∼1 mM NaCl), which is consistent with the DLVO interaction potential. At lower ionic strengths, area-based radial distribution functions indicate that rGO-rGO interactions at the air-water interface are dominated by long-range (tens of microns) attractive and many-body repulsive forces. The attractive forces are electrostatic in nature; that is, the force is weakened by minor increases in ionic strength. A quantitative understanding of rGO-rGO interactions at the air-water interface may allow for rational synthesis of large-area atomically thin films that have potential for planar electronics and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Silverberg
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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24
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Cativo MHM, Kim DK, Riggleman RA, Yager KG, Nonnenmann SS, Chao H, Bonnell DA, Black CT, Kagan CR, Park SJ. Air-liquid interfacial self-assembly of conjugated block copolymers into ordered nanowire arrays. ACS Nano 2014; 8:12755-12762. [PMID: 25486546 DOI: 10.1021/nn505871b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the molecular packing and nanoscale morphology of conjugated polymers is important for many of their applications. Here, we report the fabrication of well-ordered nanoarrays of conjugated polymers, based on the self-assembly of conjugated block copolymers at the air-liquid interface. We demonstrate that the self-assembly of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (P3HT-b-PEG) at the air-water interface leads to large-area free-standing films of well-aligned P3HT nanowires. Block copolymers with high P3HT contents (82-91%) formed well-ordered nanoarrays at the interface. The fluidic nature of the interface, block copolymer architecture, and rigid nature of P3HT were necessary for the formation of well-ordered nanostructures. The free-standing films formed at the interface can be readily transferred to arbitrary solid substrates. The P3HT-b-PEG films are integrated in field-effect transistors and show orders of magnitude higher charge carrier mobility than spin-cast films, demonstrating that the air-liquid interfacial self-assembly is an effective thin film fabrication tool for conjugated block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Helen M Cativo
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Materials Science and Engineering, §Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and ∥Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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25
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Abstract
A model poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) brush system, prepared by spreading a poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PEO-PnBA) amphiphilic diblock copolymer onto an air-water interface, was investigated under various grafting density conditions by using the X-ray reflectivity (XR) technique. The overall electron density profiles of the PEO-PnBA monolayer in the direction normal to the air-water interface were determined from the XR data. From this analysis, it was found that inside of the PEO brush, the water density is significantly lower than that of bulk water, in particular, in the region close to the PnBA-water interface. Separate XR measurements with a PnBA homopolymer monolayer confirm that the reduced water density within the PEO-PnBA monolayer is not due to unfavorable contacts between the PnBA surface and water. The above result, therefore, lends support to the notion that PEO chains provide a hydrophobic environment for the surrounding water molecules when they exist as polymer brush chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Lee
- †School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- †School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hae-Woong Park
- †School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nathan A Mahynski
- †School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kyungil Kim
- ‡Advanced Photon Source, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Mati Meron
- ‡Advanced Photon Source, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Binhua Lin
- ‡Advanced Photon Source, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - You-Yeon Won
- †School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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