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Mutanen TP, Ilmoniemi I, Atti I, Metsomaa J, Ilmoniemi RJ. A simulation study: comparing independent component analysis and signal-space projection - source-informed reconstruction for rejecting muscle artifacts evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1324958. [PMID: 38784523 PMCID: PMC11112076 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1324958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) allows researchers to explore cortico-cortical connections. To study effective connections, the first few tens of milliseconds of the TMS-evoked potentials are the most critical. Yet, TMS-evoked artifacts complicate the interpretation of early-latency data. Data-processing strategies like independent component analysis (ICA) and the combined signal-space projection-source-informed reconstruction approach (SSP-SIR) are designed to mitigate artifacts, but their objective assessment is challenging because the true neuronal EEG responses under large-amplitude artifacts are generally unknown. Through simulations, we quantified how the spatiotemporal properties of the artifacts affect the cleaning performances of ICA and SSP-SIR. Methods We simulated TMS-induced muscle artifacts and superposed them on pre-processed TMS-EEG data, serving as the ground truth. The simulated muscle artifacts were varied both in terms of their topography and temporal profiles. The signals were then cleaned using ICA and SSP-SIR, and subsequent comparisons were made with the ground truth data. Results ICA performed better when the artifact time courses were highly variable across the trials, whereas the effectiveness of SSP-SIR depended on the congruence between the artifact and neuronal topographies, with the performance of SSP-SIR being better when difference between topographies was larger. Overall, SSP-SIR performed better than ICA across the tested conditions. Based on these simulations, SSP-SIR appears to be more effective in suppressing TMS-evoked muscle artifacts. These artifacts are shown to be highly time-locked to the TMS pulse and manifest in topographies that differ substantially from the patterns of neuronal potentials. Discussion Selecting between ICA and SSP-SIR should be guided by the characteristics of the artifacts. SSP-SIR might be better equipped for suppressing time-locked artifacts, provided that their topographies are sufficiently different from the neuronal potential patterns of interest, and that the SSP-SIR algorithm can successfully find those artifact topographies from the high-pass-filtered data. ICA remains a powerful tool for rejecting artifacts that are not strongly time locked to the TMS pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Petteri Mutanen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
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Shirota Y, Fushimi M, Sekino M, Yumoto M. Investigating the technical feasibility of magnetoencephalography during transcranial direct current stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1270605. [PMID: 37771350 PMCID: PMC10525331 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1270605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Magnetoencephalography (MEG) can measure weak magnetic fields produced by electrical brain activity. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can affect such brain activities. The concurrent application of both, however, is challenging because tDCS presents artifacts on the MEG signal. If brain activity during tDCS can be elucidated by MEG, mechanisms of plasticity-inducing and other effects of tDCS would be more comprehensively understood. We tested the technical feasibility of MEG during tDCS using a phantom that produces an artificial current dipole simulating focal brain activity. An earlier study investigated estimation of a single oscillating phantom dipole during tDCS, and we systematically tested multiple dipole locations with a different MEG device. Methods A phantom provided by the manufacturer was used to produce current dipoles from 32 locations. For the 32 dipoles, MEG was recorded with and without tDCS. Temporally extended signal space separation (tSSS) was applied for artifact rejection. Current dipole sources were estimated as equivalent current dipoles (ECDs). The ECD modeling quality was assessed using localization error, amplitude error, and goodness of fit (GOF). The ECD modeling performance with and without tDCS, and with and without tSSS was assessed. Results Mean localization errors of the 32 dipoles were 1.70 ± 0.72 mm (tDCS off, tSSS off, mean ± standard deviation), 6.13 ± 3.32 mm (tDCS on, tSSS off), 1.78 ± 0.83 mm (tDCS off, tSSS on), and 5.73 ± 1.60 mm (tDCS on, tSSS on). Mean GOF findings were, respectively, 92.3, 87.4, 97.5, and 96.7%. Modeling was affected by tDCS and restored by tSSS, but improvement of the localization error was marginal, even with tSSS. Also, the quality was dependent on the dipole location. Discussion Concurrent tDCS-MEG recording is feasible, especially when tSSS is applied for artifact rejection and when the assumed location of the source of activity is favorable for modeling. More technical studies must be conducted to confirm its feasibility with different source modeling methods and stimulation protocols. Recovery of single-trial activity under tDCS warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Shirota
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motofumi Fushimi
- Department of Bioengineering, The Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Sekino
- Department of Bioengineering, The Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
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Garg N, Garg R, Anand A, Baths V. Decoding the neural signatures of valence and arousal from portable EEG headset. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1051463. [PMID: 36561835 PMCID: PMC9764010 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1051463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion classification using electroencephalography (EEG) data and machine learning techniques have been on the rise in the recent past. However, past studies use data from medical-grade EEG setups with long set-up times and environment constraints. This paper focuses on classifying emotions on the valence-arousal plane using various feature extraction, feature selection, and machine learning techniques. We evaluate different feature extraction and selection techniques and propose the optimal set of features and electrodes for emotion recognition. The images from the OASIS image dataset were used to elicit valence and arousal emotions, and the EEG data was recorded using the Emotiv Epoc X mobile EEG headset. The analysis is carried out on publicly available datasets: DEAP and DREAMER for benchmarking. We propose a novel feature ranking technique and incremental learning approach to analyze performance dependence on the number of participants. Leave-one-subject-out cross-validation was carried out to identify subject bias in emotion elicitation patterns. The importance of different electrode locations was calculated, which could be used for designing a headset for emotion recognition. The collected dataset and pipeline are also published. Our study achieved a root mean square score (RMSE) of 0.905 on DREAMER, 1.902 on DEAP, and 2.728 on our dataset for valence label and a score of 0.749 on DREAMER, 1.769 on DEAP, and 2.3 on our proposed dataset for arousal label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Garg
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)—CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rohit Garg
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India,*Correspondence: Rohit Garg
| | - Apoorv Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Veeky Baths
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India,Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India,Veeky Baths
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Monroy C, Domínguez-Martínez E, Taylor B, Marin OP, Parise E, Reid VM. Understanding the causes and consequences of variability in infant ERP editing practices. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22217. [PMID: 34813094 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the effects of variability on infant event-related potential (ERP) data editing methods. A widespread approach for analyzing infant ERPs is through a trial-by-trial editing process. Researchers identify electroencephalogram (EEG) channels containing artifacts and reject trials that are judged to contain excessive noise. This process can be performed manually by experienced researchers, partially automated by specialized software, or completely automated using an artifact-detection algorithm. Here, we compared the editing process from four different editors-three human experts and an automated algorithm-on the final ERP from an existing infant EEG dataset. Findings reveal that agreement between editors was low, for both the numbers of included trials and of interpolated channels. Critically, variability resulted in differences in the final ERP morphology and in the statistical results of the target ERP that each editor obtained. We also analyzed sources of disagreement by estimating the EEG characteristics that each human editor considered for accepting an ERP trial. In sum, our study reveals significant variability in ERP data editing pipelines, which has important consequences for the final ERP results. These findings represent an important step toward developing best practices for ERP editing methods in infancy research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool, UK
| | - Oscar Portolés Marin
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Modelling, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eugenio Parise
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Vincent M Reid
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Waikato, New Zealand
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Saba-Sadiya S, Chantland E, Alhanai T, Liu T, Ghassemi MM. Unsupervised EEG Artifact Detection and Correction. Front Digit Health 2021; 2:608920. [PMID: 34713069 PMCID: PMC8521924 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2020.608920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is used in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostication of many neurological ailments including seizure, coma, sleep disorders, brain injury, and behavioral abnormalities. One of the primary challenges of EEG data is its sensitivity to a breadth of non-stationary noises caused by physiological-, movement-, and equipment-related artifacts. Existing solutions to artifact detection are deficient because they require experts to manually explore and annotate data for artifact segments. Existing solutions to artifact correction or removal are deficient because they assume that the incidence and specific characteristics of artifacts are similar across both subjects and tasks (i.e., "one-size-fits-all"). In this paper, we describe a novel EEG noise-reduction method that uses representation learning to perform patient- and task-specific artifact detection and correction. More specifically, our method extracts 58 clinically relevant features and applies an ensemble of unsupervised outlier detection algorithms to identify EEG artifacts that are unique to a given task and subject. The artifact segments are then passed to a deep encoder-decoder network for unsupervised artifact correction. We compared the performance of classification models trained with and without our method and observed a 10% relative improvement in performance when using our approach. Our method provides a flexible end-to-end unsupervised framework that can be applied to novel EEG data without the need for expert supervision and can be used for a variety of clinical decision tasks, including coma prognostication and degenerative illness detection. By making our method, code, and data publicly available, our work provides a tool that is of both immediate practical utility and may also serve as an important foundation for future efforts in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Saba-Sadiya
- Human Augmentation and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Neuroimaging of Perception and Attention Lab, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Eric Chantland
- Neuroimaging of Perception and Attention Lab, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Tuka Alhanai
- Computer Human Intelligence Lab, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taosheng Liu
- Neuroimaging of Perception and Attention Lab, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Mohammad M. Ghassemi
- Human Augmentation and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Lee B, Jia Y, Mirbozorgi SA, Connolly M, Tong X, Zeng Z, Mahmoudi B, Ghovanloo M. An Inductively-Powered Wireless Neural Recording and Stimulation System for Freely-Behaving Animals. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2019; 13:413-424. [PMID: 30624226 PMCID: PMC6510586 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2891303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An inductively-powered wireless integrated neural recording and stimulation (WINeRS-8) system-on-a-chip (SoC) that is compatible with the EnerCage-HC2 for wireless/battery-less operation has been presented for neuroscience experiments on freely behaving animals. WINeRS-8 includes a 32-ch recording analog front end, a 4-ch current-controlled stimulator, and a 434 MHz on - off keying data link to an external software- defined radio wideband receiver (Rx). The headstage also has a bluetooth low energy link for controlling the SoC. WINeRS-8/EnerCage-HC2 systems form a bidirectional wireless and battery-less neural interface within a standard homecage, which can support longitudinal experiments in an enriched environment. Both systems were verified in vivo on rat animal model, and the recorded signals were compared with hardwired and battery-powered recording results. Realtime stimulation and recording verified the system's potential for bidirectional neural interfacing within the homecage, while continuously delivering 35 mW to the hybrid WINeRS-8 headstage over an unlimited period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghun Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Incheon National University, South Korea ()
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- GT- Bionics lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA ()
| | - S. Abdollah Mirbozorgi
- GT- Bionics lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA ()
| | - Mark Connolly
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Xingyuan Tong
- School of Electronics Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, 710121, China
| | | | - Babak Mahmoudi
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maysam Ghovanloo
- GT- Bionics lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA ()
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Wu W, Keller CJ, Rogasch NC, Longwell P, Shpigel E, Rolle CE, Etkin A. ARTIST: A fully automated artifact rejection algorithm for single-pulse TMS-EEG data. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1607-1625. [PMID: 29331054 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent single-pulse TMS-EEG (spTMS-EEG) is an emerging noninvasive tool for probing causal brain dynamics in humans. However, in addition to the common artifacts in standard EEG data, spTMS-EEG data suffer from enormous stimulation-induced artifacts, posing significant challenges to the extraction of neural information. Typically, neural signals are analyzed after a manual time-intensive and often subjective process of artifact rejection. Here we describe a fully automated algorithm for spTMS-EEG artifact rejection. A key step of this algorithm is to decompose the spTMS-EEG data into statistically independent components (ICs), and then train a pattern classifier to automatically identify artifact components based on knowledge of the spatio-temporal profile of both neural and artefactual activities. The autocleaned and hand-cleaned data yield qualitatively similar group evoked potential waveforms. The algorithm achieves a 95% IC classification accuracy referenced to expert artifact rejection performance, and does so across a large number of spTMS-EEG data sets (n = 90 stimulation sites), retains high accuracy across stimulation sites/subjects/populations/montages, and outperforms current automated algorithms. Moreover, the algorithm was superior to the artifact rejection performance of relatively novice individuals, who would be the likely users of spTMS-EEG as the technique becomes more broadly disseminated. In summary, our algorithm provides an automated, fast, objective, and accurate method for cleaning spTMS-EEG data, which can increase the utility of TMS-EEG in both clinical and basic neuroscience settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.,Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305.,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, 94304.,School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
| | - Corey J Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.,Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305.,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, 94304
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Parker Longwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.,Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305.,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, 94304
| | - Emmanuel Shpigel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.,Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305.,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, 94304
| | - Camarin E Rolle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.,Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305.,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, 94304
| | - Amit Etkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.,Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305.,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, 94304
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Shiau DS, Halford JJ, Kelly KM, Kern RT, Inman M, Chien JH, Pardalos PM, Yang MCK, Sackellares JC. SIGNAL REGULARITY-BASED AUTOMATED SEIZURE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR SCALP EEG MONITORING. Cybern Syst Anal 2010; 46:922-935. [PMID: 21188288 PMCID: PMC3008625 DOI: 10.1007/s10559-010-9273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to build a clinically useful automated seizure detection system for scalp EEG recordings. To achieve this, a computer algorithm was designed to translate complex multichannel scalp EEG signals into several dynamical descriptors, followed by the investigations of their spatiotemporal properties that relate to the ictal (seizure) EEG patterns as well as to normal physiologic and artifact signals. This paper describes in detail this novel seizure detection algorithm and reports its performance in a large clinical dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. J. Halford
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - K. M. Kelly
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R. T. Kern
- Optima Neuroscience, Inc., Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M. Inman
- Optima Neuroscience, Inc., Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jui-Hong Chien
- Optima Neuroscience, Inc., Gainesville, FL, USA; Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P. M. Pardalos
- Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Computer & Information Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M. C. K. Yang
- Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Abstract
We present an algorithm for removing environmental noise from neurophysiological recordings such as magnetoencephalography (MEG). Noise fields measured by reference magnetometers are optimally filtered and subtracted from brain channels. The filters (one per reference/brain sensor pair) are obtained by delaying the reference signals, orthogonalizing them to obtain a basis, projecting the brain sensors onto the noise-derived basis, and removing the projections to obtain clean data. Simulations with synthetic data suggest that distortion of brain signals is minimal. The method surpasses previous methods by synthesizing, for each reference/brain sensor pair, a filter that compensates for convolutive mismatches between sensors. The method enhances the value of data recorded in health and scientific applications by suppressing harmful noise, and reduces the need for deleterious spatial or spectral filtering. It should be applicable to a wider range of physiological recording techniques, such as EEG, local field potentials, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain de Cheveigné
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 2929, CNRS and Université Paris Descartes, France.
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