1
|
Warmuth L, Steurer M, Schild D, Zimina A, Grunwaldt JD, Pitter S. Reversible and Irreversible Structural Changes in Cu/ZnO/ZrO 2 Catalysts during Methanol Synthesis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:8813-8821. [PMID: 38335022 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The structure and chemical state of heterogeneous catalysts are closely related to their operational stability. Knowing these relationships as precisely as possible is thus essential for further catalyst development. This work focuses on the deactivation of a Cu/ZnO/ZrO2-type catalyst for methanol synthesis. Experiments were performed in a parallel setup, with which time-dependent changes in the catalyst material can be observed. Elucidation of potential deactivation pathways is described for catalyst aging at different times on stream (0, 50, 935 h). Data from X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, and transmission electron microscopy measurements reveal that sintering of Cu0 domains and restructuring within ZnO domains mainly contribute to deactivation. Subsequent reactivation by reduction (in H2/N2) reverts the observed structural changes only to a limited extent. Moreover, this work highlights the participation of ZrO2 as a promoter and reveals redispersion of zirconia after initial reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Warmuth
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Matthias Steurer
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dieter Schild
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vosberg J, Bouveyron T, Eisen-Winter S, Drönner J, Raabe G, Vanhoorne P, Behnke S, Eisenacher M. Temperature Stable Ion Exchange Resins as Catalysts for the Manufacturing of Vitamin Precursors by Aldol Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14367. [PMID: 37762670 PMCID: PMC10532307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the potential of robust, strongly basic type I ion exchange resins-specifically, Amberlyst® A26 OH and Lewatit® K 6465-as catalysts for the aldol condensation of citral and acetone, yielding pseudoionone. Emphasis is placed on their long-term stability and commendable performance in continuous operational settings. The aldol reaction, which traditionally is carried out using aqueous sodium hydroxide as the catalyst, holds the potential for enhanced sustainability and reduced waste production through the use of basic ion exchange resins in heterogeneous catalysis. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are employed to investigate catalyst deactivation mechanisms. The result of these calculations indicates that the active sites of Amberlyst® A26 OH are cleaved more easily than the active sites of Lewatit® K 6465. However, the experimental data show a gradual decline in catalytic activity for both resins. Batch experiments reveal Amberlyst® A26 OH's active sites diminishing, while Lewatit® K 6465 maintains relative consistency. This points to distinct deactivation processes for each catalyst. The constant count of basic sites in Lewatit® K 6465 during the reaction suggests additional factors due to its unique polymer structure. This intriguing observation also highlights an exceptional temperature stability for Lewatit® K 6465 compared to Amberlyst® A26 OH, effectively surmounting one of the prominent challenges associated with the utilization of ion exchange resins in catalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Vosberg
- Circular Transformation Lab, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, 51379 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Thomas Bouveyron
- Circular Transformation Lab, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, 51379 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Simon Eisen-Winter
- Circular Transformation Lab, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, 51379 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jan Drönner
- Circular Transformation Lab, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, 51379 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Raabe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pierre Vanhoorne
- Lanxess Deutschland GmbH, LPT-M-R&I, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51369 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Sven Behnke
- Lanxess Deutschland GmbH, LPT-M-R&I, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51369 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Matthias Eisenacher
- Circular Transformation Lab, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, 51379 Leverkusen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Snabilié DD, Meeus EJ, Epping RFJ, He Z, Zhou M, de Bruin B. Understanding off-cycle and deactivation pathways in radical-type carbene transfer catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300336. [PMID: 36810906 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal radical-type carbene transfer catalysis is a sustainable and atom-efficient method to generate C-C bonds, especially to produce fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. A significant amount of research has therefore been devoted to applying this methodology, which resulted in innovative routes toward otherwise synthetically challenging products and a detailed mechanistic understanding of the catalytic systems. Furthermore, combined experimental and theoretical efforts elucidated the reactivity of carbene radical complexes and their off-cycle pathways. The latter can imply the formation of N-enolate and bridging carbenes, and undesired hydrogen atom transfer by the carbene radical species from the reaction medium which can lead to catalyst deactivation. In this concept paper, we demonstrate that understanding off-cycle and deactivation pathways not only affords solutions to circumvent them, but can also uncover novel reactivity for new applications. In particular, considering off-cycle species involved in metalloradical catalysis can stimulate further development of radical-type carbene transfer reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demi D Snabilié
- University of Amsterdam Faculty of Science: Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen Wiskunde en Informatica, Homogeneous Catalysis, NETHERLANDS
| | - Eva J Meeus
- University of Amsterdam Faculty of Science: Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen Wiskunde en Informatica, Homogeneous Catalysis, NETHERLANDS
| | - Roel F J Epping
- University of Amsterdam Faculty of Science: Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen Wiskunde en Informatica, Homogeneous catalysis, NETHERLANDS
| | - Zhiyuan He
- University of Amsterdam Faculty of Science: Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen Wiskunde en Informatica, Homogeneous Catalysis, NETHERLANDS
| | - Minghui Zhou
- University of Amsterdam Faculty of Science: Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen Wiskunde en Informatica, Homogeneous catalysis, NETHERLANDS
| | - Bas de Bruin
- University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science Department of Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harth FM, Celis J, Taubert A, Rössler S, Wagner H, Goepel M, Wilhelm C, Gläser R. Ru/C-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Aqueous Glycolic Acid from Microalgae - Influence of pH and Biologically Relevant Additives. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200050. [PMID: 35822926 PMCID: PMC9278103 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene glycol (EG) is obtained by a novel, two‐step approach combining a biotechnological and a heterogeneously catalyzed step. First, microalgae are cultivated to photobiocatalytically yield glycolic acid (GA) by means of photosynthesis from CO2 and water. GA is continuously excreted into the surrounding medium. In the second step, the GA‐containing algal medium is used as feedstock for catalytic reduction with H2 to EG over a Ru/C catalyst. The present study focuses on the conversion of an authentic algae‐derived GA solution. After identification of the key characteristics of the algal medium (compared to pure aqueous GA), the influence of pH, numerous salt additives, pH buffers and other relevant organic molecules on the catalytic GA reduction was investigated. Nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing organic molecules can strongly inhibit the reaction. Moreover, pH adjustment by acidification is required, for which H2SO4 is found most suitable. In combination with a modification of the biotechnological process to mitigate the use of inhibitory compounds, and after acidifying the algal medium, over Ru/C a EG yield of up to 21 % even at non‐optimized reaction conditions was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Harth
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joran Celis
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Universität Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonja Rössler
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Universität Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Universität Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Goepel
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Universität Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Robertson TBR, Clarke LJ, Mewis RE. Rapid SABRE Catalyst Scavenging Using Functionalized Silicas. Molecules 2022; 27:332. [PMID: 35056646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the NMR hyperpolarisation method signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) has been applied to multiple substrates of potential interest for in vivo investigation. Unfortunately, SABRE commonly requires an iridium-containing catalyst that is unsuitable for biomedical applications. This report utilizes inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to investigate the potential use of metal scavengers to remove the iridium catalytic species from the solution. The most sensitive iridium emission line at 224.268 nm was used in the analysis. We report the effects of varying functionality, chain length, and scavenger support identity on iridium scavenging efficiency. The impact of varying the quantity of scavenger utilized is reported for the three scavengers with the highest iridium removed from initial investigations: 3-aminopropyl (S1), 3-(imidazole-1-yl)propyl (S4), and 2-(2-pyridyl) (S5) functionalized silica gels. Exposure of an activated SABRE sample (1.6 mg mL-1 of iridium catalyst) to 10 mg of the most promising scavenger (S5) resulted in <1 ppm of iridium being detectable by ICP-OES after 2 min of exposure. We propose that combining the approach described herein with other recently reported approaches, such as catalyst separated-SABRE (CASH-SABRE), would enable the rapid preparation of a biocompatible SABRE hyperpolarized bolus.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang X, Zhu R, Shi T, Wang Y, Niu X, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Li W, Hu W, Xu R. Research Progress and Key Issues of Hydrodebenzylation of Hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW) in the Synthesis of High Energy Density Material Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW). Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15020409. [PMID: 35057135 PMCID: PMC8778682 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
High energy density materials (HEDM) are the subject of an extensive research effort in relation to the use of these compounds as components of rocket propellants, powders, and formulations of high-performance explosives. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW, i.e., CL-20) has received much attention in these research fields for its specific impulse, burning rate, ballistics, and detonation velocity. In this paper, the development and performances of the explosives from the first to the fourth generation are briefly summarized, and the synthesis status of the fourth-generation explosive, HNIW, is reviewed. The key issues that restrict the development of industrial amplification synthesis of HNIW are analyzed, and the potential directions of development are proposed. It is pointed out that to synthesize new and efficient catalysts is the key to making the cost-effective manufacturing of CL-20 a reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Tang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.T.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Rui Zhu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; (R.Z.); (T.S.); (Y.W.); (X.N.)
| | - Tianjing Shi
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; (R.Z.); (T.S.); (Y.W.); (X.N.)
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; (R.Z.); (T.S.); (Y.W.); (X.N.)
| | - Xiaochen Niu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; (R.Z.); (T.S.); (Y.W.); (X.N.)
| | - Yao Zhang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.T.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Junchen Zhu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.T.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.T.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wanpeng Hu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; (R.Z.); (T.S.); (Y.W.); (X.N.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (R.X.)
| | - Ruoqian Xu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.T.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (R.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Möller S, Jannsen N, Rüger J, Drexler HJ, Horstmann M, Bauer F, Breit B, Heller D. Catalyst Deactivation During Rhodium Complex-Catalyzed Propargylic C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:14034-14041. [PMID: 34260787 PMCID: PMC8518492 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Detailed mechanistic investigations on our previously reported synthesis of branched allylic esters by the rhodium complex‐catalyzed propargylic C−H activation have been carried out. Based on initial mechanistic studies, we present herein more detailed investigations of the reaction mechanism. For this, various analytical (NMR, X‐ray crystal structure analysis, Raman) and kinetic methods were used to characterize the formation of intermediates under the reaction conditions. The knowledge obtained by this was used to further optimize the previous conditions and generate a more active catalytic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Möller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nora Jannsen
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Rüger
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Drexler
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz Horstmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Bauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Detlef Heller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Z, Yin H, Wang C, Wang R, Peng Y, You C, Li J. New Insights on Competitive Adsorption of NO/SO 2 on TiO 2 Anatase for Photocatalytic NO Oxidation. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:9285-9292. [PMID: 34130451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigate competitive adsorption and photocatalytic reaction over TiO2@SiO2: NO conversion efficiency decreases by 29.1%, and the adsorption capacity decreases from 0.125 to 0.095 mmol/g due to the influence of SO2. According to identification and comparative analysis of the IR signal, SO2 has little effect on the NO conversion route and intermediates (adsorbed NO → nitrite → nitrate), but accelerates the deactivation of catalysts. The electronic interaction scheme from density functional theory (DFT) confirms that surface hydroxyls create an unsaturated coordination of neighboring Ti or O atoms, which is favorable for NO/SO2 adsorption on anatase (101). In addition, the lone pair electrons of N or S atoms prefer to be delocalized and form covalent bonds with active surface-O on the (101) facet with terminal hydroxyls. However, preadsorbed SO2 could offset the increase of hydroxyls and strongly inhibit NO adsorption, which is consistent with the result performance evaluation. A possible reaction mechanism characterized by oxygen vacancies and·O2- is proposed, while the essential reason of catalyst deactivation and regeneration is theoretically analyzed based on the experimental and DFT calculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haibo Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chizhong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Peng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Changfu You
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Wang G, van der Wal LI, Cheng K, Zhang Q, de Jong KP, Wang Y. Visualizing Element Migration over Bifunctional Metal-Zeolite Catalysts and its Impact on Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17735-17743. [PMID: 34101971 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic performance of composite catalysts is not only affected by the physicochemical properties of each component, but also the proximity and interaction between them. Herein, we employ four representative oxides (In2 O3 , ZnO, Cr2 O3 , and ZrO2 ) to combine with H-ZSM-5 for the hydrogenation of CO2 to hydrocarbons directed by methanol intermediate and clarify the correlation between metal migration and the catalytic performance. The migration of metals to zeolite driven by the harsh reaction conditions can be visualized by electron microscopy, meanwhile, the change of zeolite acidity is also carefully characterized. The protonic sites of H-ZSM-5 are neutralized by mobile indium and zinc species via a solid ion-exchange mechanism, resulting in a drastic decrease of C2+ hydrocarbon products over In2 O3 /H-ZSM-5 and ZnO/H-ZSM-5. While, the thermomigration ability of chromium and zirconium species is not significant, endowing Cr2 O3 /H-ZSM-5 and ZrO2 /H-ZSM-5 catalysts with high selectivity of C2+ hydrocarbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Genyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lars I van der Wal
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Krijn P de Jong
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gromotka Z, Yablonsky G, Ostrovskii N, Constales D. Three-Factor Kinetic Equation of Catalyst Deactivation. Entropy (Basel) 2021; 23:818. [PMID: 34198976 DOI: 10.3390/e23070818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The three-factor kinetic equation of catalyst deactivation was obtained in terms of apparent kinetic parameters. The three factors correspond to the main cycle with a linear, detailed mechanism regarding the catalytic intermediates, a cycle of reversible deactivation, and a stage of irreversible deactivation (aging), respectively. The rate of the main cycle is obtained for the fresh catalyst under a quasi-steady-state assumption. The phenomena of reversible and irreversible deactivation are presented as special separate factors (hierarchical separation). In this case, the reversible deactivation factor is a function of the kinetic apparent parameters of the reversible deactivation and of those of the main cycle. The irreversible deactivation factor is a function of the apparent kinetic parameters of the main cycle, of the reversible deactivation, and of the irreversible deactivation. The conditions of such separability are found. The obtained equation is applied successfully to describe the literature data on the reversible catalyst deactivation processes in the dehydration of acetaldehyde over TiO2 anatase and in crotonaldehyde hydrogenation on supported metal catalysts.
Collapse
|
11
|
van Ravenhorst IK, Hoffman AS, Vogt C, Boubnov A, Patra N, Oord R, Akatay C, Meirer F, Bare SR, Weckhuysen BM. On the Cobalt Carbide Formation in a Co/TiO 2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst as Studied by High-Pressure, Long-Term Operando X-ray Absorption and Diffraction. ACS Catal 2021; 11:2956-2967. [PMID: 33815895 PMCID: PMC8016113 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed on a Co/TiO2 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst at 16 bar for (at least) 48 h time-on-stream in both a synchrotron facility and a laboratory-based X-ray diffractometer. Cobalt carbide formation was observed earlier during FTS with operando XAS than with XRD. This apparent discrepancy is due to the higher sensitivity of XAS to a short-range order. Interestingly, in both cases, the product formation does not noticeably change when cobalt carbide formation is detected. This suggests that cobalt carbide formation is not a major deactivation mechanism, as is often suggested for FTS. Moreover, no cobalt oxide formation was detected by XAS or XRD. In other words, one of the classical proposals invoked to explain Co/TiO2 catalyst deactivation could not be supported by our operando X-ray characterization data obtained at close to industrially relevant reaction conditions. Furthermore, a bimodal cobalt particle distribution was observed by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, while product formation remained relatively stable. The bimodal distribution is most probably due to the mobility and migration of the cobalt nanoparticles during FTS conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse K. van Ravenhorst
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Adam S. Hoffman
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Charlotte Vogt
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem91905, Israel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexey Boubnov
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nirmalendu Patra
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Cem Akatay
- Honeywell
UOP, Des Plaines, Illinois 60016, United States
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Simon R. Bare
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ye X, Schmidt JE, Wang R, van Ravenhorst IK, Oord R, Chen T, de Groot F, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Deactivation of Cu-Exchanged Automotive-Emission NH 3 -SCR Catalysts Elucidated with Nanoscale Resolution Using Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15610-15617. [PMID: 32011783 PMCID: PMC7522683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of catalyst durability for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with an ammonia reductant, we employed scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) to study Cu-exchanged zeolites with the CHA and MFI framework structures before and after simulated 135 000-mile aging. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) measurements were performed at the Al K- and Cu L-edges. The local environment of framework Al, the oxidation state of Cu, and geometric changes were analyzed, showing a multi-factor-induced catalytic deactivation. In Cu-exchanged MFI, a transformation of CuII to CuI and Cux Oy was observed. We also found a spatial correlation between extra-framework Al and deactivated Cu species near the surface of the zeolite as well as a weak positive correlation between the amount of CuI and tri-coordinated Al. By inspecting both Al and Cu in fresh and aged Cu-exchanged zeolites, we conclude that the importance of the preservation of isolated CuII sites trumps that of Brønsted acid sites for NH3 -SCR activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Ye
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE)Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Nankai UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Joel E. Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ru‐Pan Wang
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ilse K. van Ravenhorst
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Tiehong Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE)Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Nankai UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
| | - Frank de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtNetherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gambino M, Veselý M, Filez M, Oord R, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Maquet M, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Nickel Poisoning of a Cracking Catalyst Unravelled by Single-Particle X-ray Fluorescence-Diffraction-Absorption Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3922-3927. [PMID: 31889397 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ni contamination from crude oil in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is one of the primary sources of catalyst deactivation, thereby promoting dehydrogenation-hydrogenation and speeding up coke growth. Herein, single-particle X-ray fluorescence, diffraction and absorption (μXRF-μXRD-μXAS) tomography is used in combination with confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) after thiophene staining to spatially resolve Ni interaction with catalyst components and study zeolite degradation, including the processes of dealumination and Brønsted acid sites distribution changes. The comparison between a Ni-lean particle, exposed to hydrotreated feedstock, and a Ni-rich one, exposed to non-hydrotreated feedstock, reveals a preferential interaction of Ni, found in co-localization with Fe, with the γ-Al2 O3 matrix, leading to the formation of spinel-type hotspots. Although both particles show similar surface zeolite degradation, the Ni-rich particle displays higher dealumination and a clear Brønsted acidity drop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Nesterenko
- Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Delphine Minoux
- Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Marianne Maquet
- Total Research and Technology Gonfreville, Zone Industrielle Carrefour No 4, BP 27, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martínez-Carrión A, Howlett MG, Alamillo-Ferrer C, Clayton AD, Bourne RA, Codina A, Vidal-Ferran A, Adams RW, Burés J. Kinetic Treatments for Catalyst Activation and Deactivation Processes based on Variable Time Normalization Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10189-10193. [PMID: 31038264 PMCID: PMC6772004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Progress reaction profiles are affected by both catalyst activation and deactivation processes occurring alongside the main reaction. These processes complicate the kinetic analysis of reactions, often directing researchers toward incorrect conclusions. We report the application of two kinetic treatments, based on variable time normalization analysis, to reactions involving catalyst activation and deactivation processes. The first kinetic treatment allows the removal of induction periods or the effect of rate perturbations associated with catalyst deactivation from kinetic profiles when the quantity of active catalyst can be measured. The second treatment allows the estimation of the activation or deactivation profile of the catalyst when the order of the reactants for the main reaction is known. Both treatments facilitate kinetic analysis of reactions suffering catalyst activation or deactivation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Martínez-Carrión
- The University of Manchester, School of Chemistry, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) and, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Michael G Howlett
- The University of Manchester, School of Chemistry, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Carla Alamillo-Ferrer
- The University of Manchester, School of Chemistry, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Adam D Clayton
- University of Leeds, Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry & School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard A Bourne
- University of Leeds, Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry & School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Anna Codina
- Bruker (UK) Ltd., Banner Lane, Coventry, CV4 9GH, UK
| | - Anton Vidal-Ferran
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) and, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ralph W Adams
- The University of Manchester, School of Chemistry, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jordi Burés
- The University of Manchester, School of Chemistry, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miletto I, Catizzone E, Bonura G, Ivaldi C, Migliori M, Gianotti E, Marchese L, Frusteri F, Giordano G. In Situ FT-IR Characterization of CuZnZr/Ferrierite Hybrid Catalysts for One-Pot CO₂-to-DME Conversion. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E2275. [PMID: 30441800 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CO₂ hydrogenation to dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising strategy to drive the current chemical industry towards a low-carbon scenario since DME can be used as an eco-friendly fuel as well as a platform molecule for chemical production. A Cu‒ZnO‒ZrO₂/ferrierite (CZZ/FER) hybrid grain was recently proposed as a catalyst for CO₂-to-DME one-pot conversion exhibiting high DME productivity thanks to the unique shape-selectivity offered by ferrierite zeolite. Nevertheless, such a catalyst deactivates but no direct evidence has been reported of activity loss over time. In this work, CZZ/FER catalysts with different acidity levels were characterized with the FTIR technique before and after reactions, aiming to give new insights about catalyst deactivation. Results show that activity loss can be related to both (i) copper particle sintering, which decreases CO₂ activation towards methanol, and (ii) acidity loss due to H⁺/Cu2+ ion exchange.
Collapse
|
16
|
Carter JH, Liu X, He Q, Althahban S, Nowicka E, Freakley SJ, Niu L, Morgan DJ, Li Y, Niemantsverdriet JWH, Golunski S, Kiely CJ, Hutchings GJ. Activation and Deactivation of Gold/Ceria-Zirconia in the Low-Temperature Water-Gas Shift Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16037-16041. [PMID: 29034566 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gold (Au) on ceria-zirconia is one of the most active catalysts for the low-temperature water-gas shift reaction (LTS), a key stage of upgrading H2 reformate streams for fuel cells. However, this catalyst rapidly deactivates on-stream and the deactivation mechanism remains unclear. Using stop-start scanning transmission electron microscopy to follow the exact same area of the sample at different stages of the LTS reaction, as well as complementary X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we observed the activation and deactivation of the catalyst at various stages. During the heating of the catalyst to reaction temperature, we observed the formation of small Au nanoparticles (NPs; 1-2 nm) from subnanometer Au species. These NPs were then seen to agglomerate further over 48 h on-stream, and most rapidly in the first 5 h when the highest rate of deactivation was observed. These findings suggest that the primary deactivation process consists of the loss of active sites through the agglomeration and possible dewetting of Au NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Carter
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Xi Liu
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, 101407, China
| | - Qian He
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Sultan Althahban
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA, 18015-3195, USA
| | - Ewa Nowicka
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Simon J Freakley
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Liwei Niu
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, 101407, China
| | - David J Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Yongwang Li
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, 101407, China
| | - J W Hans Niemantsverdriet
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, 101407, China.,SynCat@DIFFER, Syngaschem BV, P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stanislaw Golunski
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Christopher J Kiely
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA, 18015-3195, USA
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Operando UV/Vis spectroscopy with on-line mass spectrometry was used to study the effect of different types of impurities on the hydrocarbon pool species and the activity of H-SAPO-34 as a methanol-to-olefins (MTO) catalyst. Successive reaction cycles with different purity feedstocks were studied, with an intermittent regeneration step. The combined study of two distinct impurity types (i.e., feed and internal impurities) leads to new insights into MTO catalyst activation and deactivation mechanisms. In the presence of low amounts of feed impurities, the induction and active periods of the process are prolonged. Feed impurities are thus beneficial in the formation of the initial hydrocarbon pool, but also aid in the unwanted formation of deactivating coke species by a separate, competing mechanism favoring coke species over olefins. Further, feedstock impurities strongly influence the location of coke deposits, and thus influence the deactivation mechanism, whereas a study of the organic impurities retained after calcination reveals that these species are less relevant for catalyst activity and function as "seeds" for coke formation only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Javier Ruiz‐Martínez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kosinov N, Coumans FJAG, Uslamin E, Kapteijn F, Hensen EJM. Selective Coke Combustion by Oxygen Pulsing During Mo/ZSM-5-Catalyzed Methane Dehydroaromatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15086-15090. [PMID: 27791321 PMCID: PMC5132063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non‐oxidative methane dehydroaromatization is a promising reaction to directly convert natural gas into aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrogen. Commercialization of this technology is hampered by rapid catalyst deactivation because of coking. A novel approach is presented involving selective oxidation of coke during methane dehydroaromatization at 700 °C. Periodic pulsing of oxygen into the methane feed results in substantially higher cumulative product yield with synthesis gas; a H2/CO ratio close to two is the main side‐product of coke combustion. Using 13C isotope labeling of methane it is demonstrated that oxygen predominantly reacts with molybdenum carbide species. The resulting molybdenum oxides catalyze coke oxidation. Less than one‐fifth of the available oxygen reacts with gaseous methane. Combined with periodic regeneration at 550 °C, this strategy is a significant step forward, towards a process for converting methane into liquid hydrocarbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Kosinov
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), E-mail: E.J.M
| | - Ferdy J A G Coumans
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), E-mail: E.J.M
| | - Evgeny Uslamin
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), E-mail: E.J.M
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Catalysis Engineering, ChemE, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J M Hensen
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), E-mail: E.J.M
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kolobova E, Kotolevich Y, Pakrieva E, Mamontov G, Farías MH, Bogdanchikova N, Cortés Corberán V, Pestryakov A. Causes of Activation and Deactivation of Modified Nanogold Catalysts during Prolonged Storage and Redox Treatments. Molecules 2016; 21:486. [PMID: 27089310 PMCID: PMC6273705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic properties of modified Au/TiO2 catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation are affected by deactivation and reactivation after long-term storage and by redox treatments. The effect of these phenomena on the catalysts was studied by HRTEM, BET, SEM, FTIR CO, XPS and H2 TPR methods. The main cause for the deactivation and reactivation of catalytic properties is the variation in the electronic state of the supported gold, mainly, the proportion of singly charged ions Au+. The most active samples are those with the highest proportion of singly charged gold ions, while catalysts with a high content of trivalent gold ions are inactive at low-temperatures. Active states of gold, resistant to changes caused by the reaction process and storage conditions, can be stabilized by modification of the titanium oxide support with transition metals oxides. The catalyst modified with lanthanum oxide shows the highest stability and activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kolobova
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Yulia Kotolevich
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, UNAM, Ensenada 22860, Mexico.
| | - Ekaterina Pakrieva
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Grigory Mamontov
- Laboratory of Catalytic Research, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Mario H Farías
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, UNAM, Ensenada 22860, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Alexey Pestryakov
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wise AM, Weker J, Kalirai S, Farmand M, Shapiro DA, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of an Individual Catalyst Particle with Soft X-ray Ptychography. ACS Catal 2016; 6:2178-2181. [PMID: 27076990 PMCID: PMC4822187 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding Fe deposition in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysis is critical for the mitigation of catalyst degradation. Here we employ soft X-ray ptychography to determine at the nanoscale the distribution and chemical state of Fe in an aged FCC catalyst particle. We show that both particle swelling due to colloidal Fe deposition and Fe penetration into the matrix as a result of precracking of large organic molecules occur. The application of ptychography allowed us to provide direct visual evidence for these two distinct Fe-based deactivation mechanisms, which have so far been proposed only on the basis of indirect evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Wise
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford
University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Johanna
Nelson Weker
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford
University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Farmand
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David A. Shapiro
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lafaye K, Bosset C, Nicolas L, Guérinot A, Cossy J. Beyond catalyst deactivation: cross-metathesis involving olefins containing N-heteroaromatics. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:2223-41. [PMID: 26664645 PMCID: PMC4660986 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkenes containing N-heteroaromatics are known to be poor partners in cross-metathesis reactions, probably due to catalyst deactivation caused by the presence of a nitrogen atom. However, some examples of ring-closing and cross-metathesis involving alkenes that incorporate N-heteroaromatics can be found in the literature. In addition, recent mechanistic studies have focused on the rationalization of nitrogen-induced catalysts deactivation. The purpose of this mini-review is to give a brief overview of successful metathesis reactions involving olefins containing N-heteroaromatics in order to delineate some guidelines for the use of these challenging substrates in metathesis reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lafaye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Cyril Bosset
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Lionel Nicolas
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Amandine Guérinot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) air purification technology is reviewed based on the decades of research conducted by the United Technologies Research Center (UTRC) and their external colleagues. UTRC conducted basic research on the reaction rates of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The knowledge gained allowed validation of 1D and 3D prototype reactor models that guided further purifier development. Colleagues worldwide validated purifier prototypes in simulated realistic indoor environments. Prototype products were deployed in office environments both in the United States and France. As a result of these validation studies, it was discovered that both catalyst lifetime and byproduct formation are barriers to implementing this technology. Research is ongoing at the University of Connecticut that is applicable to extending catalyst lifetime, increasing catalyst efficiency and extending activation wavelength from the ultraviolet to the visible wavelengths. It is critical that catalyst lifetime is extended to realize cost effective implementation of PCO air purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Hay
- United Technologies Research Center (ret.), 35 Weigel Valley Drive, Tolland, CT 06082, USA.
| | - Timothy Obee
- United Technologies Research Center (ret.), 351 Foster Street, South Windsor, CT 06074, USA.
| | - Zhu Luo
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, U-3222, 191 Auditorium Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Yongtao Meng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Junkai He
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Steven C Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Steven Suib
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ruiz-Martínez J, Beale AM, Deka U, O'Brien MG, Quinn PD, Mosselmans JFW, Weckhuysen BM. Correlating metal poisoning with zeolite deactivation in an individual catalyst particle by chemical and phase-sensitive X-ray microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5983-7. [PMID: 23616490 PMCID: PMC3749464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201210030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the main conversion process used in oil refineries. An X-ray microscopy method is used to show that metal poisoning and related structural changes in the zeolite active material lead to a non-uniform core–shell deactivation of FCC catalyst particles. The study links the detrimental effect of V and Ni poisoning with zeolite destruction and dealumination in a spatial manner within a single FCC catalyst particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ruiz-Martínez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 993584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
| | - Andrew M Beale
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 993584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
| | - Upakul Deka
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 993584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
| | - Mathew G O'Brien
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 993584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
| | - Paul D Quinn
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcot, Oxon OX11 0DE (UK)
| | - J Fred W Mosselmans
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcot, Oxon OX11 0DE (UK)
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 993584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|