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Kebbe M, Naud P, Assous I, Gagnon E, McCall A, Villeneuve L, Leblanc CA, Nguyen QT, Calderone A. Distinct protein kinase C isoforms drive the cell cycle re-entry of two separate populations of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C406-C419. [PMID: 36745530 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00506.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) recruitment in the presence of the p38α/β MAPK inhibitor SB203580 facilitated the appearance and cell cycle re-entry of nestin(+)-neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NNVMs) and induced a transcript profile delineating a proliferative phenotype. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) treatment did not induce de novo nestin expression or increase the cell cycle re-entry of 1-day-old NNVMs but significantly increased runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) and p16 cell cycle inhibitor (CDKN2a) mRNA levels and downregulated epithelial cell transforming 2 (ECT2) mRNA expression. SB203580 administration to PDBu-treated NNVMs induced de novo nestin expression, preferentially increased the density (normalized to 500 NNVMs) of nestin(+)-NNVMs that incorporated 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (PDBu, 1.4 ± 3 vs. PDBu/SB203580, 128 ± 34; n = 5 independent litters), significantly inhibited CDKN2a and Runx1 mRNA upregulation and reversed ECT2 mRNA downregulation. PDBu treatment of NNVMs reduced PKC-α, protein kinase-δ (PKC-δ) and protein kinase-ε (PKC-ε) protein levels and GF109203X (conventional PKC isoform inhibitor) selectively attenuated PKC-α protein downregulation. GF109203X administration to PDBu/SB203580-treated NNVMs significantly reduced the density of nestin(+)-NNVMs that incorporated 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (PDBu/SB203580/GF109203X, 40 ± 46; n = 5). Moreover, GF109203X/PDBu/SB203580 treatment unmasked the predominant appearance of a separate NNVM population that incorporated 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (PDBu/SB203580/GF109203X, 192 ± 42; n = 5) delineated by the absence of de novo nestin expression. Sotrastaurin (conventional/novel PKC isoform inhibitor) administration to PDBu/SB203580-treated NNVMs significantly attenuated the density of nestin(+)-NNVMs (PDBu/SB203580/sotrastaurin, 8 ± 10; n = 4) and nestin(-)-NNVMs (PDBu/SB203580/sotrastaurin, 64 ± 30; n = 4) that incorporated 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. These data reveal that the neonatal rat heart contains at least two separate populations of NNVMs that re-enter the cell cycle and the preferential appearance of nestin(+)- or nestin(-)-NNVMs is driven by distinct PKC isoforms in the presence of SB203580.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The appearance of nestin(+)-neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes that re-entered the cell cycle following phorbol ester stimulation in the presence of p38α/β MAPK inhibitor SB203580 was associated with the inhibition of Runx1 and CDKN2a mRNA upregulation. PKC-α selectively induced the cell cycle re-entry of nestin(+)-neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of PKC-α with concomitant p38α/β MAPK suppression unmasked the cell cycle re-entry of a second population of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes in the absence of nestin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Kebbe
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrice Naud
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ines Assous
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Gagnon
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anthony McCall
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Villeneuve
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Quang Trinh Nguyen
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angelino Calderone
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Sun JKL, Wu D, Wong GCN, Lau TM, Yang M, Hart RP, Kwan KM, Chan HYE, Chow HM. Chronic alcohol metabolism results in DNA repair infidelity and cell cycle-induced senescence in neurons. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13772. [PMID: 36691110 PMCID: PMC9924945 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic binge-like drinking is a risk factor for age-related dementia, however, the lasting and irreversible effect of alcohol on the brain remains elusive. Transcriptomic changes in brain cortices revealed pro-ageing hallmarks upon chronic ethanol exposure and these changes predominantly occur in neurons. The changes are attributed to a prioritized ethyl alcohol oxidation in these cells via the NADPH-dependent cytochrome pathway. This hijacks the folate metabolism of the 1-carbon network which supports the pathway choice of DNA repair via the non-cell cycle-dependent mismatch repair networks. The lost-in-function of such results in the de-inactivation of the less preferred cell cycle-dependent homologous recombination (HR) repair, forcing these post-mitotic cells to re-engage in a cell cycle-like process. However, mature neurons are post-mitotic. Therefore, instead of successfully completing a full round of cell cycle which is necessary for the completion of HR-mediated repair; these cells are arrested at checkpoints. The resulting persistence of repair intermediates induces and promotes the nuclear accumulation of p21 and cyclin B-a trigger for permanent cell cycle exits and irreversible senescence response. Supplementation of bioactive 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate simultaneously at times with ethyl alcohol exposure supports the fidelity of the 1-carbon network and hence the activity of the mismatch repair. This prevents aberrant and irreversible cell cycle re-entry and senescence events of neurons. Together, our findings offer a direct connection between binge-drinking behaviour and its irreversible impact on the brain, which makes it a potential risk factor for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyne Ka-Li Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Deng Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Genper Chi-Ngai Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tsun-Ming Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Meigui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kin-Ming Kwan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Yin Edwin Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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3
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Wong GCN, Chow KHM. DNA Damage Response-Associated Cell Cycle Re-Entry and Neuronal Senescence in Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S429-S451. [PMID: 35848025 PMCID: PMC10473156 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronological aging is by far the strongest risk factor for age-related dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Senescent cells accumulated in the aging and Alzheimer's disease brains are now recognized as the keys to describing such an association. Cellular senescence is a classic phenomenon characterized by stable cell arrest, which is thought to be applicable only to dividing cells. Emerging evidence indicates that fully differentiated post-mitotic neurons are also capable of becoming senescent, with roles in contributing to both brain aging and disease pathogenesis. The key question that arises is the identity of the upstream triggers and the molecular mechanisms that underly such changes. Here, we highlight the potential role of persistent DNA damage response as the major driver of senescent phenotypes and discuss the current evidence and molecular mechanisms that connect DNA repair infidelity, cell cycle re-entry and terminal fate decision in committing neuronal cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genper Chi-Ngai Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kim Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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4
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Zhou S, Han L, Wu Z. A Long Journey before Cycling: Regulation of Quiescence Exit in Adult Muscle Satellite Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1748. [PMID: 35163665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle harbors a pool of stem cells called muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) that are mainly responsible for its robust regenerative capacities. Adult satellite cells are mitotically quiescent in uninjured muscles under homeostasis, but they exit quiescence upon injury to re-enter the cell cycle to proliferate. While most of the expanded satellites cells differentiate and fuse to form new myofibers, some undergo self-renewal to replenish the stem cell pool. Specifically, quiescence exit describes the initial transition of MuSCs from quiescence to the first cell cycle, which takes much longer than the time required for subsequent cell cycles and involves drastic changes in cell size, epigenetic and transcriptomic profiles, and metabolic status. It is, therefore, an essential period indispensable for the success of muscle regeneration. Diverse mechanisms exist in MuSCs to regulate quiescence exit. In this review, we summarize key events that occur during quiescence exit in MuSCs and discuss the molecular regulation of this process with an emphasis on multiple levels of intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of how quiescence exit is regulated will facilitate satellite cell-based muscle regenerative therapies and advance their applications in various disease and aging conditions.
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5
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Yuen SC, Lee SMY, Leung SW. Putative Factors Interfering Cell Cycle Re-Entry in Alzheimer's Disease: An Omics Study with Differential Expression Meta-Analytics and Co-Expression Profiling. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1373-1398. [PMID: 34924393 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal cell cycle re-entry (CCR) is a mechanism, along with amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, contributing to toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the putative factors in CCR based on evidence corroboration by combining meta-analysis and co-expression analysis of omic data. METHODS The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and CCR-related modules were obtained through the differential analysis and co-expression of transcriptomic data, respectively. Differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were extracted from the differential miRNA expression studies. The dysregulations of DEGs and DEmiRNAs as binary outcomes were independently analyzed by meta-analysis based on a random-effects model. The CCR-related modules were mapped to human protein-protein interaction databases to construct a network. The importance score of each node within the network was determined by the PageRank algorithm, and nodes that fit the pre-defined criteria were treated as putative CCR-related factors. RESULTS The meta-analysis identified 18,261 DEGs and 36 DEmiRNAs, including genes in the ubiquitination proteasome system, mitochondrial homeostasis, and CCR, and miRNAs associated with AD pathologies. The co-expression analysis identified 156 CCR-related modules to construct a protein-protein interaction network. Five genes, UBC, ESR1, EGFR, CUL3, and KRAS, were selected as putative CCR-related factors. Their functions suggested that the combined effects of cellular dyshomeostasis and receptors mediating Aβ toxicity from impaired ubiquitination proteasome system are involved in CCR. CONCLUSION This study identified five genes as putative factors and revealed the significance of cellular dyshomeostasis in the CCR of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Chung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Siu-Wai Leung
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, China.,Edinburgh Bayes Centre for AI Research in Shenzhen, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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6
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Vazquez-Villasenor I, Garwood CJ, Simpson JE, Heath PR, Mortiboys H, Wharton SB. Persistent DNA damage alters the neuronal transcriptome suggesting cell cycle dysregulation and altered mitochondrial function. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6987-7005. [PMID: 34536321 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage induces changes in the neuronal cell cycle and activates a DNA damage response (DDR) to promote repair, but these processes may be altered under a chronic oxidative environment, leading to the accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage and continued activation of a DDR. Failure to repair DNA damage can lead to apoptosis or senescence, which is characterized by a permanent cell cycle arrest. Increased oxidative stress and accumulation of oxidative DNA damage are features of brain ageing and neurodegeneration, but the effects of persistent DNA damage in neurons are not well characterized. We developed a model of persistent oxidative DNA damage in immortalized post-mitotic neurons in vitro by exposing them to a sublethal concentration of hydrogen peroxide following a 'double stress' protocol and performed a detailed characterization of the neuronal transcriptome using microarray analysis. Persistent DNA damage significantly altered the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, DDR and repair mechanisms, and mitochondrial function, suggesting an active DDR response to replication stress and alterations in mitochondrial electron transport chain. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and functional validation experiments confirmed hyperactivation of mitochondrial Complex I in response to persistent DNA damage. These changes in response to persistent oxidative DNA damage may lead to further oxidative stress, contributing to neuronal dysfunction and ultimately neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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7
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Kuwar R, Rolfe A, Di L, Blevins H, Xu Y, Sun X, Bloom GS, Zhang S, Sun D. A Novel Inhibitor Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome Reduces Neuropathology and Improves Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1769-1783. [PMID: 34219728 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and the most common type of dementia. A growing body of evidence has implicated neuroinflammation as an essential player in the etiology of AD. Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes and essential components of innate immunity in response to pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns. Among the known inflammasomes, the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. OBJECTIVE We recently developed a novel class of small molecule inhibitors that selectively target the NLRP3 inflammasome. One of the lead compounds, JC124, has shown therapeutic efficacy in a transgenic animal model of AD. In this study we tested the preventative efficacy of JC124 in another strain of transgenic AD mice. METHODS In this study, 5-month-old female APP/PS1 and matched wild type mice were treated orally with JC124 for 3 months. After completion of treatment, cognitive functions and AD pathologies, as well as protein expression levels of synaptic proteins, were assessed. RESULTS We found that inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome with JC124 significantly decreased multiple AD pathologies in APP/PS1 mice, including amyloid-β (Aβ) load, neuroinflammation, and neuronal cell cycle re-entry, accompanied by preserved synaptic plasticity with higher expression of pre- and post-synaptic proteins, increased hippocampal neurogenesis, and improved cognitive functions. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the importance of the NLRP3 inflammasome in AD pathological development, and pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome with small molecule inhibitors represents a potential therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kuwar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Rolfe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Long Di
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hallie Blevins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yiming Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xuehan Sun
- Departments of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - George S Bloom
- Departments of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Departments of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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8
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Jiang X, Li Y, Feng JL, Nik Nabil WN, Wu R, Lu Y, Liu H, Xi ZC, Xu HX. Safrana l Prevents Prostate Cancer Recurrence by Blocking the Re-activation of Quiescent Cancer Cells via Downregulation of S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:598620. [PMID: 33392189 PMCID: PMC7772204 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The re-proliferation of quiescent cancer cells is considered to be the primary contributor to prostate cancer (Pca) recurrence and progression. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of safranal, a monoterpene aldehyde isolated from Crocus sativus (saffron), on the re-proliferation of quiescent Pca cells in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that safranal efficiently blocked the re-activation of quiescent Pca cells by downregulating the G0/G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, and phospho-Rb at Ser807/811 and elevating the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21 and p27. Further investigation on the underlying mechanisms revealed that safranal suppressed the mRNA and protein expression levels of Skp2, possibly through the deregulation of the transcriptional activity of two major transcriptional factors, E2F1 and NF-κB subunits. Moreover, safranal inhibited AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 and deregulated both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways. Safranal suppressed the tumor growth of quiescent Pca cell xenografts in vivo. Furthermore, safranal-treated tumor tissues exhibited a reduction in Skp2, E2F1, NF-κB p65, p-IκBα (Ser32), c-MYC, p-Rb (Ser807), CDK4, CDK6, and CDK2 and an elevation of p27 and p21 protein levels. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that safranal suppresses cell cycle re-entry of quiescent Pca cells in vitro and in vivo plausibly by repressing the transcriptional activity of two major transcriptional activators of Skp2, namely, E2F1 and NF-κB, through the downregulation of AKT phosphorylation and NF-κB signaling pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Ling Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan Najbah Nik Nabil
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pharmaceutical Services Program, Ministry of Health, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Rong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Hospital Management Office, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Polanco MJ, Pennuto M. Pituitary Adenylyl Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Signaling and the Cell Cycle Machinery in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:3878-3891. [PMID: 30479210 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666181127102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with great neuroprotective effects and remarkable therapeutic potential. PACAP activates several cellular pathways to exert its protective effects. Emerging evidence shows that PACAP can modify the levels and activity of cell cycle components involved in neurodegeneration to protect neurons from death. Cell cycle is a highly regulated process that controls the balance between proliferation, differentiation and death of every cell in the body. Aberrant expression and function of components of the cell cycle machinery have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, in which different types of neuronal cells become dysfunctional and die in response to toxic insults. Since neurons are postmitotic cells, re-entry into the cell cycle has been shown to be pathological and contributes to the process of neurodegeneration. Moreover, an increasing number of studies highlight the importance of the role of cell cycle components outside the cell cycle and their involvement in neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we discuss the pleiotropic effects of PACAP on cell cycle machinery and the implication for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Polanco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
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10
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Sampaio‐Marques B, Guedes A, Vasilevskiy I, Gonçalves S, Outeiro TF, Winderickx J, Burhans WC, Ludovico P. α-Synuclein toxicity in yeast and human cells is caused by cell cycle re-entry and autophagy degradation of ribonucleotide reductase 1. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12922. [PMID: 30977294 PMCID: PMC6612645 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α‐Synuclein (aSyn) toxicity is associated with cell cycle alterations, activation of DNA damage responses (DDR), and deregulation of autophagy. However, the relationships between these phenomena remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that in a yeast model of aSyn toxicity and aging, aSyn expression induces Ras2‐dependent growth signaling, cell cycle re‐entry, DDR activation, autophagy, and autophagic degradation of ribonucleotide reductase 1 (Rnr1), a protein required for the activity of ribonucleotide reductase and dNTP synthesis. These events lead to cell death and aging, which are abrogated by deleting RAS2, inhibiting DDR or autophagy, or overexpressing RNR1. aSyn expression in human H4 neuroglioma cells also induces cell cycle re‐entry and S‐phase arrest, autophagy, and degradation of RRM1, the human homologue of RNR1, and inhibiting autophagic degradation of RRM1 rescues cells from cell death. Our findings represent a model for aSyn toxicity that has important implications for understanding synucleinopathies and other age‐related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belém Sampaio‐Marques
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Guimarães Portugal
| | - Ana Guedes
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Guimarães Portugal
| | - Igor Vasilevskiy
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Guimarães Portugal
| | - Susana Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, CEDOC – Chronic Diseases Research Center Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, CEDOC – Chronic Diseases Research Center Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration Göttingen Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine Göttingen Germany
| | | | - William C. Burhans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo New York
| | - Paula Ludovico
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Guimarães Portugal
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11
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Wezyk M, Szybinska A, Wojsiat J, Szczerba M, Day K, Ronnholm H, Kele M, Berdynski M, Peplonska B, Fichna JP, Ilkowski J, Styczynska M, Barczak A, Zboch M, Filipek-Gliszczynska A, Bojakowski K, Skrzypczak M, Ginalski K, Kabza M, Makalowska I, Barcikowska-Kotowicz M, Wojda U, Falk A, Zekanowski C. Overactive BRCA1 Affects Presenilin 1 in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:175-202. [PMID: 29439343 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The BRCA1 protein, one of the major players responsible for DNA damage response has recently been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using primary fibroblasts and neurons reprogrammed from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from familial AD (FAD) patients, we studied the role of the BRCA1 protein underlying molecular neurodegeneration. By whole-transcriptome approach, we have found wide range of disturbances in cell cycle and DNA damage response in FAD fibroblasts. This was manifested by significantly increased content of BRCA1 phosphorylated on Ser1524 and abnormal ubiquitination and subcellular distribution of presenilin 1 (PS1). Accordingly, the iPSC-derived FAD neurons showed increased content of BRCA1(Ser1524) colocalized with degraded PS1, accompanied by an enhanced immunostaining pattern of amyloid-β. Finally, overactivation of BRCA1 was followed by an increased content of Cdc25C phosphorylated on Ser216, likely triggering cell cycle re-entry in FAD neurons. This study suggests that overactivated BRCA1 could both influence PS1 turnover leading to amyloid-β pathology and promote cell cycle re-entry-driven cell death of postmitotic neurons in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Wezyk
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szybinska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wojsiat
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcelina Szczerba
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kelly Day
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harriet Ronnholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Kele
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariusz Berdynski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umea Universitet, Umea, Sweden
| | - Beata Peplonska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Piotr Fichna
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Ilkowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Styczynska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Barczak
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Zboch
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease of Wroclaw Medical University, Scinawa, Poland
| | - Anna Filipek-Gliszczynska
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Extrapyramidal Disorders and Alzheimer's Outpatient Clinic, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bojakowski
- Clinical Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skrzypczak
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ginalski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Kabza
- Department of Integrated Genomics, Institute of Anthropology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Makalowska
- Department of Integrated Genomics, Institute of Anthropology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Barcikowska-Kotowicz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Wojda
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cezary Zekanowski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Koseoglu MM, Norambuena A, Sharlow ER, Lazo JS, Bloom GS. Aberrant Neuronal Cell Cycle Re-Entry: The Pathological Confluence of Alzheimer's Disease and Brain Insulin Resistance, and Its Relation to Cancer. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:1-11. [PMID: 30452418 PMCID: PMC8363205 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant neuronal cell cycle re-entry (CCR) is a phenomenon that precedes and may mechanistically lead to a majority of the neuronal loss observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent developments concerning the regulation of aberrant neuronal CCR in AD suggest that there are potential intracellular signaling "hotspots" in AD, cancer, and brain insulin resistance, the latter of which is characteristically associated with AD. Critically, these common signaling nodes across different human diseases may represent currently untapped therapeutic opportunities for AD. Specifically, repurposing of existing US Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacological agents, including experimental therapeutics that target the cell cycle in cancer, may be an innovative avenue for future AD-directed drug discovery and development. In this review we discuss overlapping aspects of AD, cancer, and brain insulin resistance from the perspective of neuronal CCR, and consider strategies to exploit them for prevention or therapeutic intervention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés Norambuena
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Sharlow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John S Lazo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - George S Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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13
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Qiu N, Fang WJ, Li HS, He ZM, Xiao ZS, Xiong Y. Impairment of primary cilia contributes to visceral adiposity of high fat diet-fed mice. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1313-1325. [PMID: 28671279 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of primary cilia formation by knockout kinesin family member 3A (Kif3a) in mature osteoblasts led to osteopenia and enhanced adipogenesis. Adipogenesis plays an important role in adipose tissue expansion by High-fat-diet (HFD) induced obesity. Whether primary cilia participate in high-fat-diet induced adiposity remains unclear. In this study, we found that the number and length of primary cilia and expression levels of KIF3A and intraflagellar transport 88 homolog (IFT88) mRNA and proteins reached peak on the day 3 of adipogenesis, followed by a decrease to reach low basal expression levels at day 9 when differentiated to lipid accumulating adipocytes in VAT-SVFs derived from lean mice. The number of primary cilia was reduced by shRNA and chemical methods, leading to elevated transcripts of Pparγ, Cebp-α, Srebp-1, and Fasn and protein levels of PPARγ and FASN. Similar to the proadipogenic effect by the inhibition of primary cilia formation in control VAT-SVFs, HFD caused severe reduction of primary cilia formation and enhancement of adipogenesis in VAT-SVFs cultures. Flow cytometry analysis revealed percentage of G2/M phase cells and the protein expression of Cyclin A2 and CDK2 increased in control VAT-SVFs by knockdown of primary cilia with shRNA or chemical methods and HFD induced obese VAT-SVFs. In conclusion, the expression of primary cilia was in reverse correlation with adipogenic differentiation. HFD caused severe defects of primary cilia in VAT-SVFs, leading to adipose tissue expansion by enhancement of adipogenesis through promoting cell cycle re-entry at the early stage of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Qiu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Guangzhou Institute of Snake Venom Research and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Jin Fang
- Guangzhou Institute of Snake Venom Research and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Sheng Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min He
- Cancer Research Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhou-Sheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yan Xiong
- Guangzhou Institute of Snake Venom Research and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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14
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Wagner I, Wang H, Weissert PM, Straube WL, Shevchenko A, Gentzel M, Brito G, Tazaki A, Oliveira C, Sugiura T, Shevchenko A, Simon A, Drechsel DN, Tanaka EM. Serum Proteases Potentiate BMP-Induced Cell Cycle Re-entry of Dedifferentiating Muscle Cells during Newt Limb Regeneration. Dev Cell 2017; 40:608-617.e6. [PMID: 28350991 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Limb amputation in the newt induces myofibers to dedifferentiate and re-enter the cell cycle to generate proliferative myogenic precursors in the regeneration blastema. Here we show that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and mature BMPs that have been further cleaved by serum proteases induce cell cycle entry by dedifferentiating newt muscle cells. Protease-activated BMP4/7 heterodimers that are present in serum strongly induced myotube cell cycle re-entry with protease cleavage yielding a 30-fold potency increase of BMP4/7 compared with canonical BMP4/7. Inhibition of BMP signaling via muscle-specific dominant-negative receptor expression reduced cell cycle entry in vitro and in vivo. In vivo inhibition of serine protease activity depressed cell cycle re-entry, which in turn was rescued by cleaved-mimic BMP. This work identifies a mechanism of BMP activation that generates blastema cells from differentiated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wagner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Berzelius väg 35, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp M Weissert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Werner L Straube
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Gentzel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Goncalo Brito
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Berzelius väg 35, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akira Tazaki
- DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Catarina Oliveira
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Takuji Sugiura
- DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - András Simon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Berzelius väg 35, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - David N Drechsel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Yao M, Xie C, Kiang MY, Teng Y, Harman D, Tiffen J, Wang Q, Sved P, Bao S, Witting P, Holst J, Dong Q. Targeting of cytosolic phospholipase A2α impedes cell cycle re-entry of quiescent prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34458-74. [PMID: 26416244 PMCID: PMC4741466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle re-entry of quiescent cancer cells has been proposed to be involved in cancer progression and recurrence. Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes membrane glycerophospholipids to release arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids that are implicated in cancer cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine the role of cPLA2α in cell cycle re-entry of quiescent prostate cancer cells. When PC-3 and LNCaP cells were rendered to a quiescent state, the active form of cPLA2α with a phosphorylation at Ser505 was lower compared to their proliferating state. Conversely, the phospho-cPLA2α levels were resurgent during the induction of cell cycle re-entry. Pharmacological inhibition of cPLA2α with Efipladib upon induction of cell cycle re-entry inhibited the re-entry process, as manifested by refrained DNA synthesis, persistent high proportion of cells in G0/G1 and low percentage of cells in S and G2/M phases, together with a stagnant recovery of Ki-67 expression. Simultaneously, Efipladib prohibited the emergence of Skp2 while maintained p27 at a high level in the nuclear compartment during cell cycle re-entry. Inhibition of cPLA2α also prevented an accumulation of cyclin D1/CDK4, cyclin E/CDK2, phospho-pRb, pre-replicative complex proteins CDC6, MCM7, ORC6 and DNA synthesis-related protein PCNA during induction of cell cycle re-entry. Moreover, a pre-treatment of the prostate cancer cells with Efipladib during induction of cell cycle re-entry subsequently compromised their tumorigenic capacity in vivo. Hence, cPLA2α plays an important role in cell cycle re-entry by quiescent prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chanlu Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Mei-Yee Kiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ying Teng
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David Harman
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jessamy Tiffen
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Qian Wang
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul Sved
- Department of Urology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Shisan Bao
- Department of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul Witting
- Department of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Qihan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, NSW 2751, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) and late-onset sporadic AD (LOSAD) both follow a similar pathological and biochemical course that includes: neuron and synapse loss and dysfunction, microvascular damage, microgliosis, extracellular amyloid-β deposition, tau phosphorylation, formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, endoreduplication and related cell cycle events in affected brain regions. Any mechanistic explanation of AD must accommodate these biochemical and neuropathological features for both forms of the disease. In this insight paper we provide a unifying hypothesis for EOFAD and LOSAD that proposes that the aberrant re-entry of terminally differentiated, post-mitotic neurons into the cell division cycle is a common pathway that explains both early and late-onset forms of AD. Cell cycle abnormalities appear very early in the disease process, prior to the appearance of plaques and tangles, and explain the biochemical (e.g. tau phosphorylation), neuropathological (e.g. neuron hypertrophy; polypoidy) and cognitive changes observed in EOFAD and LOSAD. Genetic mutations in AβPP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 that alter amyloid-β precursor protein and Notch processing drive reactivation of the cell cycle in EOFAD, while age-related reproductive endocrine dyscrasia that upregulates mitogenic TNF signaling and AβPP processing toward the amyloidogenic pathway drives reactivation of the cell cycle in LOSAD. In essence, AβPP and presenilin mutations initiate early, what endocrine dyscrasia initiates later: aberrant cell cycle re-entry of post-mitotic neurons leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. Inhibition of cell cycle re-entry in post-mitotic neurons may be a useful therapeutic strategy to prevent, slow or halt disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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17
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Abstract
Neurons are usually regarded as postmitotic cells that undergo apoptosis in response to cell cycle reactivation. Nevertheless, recent evidence indicates the existence of a defined developmental program that induces DNA replication in specific populations of neurons, which remain in a tetraploid state for the rest of their adult life. Similarly, de novo neuronal tetraploidization has also been described in the adult brain as an early hallmark of neurodegeneration. The aim of this review is to integrate these recent developments in the context of cell cycle regulation and apoptotic cell death in neurons. We conclude that a variety of mechanisms exists in neuronal cells for G1/S and G2/M checkpoint regulation. These mechanisms, which are connected with the apoptotic machinery, can be modulated by environmental signals and the neuronal phenotype itself, thus resulting in a variety of outcomes ranging from cell death at the G1/S checkpoint to full proliferation of differentiated neurons.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- CKI, Cdk-inhibitor
- CNS, central nervous system
- Cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- Cip/Kip, cyclin inhibitor protein/kinase inhibitor protein
- G0, quiescent state
- G1, growth phase 1
- G2, growth phase 2
- Ink, inhibitor of kinase
- Mcm2, minichromosome maintenance 2
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PD, Parkinson disease
- RGCs, retinal ganglion cells
- Rb, Retinoblastoma
- S-phase
- S-phase, synthesis phase.
- apoptosis
- cell cycle re-entry
- mitosis
- neuron
- p38MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- p75NTR, neurotrophin receptor p75
- tetraploid
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Frade
- a Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology; Instituto Cajal; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IC-CSIC) ; Madrid , Spain
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18
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Abstract
Early-onset, familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rare and may be attributed to disease-causinq mutations. By contrast, late onset, sporadic (non-Mendelian) AD is far more prevalent and reflects the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, together with the disruption of epigenetic mechanisms controlling gene expression. Accordingly, abnormal patterns of histone acetylation and methylation, as well as anomalies in global and promoter-specific DNA methylation, have been documented in AD patients, together with a deregulation of noncoding RNA. In transgenic mouse models for AD, epigenetic dysfunction is likewise apparent in cerebral tissue, and it has been directly linked to cognitive and behavioral deficits in functional studies. Importantly, epigenetic deregulation interfaces with core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: excess production of Aβ42, aberrant post-translational modification of tau, deficient neurotoxic protein clearance, axonal-synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, and cell cycle re-entry. Reciprocally, DNA methylation, histone marks and the levels of diverse species of microRNA are modulated by Aβ42, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, epigenetic mechanisms are broadly deregulated in AD mainly upstream, but also downstream, of key pathophysiological processes. While some epigenetic shifts oppose the evolution of AD, most appear to drive its progression. Epigenetic changes are of irrefutable importance for AD, but they await further elucidation from the perspectives of pathogenesis, biomarkers and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole of Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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19
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Millan MJ. The epigenetic dimension of Alzheimer's disease: causal, consequence, or curiosity? Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2014; 16:373-93. [PMID: 25364287 PMCID: PMC4214179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Early-onset, familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rare and may be attributed to disease-causinq mutations. By contrast, late onset, sporadic (non-Mendelian) AD is far more prevalent and reflects the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, together with the disruption of epigenetic mechanisms controlling gene expression. Accordingly, abnormal patterns of histone acetylation and methylation, as well as anomalies in global and promoter-specific DNA methylation, have been documented in AD patients, together with a deregulation of noncoding RNA. In transgenic mouse models for AD, epigenetic dysfunction is likewise apparent in cerebral tissue, and it has been directly linked to cognitive and behavioral deficits in functional studies. Importantly, epigenetic deregulation interfaces with core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: excess production of Aβ42, aberrant post-translational modification of tau, deficient neurotoxic protein clearance, axonal-synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, and cell cycle re-entry. Reciprocally, DNA methylation, histone marks and the levels of diverse species of microRNA are modulated by Aβ42, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, epigenetic mechanisms are broadly deregulated in AD mainly upstream, but also downstream, of key pathophysiological processes. While some epigenetic shifts oppose the evolution of AD, most appear to drive its progression. Epigenetic changes are of irrefutable importance for AD, but they await further elucidation from the perspectives of pathogenesis, biomarkers and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Millan
- Pole of Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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