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de Moraes LS, Galué-Parra AJ, Hage AAP, Moura HA, Garcia MSA, Macêdo CG, Rodrigues APD, Guilhon GMSP, da Silva EO. In Vitro Leishmanicidal Activity of Copaiba Oil and Kojic Acid Combination on the Protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Host Cell. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2925. [PMID: 38138069 PMCID: PMC10745933 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Leishmaniasis refers to a group of anthropozoonotic diseases caused by Leishmania. The major chemotherapeutic agent used for its treatment is Glucantime®®, but the search continues for new compounds that are economically viable and act on the protozoan without causing damage to the host cell. As an alternative approach, this study used a combination of copaiba oil (CO) and kojic acid (KA) to determine their in vitro action on host cells, on the Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis protozoan and its interaction with macrophages. (2) Methods: In vitro culture, analysis of cytokine release and microscopy assays were performed. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA (GraphPad Prism). (3) Results: The combination did not induce cytotoxic effects on macrophages after treatment but promoted morphological changes in the protozoan, such as nuclear alterations (apoptotic characteristics), alterations in the cellular body and an increase in the number of electrodense structures and acidocalcisomes, observed mainly at the concentrations of CO20KA50 and CO30KA50 μg/mL. We observed reductions in the intracellular amastigote number and in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, after treatment with CO30KA at 50 µg/mL. (4) Conclusions: We report here, for the first time, that the combination of CO and KA may be a promising approach against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lienne Silveira de Moraes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Post Graduation Program, Health and Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapa (UNIFAP), Macapa 68903-419, AP, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Adan Jesús Galué-Parra
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Amanda Anastácia Pinto Hage
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Hévila Aragão Moura
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Marcus Savio Araujo Garcia
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Caroline Gomes Macêdo
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Ana Paula Drummond Rodrigues
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Evandro Chagas’s Institute, Department of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Belém 70723-040, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
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Campos-Carraro C, Turck P, de Lima-Seolin BG, Teixeira RB, Zimmer A, Araujo ASDR, Belló-Klein A. Copaiba oil improves pulmonary nitric oxide bioavailability in monocrotaline-treated rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 101:447-454. [PMID: 37581356 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, characteristics of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Copaiba oil, an antioxidant compound, could attenuate PAH damage. This study's aim was to determine the effects of copaiba oil on lung oxidative stress, PVR, and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) in the monocrotaline (MCT) model of PAH. Male Wistar rats (170 g, n = 7/group) were divided into four groups: control, MCT, copaiba oil, and MCT + copaiba oil (MCT-O). PAH was induced by MCT (60 mg/kg i.p.) and, after 1 week, the treatment with copaiba oil (400 mg/kg/day gavage) was started for 14 days. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements were performed. RV was collected for morphometric evaluations and lungs and the pulmonary artery were used for biochemical analysis. Copaiba oil significantly reduced RV hypertrophy, PVR, mPAP, and antioxidant enzyme activities in the MCT-O group. Moreover, increased nitric oxide synthase and decreased NADPH oxidase activities were observed in the MCT-O group. In conclusion, copaiba oil was able to improve the balance between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in lungs and the pulmonary artery and to reduce PVR, which could explain a decrease in RV hypertrophy in this PAH model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Turck
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexsandra Zimmer
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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3
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Argentin MN, Cruz FDPN, Souza AB, D'Aurea EMDO, Bastos JK, Ambrósio SR, Veneziani RCS, Camargo ILBC, Mizuno CS. Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Polyalthic Acid Analogs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1202. [PMID: 37508298 PMCID: PMC10376133 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyalthic acid (PA) is a diterpene found in copaiba oil. As a continuation of our work with PA, we synthesized PA analogs and investigated their antibacterial effects on preformed biofilms of Staphylococcus epidermidis and determined the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the best analogs against planktonic bacterial cells. There was no difference in activity between the amides 2a and 2b and their corresponding amines 3a and 3b regarding their ability to eradicate biofilm. PA analogs 2a and 3a were able to significantly eradicate the preformed biofilm of S. epidermidis and were active against all the Gram-positive bacteria tested (Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus), with different MIC depending on the microorganism. Therefore, PA analogs 2a and 3a are of interest for further in vitro and in vivo testing to develop formulations for antibiotic drugs against Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Nunes Argentin
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Paula Nogueira Cruz
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariana Borges Souza
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 Parque Universitário, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisa Marcela de Oliveira D'Aurea
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 Parque Universitário, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
| | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-930, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 Parque Universitário, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cassio Sola Veneziani
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 Parque Universitário, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilana Lopes Baratella Cunha Camargo
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Cassia Suemi Mizuno
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
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Blanco IMR, Barbosa RDM, Borges JMP, de Melo SABV, El-Bachá RDS, Viseras C, Severino P, Sanchez-Lopez E, Souto EB, Cabral-Albuquerque E. Conventional and PEGylated Liposomes as Vehicles of Copaifera sabulicola. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020671. [PMID: 36839993 PMCID: PMC9960246 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine uses resin oils extracted from plants of the genus Copaifera for several purposes. Resin oils are being studied to understand and profile their pharmacological properties. The aim of this work was to prepare and to characterize conventional and pegylated liposomes incorporating resin oils or the hexanic extract obtained from Copaifera sabulicola (copaiba) leaves. The cytotoxic effect of these products was also investigated. Conventional and stealth liposomes with copaiba extract showed similar average diameters (around 126 nm), encapsulation efficiencies greater than 75% and were stable for 90 days. A cytotoxicity test was performed on murine glioma cells and the developed liposomes presented antiproliferative action against these cancer cells at the average concentration of 30 μg/mL. Phytochemicals encapsulated in PEGylated liposomes induced greater reduction in the viability of tumor cells. In addition, bioassay-s measured the cytotoxicity of copaiba resin oil (Copaifera sabulicola) in liposomes (conventional and PEGylated), which was also checked against pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Its safety was verified in normal rat astrocytes. The results indicate that liposomes encapsulating copaiba oil showed cytotoxic activity against the studied tumor strains in a dose-dependent fashion, demonstrating their potential applications as a chemotherapeutic bioactive formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. R. Blanco
- Industrial Engineering Program, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Raquel de Melo Barbosa
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.d.M.B.); (E.B.S.)
| | - Julita M. P. Borges
- Department of Science and Technology, State University of Southwestern Bahia, Salvador 45083-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Silvio A. B. Vieira de Melo
- Industrial Engineering Program, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ramon dos Santos El-Bachá
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, UFBA, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - César Viseras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Severino
- Biotechnological Postgraduate Program, Tiradentes University, Aracaju 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Elena Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.d.M.B.); (E.B.S.)
| | - Elaine Cabral-Albuquerque
- Industrial Engineering Program, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, Bahia, Brazil
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Rodrigues VM, Oliveira WN, Pereira DT, Alencar ÉN, Porto DL, Aragão CFS, Moreira SMG, Rocha HAO, Amaral-Machado L, Egito EST. Copaiba Oil-Loaded Polymeric Nanocapsules: Production and In Vitro Biosafety Evaluation on Lung Cells as a Pre-Formulation Step to Produce Phytotherapeutic Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010161. [PMID: 36678788 PMCID: PMC9861736 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Copaiba oil has been largely used due to its therapeutic properties. Nanocapsules were revealed to be a great nanosystem to carry natural oils due to their ability to improve the bioaccessibility and the bioavailability of lipophilic compounds. The aim of this study was to produce and characterize copaiba oil nanocapsules (CopNc) and to evaluate their hemocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Copaiba oil was chemically characterized by GC-MS and FTIR. CopNc was produced using the nanoprecipitation method. The physicochemical stability, toxicity, and biocompatibility of the systems, in vitro, were then evaluated. Β-bisabolene, cis-α-bergamotene, caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide were identified as the major copaiba oil components. CopNc showed a particle size of 215 ± 10 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.15 ± 0.01, and a zeta potential of -18 ± 1. These parameters remained unchanged over 30 days at 25 ± 2 °C. The encapsulation efficiency of CopNc was 54 ± 2%. CopNc neither induced hemolysis in erythrocytes, nor cytotoxic and genotoxic in lung cells at the range of concentrations from 50 to 200 μg·mL-1. In conclusion, CopNc showed suitable stability and physicochemical properties. Moreover, this formulation presented a remarkable safety profile on lung cells. These results may pave the way to further use CopNc for the development of phytotherapeutic medicine intended for pulmonary delivery of copaiba oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Wógenes N. Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Daniel T. Pereira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Éverton N. Alencar
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Dayanne L. Porto
- Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Cícero F. S. Aragão
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Susana M. G. Moreira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo A. O. Rocha
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil
- Laboratory of Natural Polymers Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Amaral-Machado
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Eryvaldo S. T. Egito
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-(84)-994318816
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Hawwal MF, Ali Z, Wang M, Zhao J, Lee J, Fantoukh OI, Khan IA. ( E)-2,6,10-Trimethyldodec-8-en-2-ol: An Undescribed Sesquiterpenoid from Copaiba Oil. Molecules 2021; 26:4456. [PMID: 34361609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of copaiba oil has been reported since the 16th century in Amazon traditional medicine, especially as an anti-inflammatory ingredient and for wound healing. The use of copaiba oil continues today, and it is sold in various parts of the world, including the United States. Copaiba oil contains mainly sesquiterpenes, bioactive compounds that are popular for their positive effect on human health. As part of our ongoing research endeavors to identify the chemical constituents of broadly consumed herbal supplements or their adulterants, copaiba oil was investigated. In this regard, copaiba oil was subjected to repeated silica gel column chromatography to purify the compounds. As a result, one new and seven known sesquiterpenes/sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified from the copaiba oil. The new compound was elucidated as (E)-2,6,10-trimethyldodec-8-en-2-ol. Structure elucidation was achieved by 1D- and 2D NMR and GC/Q-ToF mass spectral data analyses. The isolated chemical constituents in this study could be used as chemical markers to evaluate the safety or quality of copaiba oil.
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Morguette AEB, Bigotto BG, Varella RDL, Andriani GM, Spoladori LFDA, Pereira PML, de Andrade FG, Lancheros CAC, Nakamura CV, Syogo Arakawa N, Bruschi ML, Carlos Tomaz J, Lonni AASG, Kerbauy G, Tavares ER, Yamauchi LM, Yamada-Ogatta SF. Hydrogel Containing Oleoresin From Copaifera officinalis Presents Antibacterial Activity Against Streptococcus agalactiae. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2806. [PMID: 31866975 PMCID: PMC6904337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B Streptococcus (GBS) remains a leading cause of neonatal infections worldwide; and the maternal vaginal-rectal colonization increases the risk of vertical transmission of GBS to neonates and development of infections. This study reports the in vitro antibacterial effect of the oleoresin from Copaifera officinalis Jacq. L. in natura (copaiba oil) and loaded into carbomer-hydrogel against planktonic and sessile cells of GBS. First, the naturally extracted copaiba oil was tested for the ability to inhibit the growth and metabolic activity of planktonic and sessile GBS cells. The time-kill kinetics showed that copaiba oil exhibited a dose-dependent bactericidal activity against planktonic GBS strains, including those resistant to erythromycin and/or clindamycin [minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 0.06 mg/mL to 0.12 mg/mL]. Copaiba oil did not inhibit the growth of different Lactobacillus species, the indigenous members of the human microbiota. The mass spectral analyses of copaiba oil showed the presence of diterpenes, and the kaurenoic acid appears to be one of the active components of oleoresin from C. officinalis related to antibacterial activity against GBS. Microscopy analyses of planktonic GBS cells treated with copaiba oil revealed morphological and ultrastructural alterations, displaying disruption of the cell wall, damaged cell membrane, decreased electron density of the cytoplasm, presence of intracellular condensed material, and asymmetric septa. Copaiba oil also exhibited antibacterial activity against established biofilms of GBS strains, inhibiting the viability of sessile cells. Low-cost and eco-friendly carbomer-based hydrogels containing copaiba oil (0.5% – CARB-CO 0.5; 1.0% – CARB-CO 1.0) were then developed. However, only CARB-CO 1.0 preserved the antibacterial activity of copaiba oil against GBS strains. This formulation was homogeneous, soft, exhibited a viscoelastic behavior, and showed good biocompatibility with murine vaginal mucosa. Moreover, CARB-CO 1.0 showed a slow and sustained release of the copaiba oil, killing the planktonic and sessile (established biofilm) cells and inhibiting the biofilm formation of GBS on pre-coated abiotic surface. These results indicate that carbomer-based hydrogels may be useful as topical systems for delivery of copaiba oil directly into de vaginal mucosa and controlling S. agalactiae colonization and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Belotto Morguette
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Briani Gisele Bigotto
- Laboratório de Habilidades Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Renata de Lima Varella
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Maria Andriani
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Almeida Spoladori
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Moraes Lopes Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Fabio Goulart de Andrade
- Laboratório de Análise Histopatológica, Departamento de Histologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Cesar Armando Contreras Lancheros
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Nilton Syogo Arakawa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Tomaz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Audrey Alesandra Stinghen Garcia Lonni
- Laboratório de Habilidades Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gilselena Kerbauy
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Eliandro Reis Tavares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Lucy Megumi Yamauchi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Ribeiro MF, de Oliveira FL, Souza AM, Machado TDB, Cardoso PF, Patti A, Nascimento AS, de Souza CMV, Elias SC. Effects of copaiba oil on dermonecrosis induced by Loxosceles intermedia venom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e149318. [PMID: 31131009 PMCID: PMC6521710 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1493-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accidents caused by spiders of the genus Loxosceles
constitute an important public health problem in Brazil. The venom of
Loxosceles sp induces dermonecrosis at the bite site
and systemic disease in severe cases. Traditional medicine based on
plant-derived products has been proven to reduce the local effects of
envenomation. The present study verified the healing effects of copaiba oil
on lesions induced by the venom of L. intermedia. Methods: Cutaneous lesions were induced on the backs of rabbits by intradermal
injection of L. intermedia venom. Copaiba oil was applied
topically 6 hours after injection; the treatment was repeated for 30 days,
after which animal skins were removed and processed for histopathological
analysis. Blood samples were also collected before and 24 hours after venom
inoculation to measure the hematological parameters. Results: Compared to the control group, the platelet count was reduced significantly
in all groups inoculated with venom, accompanied by a decreased number of
heterophils in the blood. The minimum necrotic dose (MND) was defined as 2.4
μg/kg. Topical treatment with copaiba oil demonstrated a differentiated
healing profile: large skin lesions were observed 10 days after venom
inoculation, whereas formation of a thick crust, without scarring was
observed 30 days after venom inoculation. Histopathological analysis showed
no significant difference after treatment. Nevertheless, the copaiba oil
treatment induced a collagen distribution similar to control skin, in marked
contrast to the group that received only the spider venom injection. Conclusions: We conclude that copaiba oil may interfere in the healing process and thus
propose it as a possible topical treatment for cutaneous lesions induced by
L. intermedia venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Fernandes Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Administration; School of Pharmacy; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói - RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Leite de Oliveira
- Laboratory for Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Moreira Souza
- Laboratory for Veterinary Clinical Pathology; Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinics; School of Veterinary Medicine; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói - RJ, Brazil
| | - Thelma de Barros Machado
- Laboratory of Physiochemical Quality Control; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; School of Pharmacy; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói - RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Patti
- Biotherium; Scientific Directorship; Vital Brazil Institute; Niterói - RJ, Brazil
| | - Angélica Silveira Nascimento
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Administration; School of Pharmacy; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói - RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sabrina Calil Elias
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Administration; School of Pharmacy; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói - RJ, Brazil
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Quiñones OG, Hossy BH, Padua TA, Miguel NCDO, Rosas EC, Ramos MFDS, Pierre MBR. Copaiba oil enhances in vitro/in vivo cutaneous permeability and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of celecoxib. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:964-975. [PMID: 29600536 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this article was to use copaiba oil (C.O) to improve skin permeability and topical anti-inflammatory activity of celecoxib (Cxb). METHODS Formulations containing C.O (1-50%) were associated with Cxb (2%). In vitro skin permeability studies were conducted using porcine ear skin. Histological analysis of the hairless mice skin samples after application of formulations was achieved with the routine haematoxylin/eosin technique. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the AA-induced ear oedema mice model. KEY FINDINGS The formulation containing 25% C.O promoted the highest levels of in vitro Cxb permeation through pig ear skin, retention in the stratum corneum (SC) and epidermis/dermis of pig ear skin in vitro (~5-fold) and hairless mice skin in vivo (~2.0-fold), as compared with the control formulation. At 25%, C.O caused SC disorganization and increased cell infiltration and induced angiogenesis without clear signs of skin irritation. The formulation added to 25% C.O as adjuvant inhibited ear oedema and protein extravasation by 77.51 and 89.7%, respectively, and that it was, respectively, 2.0- and 3.4-fold more efficient than the commercial diethylammonium diclofenac cream gel to suppress these inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSIONS 25% C.O is a potential penetration enhancer for lipophilic drugs like Cxb that can improve cutaneous drug penetration and its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Hudson Hossy
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elaine Cruz Rosas
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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10
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Barbosa MMC, Vicentini FA, Castro-Ghizoni CV, Lameira OA, Sa-Nakanishi AB, Bracht L, Peralta RM, Natali MRM, Bracht A, Comar JF. Copaiba Oil Decreases Oxidative Stress and Inflammation But not Colon Damage in Rats with TNBS-Induced Colitis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2018; 18:268-280. [PMID: 29446750 DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666180215102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TNBS-induced colitis is an experimental immunopathology in rats that shares many features with human inflammatory bowel diseases. Copaiba oleoresin is extracted from plants of the genus Copaifera and is shown to reduce inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the action of copaiba oil (C. reticulata Ducke) on inflammation and oxidative status in the distal colon of colitic rats. METHODS Acute and subchronic colitis were induced in Wistar rats by an intracolonic enema with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). The colonic morphology was assessed by histological analysis and the oxidative stress parameters were measured in the intestinal homogenate. The liver damage markers were measured in the plasma. Control and colitic rats were orally treated either with one single dose (acute colitis) of copaiba oil (1.15 g Kg-1) or once a day during seven days (subchronic colitis). RESULTS The intestinal morphology was severely modified by acute and subchronic colitis, as indicated by the intramural infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells and the increased thickness of all colon layers. The levels of TBARS, protein carbonyl groups and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in the intestine of colitic rats. Copaiba oil did not attenuate the inflammatory damage in acute and subchronic colitis, but it decreased the activity of myeloperoxidase, leukocyte infiltration and oxidative stress in the colon. The level of plasma bilirubin and the activity of alkaline phosphatase were both increased in treated healthy and colitic rats. CONCLUSION Copaiba oil decreased oxidative stress and inflammation but did not prevent intestinal damage in the colon of colitic rats. The alterations of plasma markers of hepatic damage caused by the oil seem to be associated to its harmful action on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara M C Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringa, 87020900 Maringa, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Vicentini
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Maringa, 87020900 Maringa, Brazil
| | | | - Osmar A Lameira
- Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA), Center for Agroforestry Research of the Eastern Amazon, 66095100 Belem, Brazil
| | | | - Livia Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringa, 87020900 Maringa, Brazil
| | - Rosane M Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringa, 87020900 Maringa, Brazil
| | - Maria R M Natali
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Maringa, 87020900 Maringa, Brazil
| | - Adelar Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringa, 87020900 Maringa, Brazil
| | - Jurandir F Comar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringa, 87020900 Maringa, Brazil
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11
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Otaguiri ES, Morguette AEB, Biasi-Garbin RP, Morey AT, Lancheros CAC, Kian D, de Oliveira AG, Kerbauy G, Perugini MRE, Duran N, Nakamura CV, da Veiga VF, Nakazato G, Pinge-Filho P, Yamauchi LM, Yamada-Ogatta SF. Antibacterial Combination of Oleoresin from Copaifera multijuga Hayne and Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Towards Streptococcus agalactiae. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2017; 18:177-190. [PMID: 27978809 DOI: 10.2174/1389201017666161213151919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus - GBS) remains a leading cause of neonatal infections and an important cause of invasive infections in adults with underlying conditions. METHODS This study evaluated for the first time the effect of an oleoresin collected from Copaifera multijuga Hayne (copaiba oil) alone or in combination with silver nanoparticles produced by green synthesis using Fusarium oxysporum (AgNPbio) against planktonic and sessile cells of GBS isolated from colonized women. RESULTS Copaiba oil showed a dose-dependent bactericidal activity against planktonic GBS strains, including those resistant to erythromycin and/or clindamycin. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of GBS treated with copaiba oil revealed morphological and ultrastructural alterations, displaying disruption of the cell wall and decreased electron density due to leakage of cytoplasmic content. Copaiba oil also exhibited antibacterial activity against biofilms of GBS strains, inhibiting their formation as well as the viability of mature biofilms. In addition, the combination of copaiba oil with AgNPbio resulted in a synergistic effect against planktonic cells and biofilm formation, reducing the minimal inhibitory concentration values of both compounds. No hemolytic activity was detected for both compounds. CONCLUSION These results indicate the potential of copaiba oil, alone or in combination with AgNPbio, for the development of new alternative strategies for controlling GBS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sueli F Yamada-Ogatta
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, km 380, CEP: 86057970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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12
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Pinheiro JGO, Tavares EA, Silva SSD, Félix Silva J, Carvalho YMBG, Ferreira MRA, Araújo AAS, Barbosa EG, Fernandes Pedrosa MF, Soares LAL, Azevedo EP, Veiga Júnior VFD, Lima ÁAN. Inclusion Complexes of Copaiba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) Oleoresin and Cyclodextrins: Physicochemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2388. [PMID: 29156553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexation with cyclodextrins (CDs) is a technique that has been extensively used to increase the aqueous solubility of oils and improve their stability. In addition, this technique has been used to convert oils into solid materials. This work aims to develop inclusion complexes of Copaifera multijuga oleoresin (CMO), which presents anti-inflammatory activity, with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) by kneading (KND) and slurry (SL) methods. Physicochemical characterization was performed to verify the occurrence of interactions between CMO and the cyclodextrins. Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in mice was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of CMO alone as well as complexed with CDs. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the formation of inclusion complex of CMO with both β-CD and HP-β-CD by KND and SL methods. Carrageenan-induced paw edema test showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of CMO was maintained after complexation with β-CD and HP-β-CD, where they were able to decrease the levels of nitrite and myeloperoxidase. In conclusion, this study showed that it is possible to produce inclusion complexes of CMO with CDs by KND and SL methods without any change in CMO’s anti-inflammatory activity.
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Xavier-Junior FH, Huang N, Vachon JJ, Rehder VLG, do Egito EST, Vauthier C. Match of Solubility Parameters Between Oil and Surfactants as a Rational Approach for the Formulation of Microemulsion with a High Dispersed Volume of Copaiba Oil and Low Surfactant Content. Pharm Res 2016; 33:3031-3043. [PMID: 27599989 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aim was to formulate oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion with a high volume ratio of complex natural oil, i.e. copaiba oil and low surfactant content. The strategy of formulation was based on (i) the selection of surfactants based on predictive calculations of chemical compatibility between their hydrophobic moiety and oil components and (ii) matching the HLB of the surfactants with the required HLB of the oil. METHOD Solubility parameters of the hydrophobic moiety of the surfactants and of the main components found in the oil were calculated and compared. In turn, required HLB of oils were calculated. Selection of surfactants was achieved matching their solubility parameters with those of oil components. Blends of surfactants were prepared with HLB matching the required HLB of the oils. Oil:water mixtures (15:85 and 25:75) were the titrated with surfactant blends until a microemulsion was formed. RESULTS Two surfactant blends were identified from the predictive calculation approach. Microemulsions containing up to 19.6% and 13.7% of selected surfactant blends were obtained. CONCLUSION O/W microemulsions with a high volume fraction of complex natural oil and a reasonable surfactant concentration were formulated. These microemulsions can be proposed as delivery systems for the oral administration of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Humberto Xavier-Junior
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris Sud - UMR CNRS 8612 - Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296, Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Sistemas Dispersos (LaSiD), Av. Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59010-180, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Huang
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris Sud - UMR CNRS 8612 - Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296, Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Vachon
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris Sud - UMR CNRS 8612 - Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296, Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Vera Lucia Garcia Rehder
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas. Rua Alexandre Cazelatto, 999, Vila Betel, Paulínia, SP, Brazil
| | - Eryvaldo Sócrates Tabosa do Egito
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Sistemas Dispersos (LaSiD), Av. Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59010-180, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Christine Vauthier
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris Sud - UMR CNRS 8612 - Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296, Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
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Garcia L, Cristiane S, Wilson M, Soraya M, Lopes RA, Mônica R, de Freitas O. Biocompatibility assessment of pastes containing Copaiba oilresin, propolis, and calcium hydroxide in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. J Conserv Dent 2011; 14:108-12. [PMID: 21814347 PMCID: PMC3146098 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.82601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the biocompatibility of two endodontic pastes based on calcium hydroxide and propolis, using two vehicles — non-fractionated Copaiba-oilresin (A) and volatile fraction of Copaiba-oilresin (B), in the connective tissue of rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen rats had four polyethylene tubes implanted in their backs; each pair of tubes contained one of the pastes. The tube side was considered the control. After 7, 21, and 42 days, the animals were euthanized. Results: The inflammatory reaction was moderate at seven days for A and severe for B. At 21 days, it was slight for A and moderate for B; and at 42 days, it was slight for A and B. Tissue reaction ranged from slight (7 / 21 days) to no inflammation (42 days) for the control group. Statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.01) demonstrated no significant difference between the pastes and control group (P > 0.01). Conclusion: Both pastes presented satisfactory tissue reaction in the connective tissue of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Garcia
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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