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Marceau J, Safronetz D, Martellaro C, Marzi A, Rosenke K, Feldmann H. Bivalent VSV Vectors Mediate Rapid and Potent Protection from Andes Virus Challenge in Hamsters. Viruses 2024; 16:279. [PMID: 38400054 PMCID: PMC10893017 DOI: 10.3390/v16020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses may cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Andes virus (ANDV) is the only orthohantavirus associated with human-human transmission. Therefore, emergency vaccination would be a valuable public health measure to combat ANDV-derived infection clusters. Here, we utilized a promising vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine to advance the approach for emergency applications. We compared monovalent and bivalent VSV vectors containing the Ebola virus (EBOV), glycoprotein (GP), and ANDV glycoprotein precursor (GPC) for protective efficacy in pre-, peri- and post-exposure immunization by the intraperitoneal and intranasal routes. Inclusion of the EBOV GP was based on its favorable immune cell targeting and the strong innate responses elicited by the VSV-EBOV vaccine. Our data indicates no difference of ANDV GPC expressing VSV vectors in pre-exposure immunization independent of route, but a potential benefit of the bivalent VSVs following peri- and post-exposure intraperitoneal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Marceau
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (J.M.); (D.S.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - David Safronetz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (J.M.); (D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Cynthia Martellaro
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (J.M.); (D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (J.M.); (D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (J.M.); (D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (J.M.); (D.S.); (C.M.)
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Lin M, Wang Q, Deng P, Xiao S, Fei Y, Xue C. Effectiveness of varicella vaccination during an outbreak in a large one-dose-vaccinated population in Shanghai. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2143176. [PMID: 36509511 PMCID: PMC9766464 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2143176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergency vaccination (EV) is used as effective postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) to control varicella outbreaks within 3-5 days. However, the advantages of a second dose of varicella vaccine (VarV) in students who had received one dose before an outbreak and the potential benefits of EV at more than 5 days after exposure have not been fully evaluated. This study evaluated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of EV in preventing disease development during a varicella outbreak in Shanghai, China, in 2020. Questionnaires were used to obtain student demographic information, clinical manifestations, varicella history, vaccination status, and willingness to receive EV. The VE of EV was calculated as [1-relative risk (RR)] ×100%. Among the 1455 students included in this study, 31 cases were identified, resulting in an overall attack rate of 2.13%. There were 6 cases in unvaccinated students and 25 cases in one-dose-vaccinated students. A total of 788 students received one EV dose. The attack rates were 6.38% (6/94), 4.26% (19/446), 2.82% (2/71), and 0.56% (4/717) among unvaccinated students, students who received 1 dose of VarV, and students who received EV with the 1st and 2nd dose of VarV, respectively. Compared to that in unvaccinated students, the VE of EV with the 2nd dose of VarV was 88% (95% CI 49% to 97%). EV should be performed as soon as possible after exposure. Nevertheless, vaccination is still recommended at more than 5 days post exposure to control varicella outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Lin
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qizhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Deng
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaotan Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Fei
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China,CONTACT Yi Fei
| | - Caoyi Xue
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China,Caoyi Xue Department of Immunology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai200136, China
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Oreiby A, Seada AS, Abou Elazab MF, Abdo W, Kassab M, Hegazy Y, Khalifa HO, Matsumoto T. Emergency Vaccination as a Control Strategy against Sheeppox Outbreak in a Highly Susceptible Population. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162084. [PMID: 36009674 PMCID: PMC9405467 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate a sheeppox outbreak in a highly susceptible naive sheep population in Kharsit village, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. Moreover, to compare commercial sheeppox vaccines, the Romanian strain and RM-65 vaccines, as emergency vaccination against sheeppox under field conditions. In December 2018, a sheeppox outbreak occurred in a flock of 65 sheep upon the purchase of an apparently healthy ewe from outside the village. This ewe showed a systemic disease with cutaneous lesions after a few days, thereafter more cases began to appear. Cutaneous lesions in other sheep in the flock in the form of macules, papules, and scabs were common in wool-less areas of the body, in addition to fever and respiratory disorders. Postmortem findings revealed the congestion of visceral organs with apparent gross pathology of the lung. Biopsies of cutaneous lesions and visceral organs were collected, and sheeppox was identified by histopathology and transmission electron microscopy, which showed the existence of sheeppox cells and intracytoplasmic brick-shape sheeppox virions. The Romanian strain and RM-65 vaccines were used for the emergency vaccination for two different groups of animals and the third group was left as a control group. Serum samples were collected before vaccination as well as 21 days post-vaccination, and serum protein fractionation analysis was performed for all groups. The outbreak ended after 2.5 months, the cumulative incidence was 66.2%, and the overall case fatality was 51.1%. There was significantly higher protection against sheeppox infection and mortalities among RM-65 vaccine immunized group compared to Romanian strain vaccine-immunized animals at p < 0.05. RM-65-vaccinated animals did not show sheeppox cases or mortalities, compared to Romanian strain-vaccinated animals, which had mild pox signs in 78% of animals and case fatality of 35.7%. The serum protein analysis also indicated the superior performance of the RM-65 vaccine; it increased the level of α1-globulin and β-globulin compared to the Romanian strain, which increased the level of β-globulin only. The current study shows a better performance of the tested RM-65 than the Romanian strain vaccine for emergency vaccination against sheeppox under field conditions. These findings point to the validity of emergency vaccination against sheeppox and the importance of the comparative field evaluation of vaccines; however, wide-scale studies are required for further evaluation. Future investigation of whether the Romanian strain itself or vaccine-production-related issues are responsible for these findings is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Oreiby
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Ayman S. Seada
- Bacteriology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Tanta Branch, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Abou Elazab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kassab
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Yamen Hegazy
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Hazim O. Khalifa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-0048, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashi Murayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.O.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Tetsuya Matsumoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-0048, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.O.K.); (T.M.)
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Tsunekuni R, Hikono H, Tanikawa T, Kurata R, Nakaya T, Saito T. Recombinant Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 2, 6, and 10 as Vaccine Vectors for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Chickens with Antibodies Against Newcastle Disease Virus. Avian Dis 2018; 61:296-306. [PMID: 28957006 DOI: 10.1637/11512-100616-regr1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) expressing the hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV HA) induces protective immunity against HPAIV in chickens. However, the efficacy of rNDV vectors is hampered when chickens are pre-immune to NDV, and most commercial chickens are routinely vaccinated against NDV. We recently showed that avian paramyxovirus serotypes 2, 6, and 10 (APMV-2, APMV-6, and APMV-10), which belong to the same genus as NDV, have low cross-reactivity with anti-NDV antisera. Here, we used reverse genetics to generate recombinant APMV-2, APMV-6, and APMV-10 (rAPMV-2/HA, rAPMV-6/HA, and rAPMV-10/HA) that expressed an HA protein derived of subtype H5N1 HPAIV, A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/2004. Chickens pre-immunized against NDV (age, 7 wk) were vaccinated with rAPMV/HAs; 14 days after vaccination, chickens were challenged with a lethal dose of HPAIV. Immunization of chickens pre-immunized against NDV with rAPMV-2/HA, rAPMV-6/HA, or rAPMV-10/HA protected 50%, 50%, and 25%, respectively, in groups of chickens given an rAPMV/HA with 106 median embryo infectious dose (EID50) or 50%, 50%, and 90%, respectively, in those with 107 EID50; in contrast, rNDV/HA protected none of the chicken vaccinated with 106 EID50 and induced only partial protection even with 107 EID50. Therefore, the presence of anti-NDV antibodies did not hamper the efficacy of rAPMV-2/HA, rAPMV-6/HA, or rAPMV-10/HA. These results suggest that rAPMV-2, rAPMV-6, and rAPMV-10 are potential vaccine vectors, especially for commercial chickens, which are routinely vaccinated against NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tsunekuni
- A Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hikono
- B National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- A Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Riho Kurata
- B National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- C Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- A Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
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Volz A, Jany S, Freudenstein A, Lantermann M, Ludwig H, Sutter G. E3L and F1L Gene Functions Modulate the Protective Capacity of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Immunization in Murine Model of Human Smallpox. Viruses 2018; 10:v10010021. [PMID: 29300297 PMCID: PMC5795434 DOI: 10.3390/v10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly attenuated Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) lacks most of the known vaccinia virus (VACV) virulence and immune evasion genes. Today MVA can serve as a safety-tested next-generation smallpox vaccine. Yet, we still need to learn about regulatory gene functions preserved in the MVA genome, such as the apoptosis inhibitor genes F1L and E3L. Here, we tested MVA vaccine preparations on the basis of the deletion mutant viruses MVA-ΔF1L and MVA-ΔE3L for efficacy against ectromelia virus (ECTV) challenge infections in mice. In non-permissive human tissue culture the MVA deletion mutant viruses produced reduced levels of the VACV envelope antigen B5. Upon mousepox challenge at three weeks after vaccination, MVA-ΔF1L and MVA-ΔE3L exhibited reduced protective capacity in comparison to wildtype MVA. Surprisingly, however, all vaccines proved equally protective against a lethal ECTV infection at two days after vaccination. Accordingly, the deletion mutant MVA vaccines induced high levels of virus-specific CD8+ T cells previously shown to be essential for rapidly protective MVA vaccination. These results suggest that inactivation of the anti-apoptotic genes F1L or E3L modulates the protective capacity of MVA vaccination most likely through the induction of distinct orthopoxvirus specific immunity in the absence of these viral regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asisa Volz
- Lehrstuhl für Virologie, Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Jany
- Lehrstuhl für Virologie, Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Astrid Freudenstein
- Lehrstuhl für Virologie, Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Holger Ludwig
- Division of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Lehrstuhl für Virologie, Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Paillot R, Marcillaud Pitel C, D'Ablon X, Pronost S. Equine Vaccines: How, When and Why? Report of the Vaccinology Session, French Equine Veterinarians Association, 2016, Reims. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:E46. [PMID: 29207516 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, vaccination is one of the most efficient methods of prevention against equine infectious diseases. The vaccinology session, which was organised during the annual meeting of the French Equine Veterinarians Association (AVEF) at Reims (France) in 2016, aimed to approach three subjects of importance for the equine industry. Vaccination against three major equine diseases were used as examples: equine influenza (equine influenza virus), rhinopneumonitis (equine herpes virus 1/4), and tetanus (Clostridium tetani neuro-toxin). (1) Emergency vaccination: while it has been very successful to reduce the impact of equine influenza epizooties and it is also recommended for tetanus in case of surgery and accident, the benefit of emergency vaccination against equine herpes virus 1/4 remains arguable; (2) Compatibility of equine vaccines from different brands: despite being a frequent concerns for equine veterinarians, little information is available about the compatibility of equine vaccines from different commercial origins. The consequence of mixing different equine vaccines targeting the same disease is believed to be limited but scientific evidences are sparse; and, (3) Laps vaccination and vaccine shortage: they could have serious consequences in terms of protection and their impact should be evaluated on a case by case basis, taking into account the risk of contact with the pathogen and the effect on herd immunity.
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Wada M, Stevenson M, Cogger N, Carpenter T. Evaluation of the Control Strategy for the 2010 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak in Japan Using Disease Simulation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:978-989. [PMID: 26748445 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, Japan experienced a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic where 292 premises were infected over a period of 75 days. The epidemic was controlled by stamping-out and vaccination, applied 5 weeks after the first confirmation of disease within a 10 km radius of identified infected places. This study aimed at identifying the role of emergency vaccination to epidemic control while adjusting for the dynamic pattern of local spread, and assessing alternative vaccination strategies, using a disease simulation model. Our results indicate that the overall hazard of local spread remained high throughout the silent spread phase and the first two weeks post-detection, with significant reduction occurring from week 3 onwards. The estimated effectiveness of emergency vaccination quantified as reduction in the hazard of infection was at most 81% and 44% for cattle and pig farms, respectively. The vaccination strategy reduced the simulated median number of IPs by 22%, epidemic duration by 64% and culling duration by 52%, but increased the total number of infected or vaccinated premises subject to culling by 144% compared with no vaccination. The simulation indicated that vaccination starting 2 weeks earlier (3 weeks post-first detection) with a smaller vaccination radius (3 km) was more effective for eradication of the epidemic compared with the actually implemented strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wada
- EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Stevenson
- EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Cogger
- EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - T Carpenter
- EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Zingg D, Häsler S, Schuepbach-Regula G, Schwermer H, Dürr S. Evidence for Emergency Vaccination Having Played a Crucial Role to Control the 1965/66 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak in Switzerland. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:72. [PMID: 26697436 PMCID: PMC4677095 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that caused several large outbreaks in Europe in the last century. The last important outbreak in Switzerland took place in 1965/66 and affected more than 900 premises and more than 50,000 animals were slaughtered. Large-scale emergency vaccination of the cattle and pig population has been applied to control the epidemic. In recent years, many studies have used infectious disease models to assess the impact of different disease control measures, including models developed for diseases exotic for the specific region of interest. Often, the absence of real outbreak data makes a validation of such models impossible. This study aimed to evaluate whether a spatial, stochastic simulation model (the Davis Animal Disease Simulation model) can predict the course of a Swiss FMD epidemic based on the available historic input data on population structure, contact rates, epidemiology of the virus, and quality of the vaccine. In addition, the potential outcome of the 1965/66 FMD epidemic without application of vaccination was investigated. Comparing the model outcomes to reality, only the largest 10% of the simulated outbreaks approximated the number of animals being culled. However, the simulation model highly overestimated the number of culled premises. While the outbreak duration could not be well reproduced by the model compared to the 1965/66 epidemic, it was able to accurately estimate the size of the area infected. Without application of vaccination, the model predicted a much higher mean number of culled animals than with vaccination, demonstrating that vaccination was likely crucial in disease control for the Swiss FMD outbreak in 1965/66. The study demonstrated the feasibility to analyze historical outbreak data with modern analytical tools. However, it also confirmed that predicted epidemics from a most carefully parameterized model cannot integrate all eventualities of a real epidemic. Therefore, decision makers need to be aware that infectious disease models are useful tools to support the decision-making process but their results are not equal valuable as real observations and should always be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Zingg
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Stephan Häsler
- Swiss Association for the History of Veterinary Medicine , Gasel , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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Elnekave E, Even-Tov B, Gelman B, Sharir B, Klement E. Association of the time that elapsed from last vaccination with protective effectiveness against foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:87-92. [PMID: 25293489 PMCID: PMC4367153 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine and emergency vaccination of small ruminants against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is mandatory in many endemic countries, yet data on the field effectiveness of the vaccines used is scarce. We conducted an investigation of a serotype O FMD outbreak that took place in a sheep and goat pen, and estimated the effectiveness of various routine vaccination statuses. We also evaluated the protection provided by colostrum administration and emergency vaccination. Animals which were routinely vaccinated twice were not clinically affected while disease incidence was observed among animals routinely vaccinated only once (p = 0.004 according to a two-sided Fisher's exact test). In groups vaccinated only once, there was a significant association between the average time that elapsed since last vaccination and the disease incidence (n = 5; Spearman correlation coefficient: rs = 1.0, p < 0.01). In addition, non-vaccinated lambs fed colostrum from dams vaccinated more than 2 months before parturition had a mortality rate of 33%. Administration of emergency vaccination 2 days after the occurrence of the index case was the probable reason for the rapid blocking of the FMD spread within 6 days from its onset in the pen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100,
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Geale DW, Barnett PV, Clarke GW, Davis J, Kasari TR. A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate-to-Live Versus Vaccinate-to-Die Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response Policies II: Waiting Periods After Emergency Vaccination in FMD Free Countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:388-406. [PMID: 24131661 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For countries with OIE status, FMD free country where vaccination is not practised, vaccinate-to-live policies have a significant economic disincentive as the trade restriction waiting period is double that of vaccinate-to-die policies. The disposal of healthy vaccinated animals strictly for the purpose of regaining markets with debatable scientific justification is a global concern. The feasibility of aligning the waiting periods to facilitate vaccinate-to-live is explored. The first article of this two-part review (Barnett et al., 2015) explored the qualities of higher potency Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccines, performance of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) diagnostic assays particularly in vaccinates and carriers, as well as aspects of current limitations of post-outbreak surveillance. Here, the history behind the OIE waiting periods for FMD free status is reviewed as well as whether the risk of vaccinated animals and their subsequent products differ appreciably at 3 versus 6 months. It is concluded that alignment is feasible for vaccinate-to-live using higher potency FMD vaccines within the current OIE waiting period framework of 3 and 6 months blocks of time. These waiting periods reflect precedence, historical practicalities and considered expert opinion rather than a specific scientific rationale. The future lies in updated epidemiological and diagnostic technology to establish an acceptable level of statistical certainty for surveillance or target probability of freedom of FMDV (infection or circulation) not time restricted waiting periods. The OIE Terrestrial Code limits trade from a FMD free country where vaccination is not practiced to animal products and live non-vaccinated animals. The risk of FMDV in products derived from higher potency vaccinated animals is appreciably less than for countries with infected FMD status or even from a FMD free country where vaccination is practised for which the Code has Articles with guidelines for safe trade with time restrictions of 3 months or less. All these presume that key requirements in the implementation of emergency vaccination including appropriate vaccine match, vaccine application, susceptible population coverage, etc. are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Geale
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | | | - G W Clarke
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J Davis
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - T R Kasari
- United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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11
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Barnett PV, Geale DW, Clarke G, Davis J, Kasari TR. A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate-to-Live Versus Vaccinate-to-Die Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response Policies I: Benefits of Higher Potency Vaccines and Associated NSP DIVA Test Systems in Post-Outbreak Surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:367-87. [PMID: 24112127 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To rapidly return to trade, countries with OIE status, FMD-free country where vaccination is not practised, have destroyed emergency vaccinated animals, raising ethical concerns with respect to social values, the environment, animal welfare and global food security. This two-part review explores whether science could support eligibility to return to previous OIE status in 3 months irrespective of vaccinate-to-live or vaccinate-to-die policies. Here, we examine the benefits of higher potency (≥ 6 PD50 ), high-purity vaccines formulated from antigen banks for emergency use, their efficacy and performance in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) assays for post-outbreak surveillance. From an intensive programme of research, we conclude that high-quality, higher potency vaccines are proven to reduce FMD virus (FMDV) subclinical circulation and the risk of carriers. Broader coverage than predicted by serology suggests the potential to hold a few 'key' vaccine strains improving logistics and reducing the financial burden of antigen banks. The OIE should adopt formal definitions for emergency vaccination and emergency vaccines. In terms of supportive tools, we consider that the lack of OIE recognition of DIVA tests other than those of PANAFTOSA in cattle is a shortcoming. There is need for research on maternal antibody interference with DIVA tests and on the use of such tests to establish whether greater purification of vaccines improves performance. We consider that alignment of waiting periods for vaccinate-to-live and vaccinate-to-die in OIE Code Article 8.5.9 1 b. and c. is feasible until an acceptable level of statistical certainty for surveillance or target probability of freedom is established to substantiate the absence of FMDV infection or circulation. It is surveillance intensity rather than waiting periods that establishes the risk of residual FMDV. EU Directive 2003/85/EC implicitly recognizes this, permitting derogation of the OIE waiting periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Barnett
- Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D W Geale
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - G Clarke
- Ministry of Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J Davis
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - T R Kasari
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Brosig J, Traulsen I, Krieter J. Control of classical swine fever epidemics under varying conditions--with special focus on emergency vaccination and rapid PCR testing. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:258-65. [PMID: 23113941 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In case of a classical swine fever outbreak in the European Union (EU), its control is based upon the culling of swine on infected farms, movement restrictions in the protection and surveillance zones, and contact tracing. Additionally, preventive culling may be carried out. Emergency vaccination and rapid PCR testing are discussed as alternatives to avoid this measure. An outbreak of classical swine fever and the success of its control are influenced by different factors. Using a spatial and temporal Monte-Carlo simulation model the control strategies 'Restriction Zone', 'Traditional Control', 'Emergency Vaccination', 'Test To Slaughter', 'Test To Control' and 'Vaccination in conjunction with Rapid Testing' were compared under various conditions. Farm density, compliance with movement restrictions and delay in the establishment of an emergency vaccination were analysed as influencing factors. It was found that all these factors had a significant influence on the number of infected and culled farms. In a low-density region, the basic measures are sufficient to control an epidemic, provided strict compliance with movement restrictions is adhered to. In a high-density region, additional measures are necessary. They can compensate non-strict compliance with movement restriction to a certain extent. In the high-density region, 'Emergency Vaccination' and 'Vaccination in conjunction with Rapid Testing' reached the same level of infected farms as 'Traditional Control', independent of the value of compliance with movement restrictions. However, in the case of an emergency vaccination, an early start to the vaccination campaign is essential for successful disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brosig
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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