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Li Y, Guo J, Sun S. Decreasing acid value of fatty acid ethyl ester products using complex enzymes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1355009. [PMID: 38390361 PMCID: PMC10882546 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1355009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, enzymatic method has been used to prepare biodiesel using various oils. But the high acid value of the biodiesel product using enzyme as a catalyst has been one issue. In this work, an attempt to reduce the acid value of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) product to satisfy the specified requirement (AV ≤ 0.5 mgKOH/g), a complex enzyme-catalyzed method was used for the ethanolysis of Semen Abutili seed oil (SASO) (AV = 5.5 ± 0.3 mgKOH/g). The effects of various variables (constituents of complex enzyme, type and addition of water removal agent, time, temperature, enzyme addition load, substrate ratio) on the enzymatic reaction were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were: 1% addition of liquid lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0% and 0.8% of enzyme dry powder CALB, reaction temperature 35°C, alcohol-oil ratio 9:1 (mol/mol), 0.8 g/g of 4A-MS and reaction time 24 h. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the FAEE yield was 90.8% ± 1.5% and its acid value was decreased from 12.0 ± 0.2 mgKOH/g to 0.39 ± 0.10 mgKOH/g. In further evaluating the feasibility of preparing FAEE from SASO, the FAEE products obtained under the optimal reaction conditions were purified and evaluated with reference to the ASTM D6751 standard for the main physicochemical indexes. The results obtained were in accordance with the requirements except for the oxidative stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shangde Sun
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Singh D, Rani R, Sharma AK, Gupta RP, Ramakumar SSV, Mathur AS. Extraction, separation and purification of fatty acid ethyl esters for biodiesel and DHA from Thraustochytrid biomass. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300350. [PMID: 38135869 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for in situ transesterification, extraction, separation, and purification of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) for biodiesel and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from Thraustochytrid biomass has been developed. The downstream processing of Thraustochytrids oil necessitates optimization, considering the higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). While two-step methods are commonly employed for extracting and transesterifying oil from oleaginous microbes, this may result in oxidation/epoxidation of omega-3 oil due to prolonged exposure to heat and oxygen. To address this issue, a rapid single-step method was devised for in situ transesterification of Thraustochytrid oil. Through further process optimization, a 50% reduction in solvent requirement was achieved without significantly impacting fatty acid recovery or composition. Scale-up studies in a 4 L reactor demonstrated complete FAEE recovery (99.98% of total oil) from biomass, concurrently enhancing DHA yield from 16% to nearly 22%. The decolorization of FAEE oil with fuller's earth effectively removed impurities such as pigments, secondary metabolites, and waxes, resulting in a clear, shiny appearance. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that the eluted DHA was over 94.5% pure, as corroborated by GC-FID analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Singh
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Rekha Rani
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Ajay K Sharma
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Sankara Sri Venkata Ramakumar
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Anshu S Mathur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
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3
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Zhao J, Xu Y, Lu H, Zhao D, Zheng J, Lin M, Liang X, Ding Z, Dong W, Yang M, Li W, Zhang C, Sun B, Li X. Molecular mechanism of LIP05 derived from Monascus purpureus YJX-8 for synthesizing fatty acid ethyl esters under aqueous phase. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1107104. [PMID: 36713181 PMCID: PMC9877431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1107104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid ethyl esters are important flavor chemicals in strong-flavor Baijiu. Monascus purpureus YJX-8 is recognized as an important microorganism for ester synthesis in the fermentation process. Enzyme LIP05 from YJX-8 can efficiently catalyze the synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters under aqueous phase, but the key catalytic sites affecting esterification were unclear. The present work combined homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, molecular docking and site-directed mutation to analyze the catalytic mechanism of LIP05. Protein structure modeling indicated LIP05 belonged to α/β fold hydrolase, contained a lid domain and a core catalytic pocket with conserved catalytic triad Ser150-His215-Asp202, and the oxyanion hole composed of Gly73 and Thr74. Ile30 and Leu37 of the lid domain were found to affect substrate specificity. The π-bond stacking between Tyr116 and Tyr149 played an important role in stabilizing the catalytic active center of LIP05. Tyr116 and Ile204 determined the substrate spectrum by composing the substrate-entrance channel. Residues Leu83, Ile204, Ile211 and Leu216 were involved in forming the hydrophobic substrate-binding pocket through steric hindrance and hydrophobic interaction. The catalytic mechanism for esterification in aqueous phase of LIP05 was proposed and provided a reference for clarifying the synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters during the fermentation process of strong-flavor Baijiu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Youqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Wuliangye Yibin Co., Ltd., Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Wuliangye Yibin Co., Ltd., Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Ding
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Maochen Yang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiuting Li,
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Xu Y, Huang H, Lu H, Wu M, Lin M, Zhang C, Zhao Z, Li W, Zhang C, Li X, Sun B. Characterization of an Aspergillus niger for Efficient Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Synthesis in Aqueous Phase and the Molecular Mechanism. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:820380. [PMID: 35265050 PMCID: PMC8899536 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.820380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid ethyl esters are important flavor chemicals in strong-flavor baijiu. Microorganisms are the main contributors to ester synthesis during baijiu manufacture. However, the ester synthesis was unstable between batches. This was owing to a limited knowledge of the mechanisms for ester synthesis by microorganisms. In this work, a fatty acid ethyl ester synthesizing Aspergillus niger strain CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection) 3.4309 was identified. The conversion ratios of ethyl valerate, ethyl caproate, ethyl caprylate, and ethyl caprate were 7.87, 29.20, 94.80, and 85.20%, respectively, under the optimized conditions. A comparison of transcriptomes under the initial and optimized ester synthetic conditions indicated that 23 genes were upregulated in transcription level and encoded enzymes with potential abilities for ester synthesis. Eleven of the enzymes were expressed, and three of them, numbered An605, An1097, and An3131, showed the ability to catalyze fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis under aqueous phase, with capric acid as the preferred substrate. The possible enzymatic catalytic mechanism was proposed based on homology modeling and molecular docking. This study reported for the first time that A. niger showed the ability to efficiently catalyze the synthesis of short- and medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters in aqueous phase, identified the key enzymes, and analyzed the basic enzymatic properties. This is helpful to promote the application of related microorganisms and enzyme resources in the baijiu industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqiang Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyun Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqin Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengwei Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zhigang Zhao
- Chengde Qianlongzui Distillery Company, Hebei, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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5
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Moreira KDS, de Oliveira ALB, Júnior LSDM, Monteiro RRC, da Rocha TN, Menezes FL, Fechine LMUD, Denardin JC, Michea S, Freire RM, Fechine PBA, Souza MCM, Dos Santos JCS. Lipase From Rhizomucor miehei Immobilized on Magnetic Nanoparticles: Performance in Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester (FAEE) Optimized Production by the Taguchi Method. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:693. [PMID: 32695765 PMCID: PMC7338345 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this communication, it was evaluated the production of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAAE) from the free fatty acids of babassu oil catalyzed by lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) coated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), Fe3O4@APTES-RML or RML-MNP for short. MNPs were prepared by co-precipitation coated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and used as a support to immobilize RML (immobilization yield: 94.7 ± 1.0%; biocatalyst activity: 341.3 ± 1.2 Up–NPB/g), which were also activated with glutaraldehyde and then used to immobilize RML (immobilization yield: 91.9 ± 0.2%; biocatalyst activity: 199.6 ± 3.5 Up–NPB/g). RML-MNP was characterized by X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), proving the incorporation and immobilization of RML on the APTES matrix. In addition, the immobilized biocatalyst presented at 60°C a half-life 16–19 times greater than that of the soluble lipase in the pH range 5–10. RML and RML-MNP showed higher activity at pH 7; the immobilized enzyme was more active than the free enzyme in the pH range (5–10) analyzed. For the production of fatty acid ethyl ester, under optimal conditions [40°C, 6 h, 1:1 (FFAs/alcohol)] determined by the Taguchi method, it was possible to obtain conversion of 81.7 ± 0.7% using 5% of RML-MNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerine da S Moreira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - André L B de Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lourembergue S de M Júnior
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho R C Monteiro
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Thays N da Rocha
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Menezes
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat) - Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-chemistry, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lillian M U D Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat) - Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-chemistry, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Juliano C Denardin
- Departamento de Física/Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Michea
- Institute of Applied Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael M Freire
- Institute of Applied Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pierre B A Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat) - Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-chemistry, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Maria C M Souza
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção, Brazil
| | - José C S Dos Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção, Brazil
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6
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Woo HM, Lee HJ. Toward solar biodiesel production from CO2 using engineered cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3605366. [PMID: 28407086 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria has received attention as a sustainable strategy to convert carbon dioxide to various biochemicals including fatty acid-derived biodiesel. Recently, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, a model cyanobacterium, has been engineered to convert CO2 to fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) as biodiesel. Modular pathway has been constructed for FAEE production. Several metabolic engineering strategies were discussed to improve the production levels of FAEEs, including host engineering by improving CO2 fixation rate and photosynthetic efficiency. In addition, protein engineering of key enzyme in S. elongatus PCC 7942 was implemented to address issues on FAEE secretions toward sustainable FAEE production from CO2. Finally, advanced metabolic engineering will promote developing biosolar cell factories to convert CO2 to feasible amount of FAEEs toward solar biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Kouteu PAN, Blin J, Baréa B, Barouh N, Villeneuve P. Solvent-Free Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Crude Lipase Powder from Seeds: Effects of Alcohol Polarity, Glycerol, and Thermodynamic Water Activity. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:8683-8690. [PMID: 28880083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of crude lipase powders made from Adansonia grandidieri and Jatropha mahafalensis seeds for the synthesis of fatty acid alkyl esters in a solvent-free system. The influence of the nature of the alcohol, the amount of glycerol, and hydration of the powder was investigated. Results showed that the activity of these crude lipase powders was inversely proportional to the alcohol polarity and the amount of the glycerol in the reaction medium. To ensure optimum activity, A. grandidieri and J. mahafalensis powders must be conditioned to a water activity of 0.33 and 0.66. To obtain a fatty acid ethyl ester yield greater than 95% with A. grandidieri, ethanol should be introduced at an amount corresponding to a triacylglycerol to ethanol molar ratio of 2:1 every 15 h for 96 h and use 25% of preconditioned crude lipase powders (2 additions of 12.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Alain Nanssou Kouteu
- Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE), Laboratoire Biomasse Énergie et Biocarburants (LBEB) , Rue de la Science, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1208 Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes , 2 Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Joël Blin
- Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE), Laboratoire Biomasse Énergie et Biocarburants (LBEB) , Rue de la Science, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Baréa
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Barouh
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Villeneuve
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
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Jabeur H, Drira M, Rebai A, Bouaziz M. Putative Markers of Adulteration of Higher-Grade Olive Oil with Less Expensive Pomace Olive Oil Identified by Gas Chromatography Combined with Chemometrics. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:5375-5383. [PMID: 28609617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work has been performed to ascertain that extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is free of adulteration. For this purpose, refined pomace olive oils (RPOOs) are commonly used for extra-virgin olive oil adulteration and repassed olive oils (ROOs) are used for lampante olive oil (LOO) fraudulent operation. Indeed, fatty acid ethyl esters could be used as a parameter for the detection of EVOO fraud with 2% RPOO. The addition of >10% RPOO to EVOO would be detected by the amount of erythrodiol, uvaol, waxes, and aliphatic alcohols. Moreover, the use of stigmasta-3,5-diene content proved to be effective in EVOO adulteration even at a low level (with 1% RPOO). For the detection of adulteration of LOO with >5% ROO, the sum of erythrodiol, uvaol, and the waxes and esters can be considered as good markers of purity. Using linear discriminant analysis can identify the most discriminant variable that allows a faster and cheaper evaluation of extra-virgin olive oil adulteration by measuring only these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Jabeur
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole National d'Ingénieur de Sfax, Université de Sfax , BP "1173", 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
- Office National de l'Huile , 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Malika Drira
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole National d'Ingénieur de Sfax, Université de Sfax , BP "1173", 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Rebai
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules, Équipe des Procédés de Criblage Moléculaires et Cellulaires, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax , BP "1177", 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Bouaziz
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole National d'Ingénieur de Sfax, Université de Sfax , BP "1173", 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax , BP "1175", 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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9
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Lee HJ, Choi J, Lee SM, Um Y, Sim SJ, Kim Y, Woo HM. Photosynthetic CO 2 Conversion to Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEEs) Using Engineered Cyanobacteria. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:1087-1092. [PMID: 28128561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria has received attention as a sustainable strategy to convert carbon dioxide to fatty acid-derived chemicals that are widely used in the food and chemical industries. Herein, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, a model cyanobacterium, was engineered for the first time to produce fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) from CO2. Due to the lack of an endogenous ethanol production pathway and wax ester synthase (AftA) activity in the wild-type cyanobacterium, we metabolically engineered S. elongatus PCC 7942 by expressing heterologous AftA and introducing the ethanol pathway, resulting in detectable peaks of FAEEs. To enhance FAEE production, a heterologous phosphoketolase pathway was introduced in the FAEE-producing strain to supply acetyl-CoA. Subsequent optimization of the cyanobacterial culture with a hexadecane overlay resulted in engineered S. elongatus PCC 7942 that produced photosynthetic FAEEs (10.0 ± 0.7 mg/L/OD730) from CO2. This paper is the first report of photosynthetic production of FAEEs from CO2 in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Choi
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoon Um
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunje Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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10
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White RM. Drugs in hair. Part I. Metabolisms of major drug classes. Forensic Sci Rev 2017; 29:23-55. [PMID: 28119266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, hair can be reliably tested for the presence of drugs. However, one major drawback to the use of parent drugs is the question of potential external or environmental contamination. The analysis of metabolites to confirm the use of the parent drugs was proposed in this short review. The development of hair as a test matrix and the incorporation of xenobiotics, in general, into the hair matrix were discussed. What constitutes an appropriate metabolite for drug testing to mirror the use of a parent drug was proposed and discussed. The use of metabolites rather than parent drugs to indicate unequivocal use rather than external exposure was also discussed for amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates (codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone), phencyclidine, fentanyl, benzodiazepines, and ethanol. This, however, was discussed in terms of class and/or individual drug. In addition, selection or potential selection of appropriate metabolites was reviewed. The actual incorporation of drug metabolites into hair versus the metabolism of drugs which was incorporated into hair were also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M White
- Centre for Forensic Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Abstract
Ethanol is a widely used psychoactive drug whose chronic abuse is associated with organ dysfunction and disease. Although the prevalent metabolic fate of ethanol in the human body is oxidation a smaller fraction undergoes nonoxidative metabolism yielding ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate, phosphatidylethanol and fatty acid ethyl esters. Nonoxidative ethanol metabolites persist in tissues and body fluids for much longer than ethanol itself and represent biomarkers for the assessment of ethanol intake in clinical and forensic settings. Of note, the nonoxidative reaction of ethanol with phospholipids and fatty acids yields bioactive compounds that affect cellular signaling pathways and organelle function and may contribute to ethanol toxicity. Thus, despite low quantitative contributions of nonoxidative pathways to overall ethanol metabolism the resultant ethanol metabolites have important biological implications. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the enzymatic formation of nonoxidative ethanol metabolites in humans and discuss the implications of nonoxidative ethanol metabolites as biomarkers of ethanol intake and mediators of ethanol toxicity. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(12):916-923, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of GrazAustria
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of GrazAustria
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12
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Vázquez L, González N, Reglero G, Torres C. Solvent-Free Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Diacylgycerols as Low-Calorie Food Ingredients. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:6. [PMID: 26904539 PMCID: PMC4748054 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Problems derived from obesity and overweight have recently promoted the development of fat substitutes and other low-calorie foods. On the one hand, fats with short- and medium-chain fatty acids are a source of quick energy, easily hydrolyzable and hardly stored as fat. Furthermore, 1,3-diacylglycerols are not hydrolyzed to 2-monoacylglycerols in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the formation of chylomicron and lowers the serum level of triacylglycerols by decreasing its resynthesis in the enterocyte. In this work, these two effects were combined to synthesize short- and medium-chain 1,3-diacylglycerols, leading to a product with great potential as for their low-calorie properties. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification reactions were performed between short- and medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters and glycerol. Different variables were investigated, such as the type of biocatalyst, the molar ratio FAEE:glycerol, the adsorption of glycerol on silica gel, or the addition of lecithin. Best reaction conditions were evaluated considering the percentage of 1,3-DAG produced and the reaction rate. Except Novozym 435 (Candida antarctica), other lipases required the adsorption of glycerol on silica gel to form acylglycerols. Lipases that gave the best results with adsorption were Novozym 435 and Lipozyme RM IM (Rhizomucor miehei) with 52 and 60.7% DAG at 32 h, respectively. Because of its specificity for sn-1 and sn-3 positions, lipases leading to a higher proportion of 1,3-DAG vs. 1,2-DAG were Lipozyme RM IM (39.8 and 20.9%, respectively) and Lipase PLG (Alcaligenes sp.) (35.9 and 19.3%, respectively). By adding 1% (w/w) of lecithin to the reaction with Novozym 435 and raw glycerol, the reaction rate was considerably increased from 41.7 to 52.8% DAG at 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vázquez
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Noemí González
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torres
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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de Jong BW, Siewers V, Nielsen J. Physiological and transcriptional characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae engineered for production of fatty acid ethyl esters. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 16:fov105. [PMID: 26590613 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has previously been engineered to become a cell factory for the production of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), molecules suitable for crude diesel replacement. To find new metabolic engineering targets for the improvement of FAEE cell factories, three different FAEE-producing strains of S. cerevisiae, constructed previously, were compared and characterized by quantification of key fluxes and genome-wide transcription analysis. From both the physiological and the transcriptional data, it was indicated that strain CB2I20, with high expression of a heterologous wax ester synthase gene (ws2) and strain BdJ15, containing disruptions of genes DGA1, LRO1, ARE1, ARE2 and POX1, which prevent the conversion of acyl-CoA to sterol esters, triacylglycerides and the degradation to acetyl-CoA, triggered oxidative stress that consequently influenced cellular growth. In the latter strain, stress was possibly triggered by disabling the buffering capacity of lipid droplets in encapsulating toxic fatty acids such as oleic acid. Additionally, it was indicated that there was an increased demand for NADPH required for the reduction steps in fatty acid biosynthesis. In conclusion, our analysis clearly shows that engineering of fatty acid biosynthesis results in transcriptional reprogramming and has a significant effect on overall cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouke Wim de Jong
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
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Zhou YJ, Buijs NA, Siewers V, Nielsen J. Fatty Acid-Derived Biofuels and Chemicals Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:32. [PMID: 25225637 PMCID: PMC4150446 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile energy costs and environmental concerns have spurred interest in the development of alternative, renewable, sustainable, and cost-effective energy resources. Environment-friendly processes involving microbes can be used to synthesize advanced biofuels. These fuels have the potential to replace fossil fuels in supporting high-power demanding machinery such as aircrafts and trucks. From an engineering perspective, the pathway for fatty acid biosynthesis is an attractive route for the production of advanced fuels such as fatty acid ethyl esters, fatty alcohols, and alkanes. The robustness and excellent accessibility to molecular genetics make the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae a suitable host for the purpose of bio-manufacturing. Recent advances in metabolic engineering, as well as systems and synthetic biology, have now provided the opportunity to engineer yeast metabolism for the production of fatty acid-derived fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin J. Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicolaas A. Buijs
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Buček A, Vogel H, Matoušková P, Prchalová D, Záček P, Vrkoslav V, Šebesta P, Svatoš A, Jahn U, Valterová I, Pichová I. The role of desaturases in the biosynthesis of marking pheromones in bumblebee males. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 43:724-731. [PMID: 23727612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bumblebee males (Hymenoptera) produce species-specific labial gland secretions called marking pheromones (MPs). MPs generally consist of terpenoids and fatty-acid-derived aliphatic compounds with various chain lengths predominantly containing one or no double bonds. The unsaturated fatty-acid-derived MP components were hypothesized to be produced by fatty acid desaturases (FADs) that exhibit diverse substrate specificities. To address this hypothesis, we isolated and functionally characterized FADs from three bumblebee species: Bombus lucorum, Bombus terrestris, and Bombus lapidarius. By employing RNA sequencing of the male labial glands and fat bodies of B. lucorum and B. terrestris, we identified five paralogous FAD-like sequences but only two FAD lineages were abundant and differentially expressed in the labial glands. We found that abundant FAD lineages were also expressed in the labial gland and fat body of Bombus lapidarius. Functional characterization of FADs in a yeast expression system confirmed that Δ4-FADs exhibited a unique Δ4-desaturase activity exclusively on 14-carbon fatty acyls and Δ9-FADs displayed Δ9-desaturase activity on 14- to 18-carbon fatty acyls. These results indicate that Δ9-FADs are involved in the biosynthesis of major unsaturated components of MPs in B. lucorum and B. lapidarius despite the diverse MP composition of these bumblebee species. The contribution of lipases, acyltransferases, esterases, and fatty acid reductases to production of the species-specific MP composition is also discussed in light of the transcriptomic data obtained in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Buček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Ellis SR, Brown SH, In Het Panhuis M, Blanksby SJ, Mitchell TW. Surface analysis of lipids by mass spectrometry: more than just imaging. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:329-53. [PMID: 23623802 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is now an indispensable tool for lipid analysis and is arguably the driving force in the renaissance of lipid research. In its various forms, mass spectrometry is uniquely capable of resolving the extensive compositional and structural diversity of lipids in biological systems. Furthermore, it provides the ability to accurately quantify molecular-level changes in lipid populations associated with changes in metabolism and environment; bringing lipid science to the "omics" age. The recent explosion of mass spectrometry-based surface analysis techniques is fuelling further expansion of the lipidomics field. This is evidenced by the numerous papers published on the subject of mass spectrometric imaging of lipids in recent years. While imaging mass spectrometry provides new and exciting possibilities, it is but one of the many opportunities direct surface analysis offers the lipid researcher. In this review we describe the current state-of-the-art in the direct surface analysis of lipids with a focus on tissue sections, intact cells and thin-layer chromatography substrates. The suitability of these different approaches towards analysis of the major lipid classes along with their current and potential applications in the field of lipid analysis are evaluated.
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