1
|
Wang CH, Busireddy MR, Huang SC, Nie H, Liu YS, Lai BY, Meng LH, Chuang WT, Scharber MC, Chen JT, Hsu CS. Phenoxy Group-Containing Asymmetric Non-Fullerene Acceptors Achieved Higher VOC over 1.0 V through Alkoxy Side-Chain Engineering for Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:58683-58692. [PMID: 38073043 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Alkoxy side chain engineering on the β-position of the thienothiophene units of Y6 derivatives plays a vital role in improving photovoltaic performances with simultaneously increasing open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF). In this work, we prepared a series of asymmetric non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) by introducing alkoxy side chains and phenoxy groups on the state-of-the-art Y6-derivative BTP-BO-4F. For the comparison, 2O-BO-4F with a symmetric alkoxy side chain on the outer thiophene units and BTP-PBO-4F with an asymmetric N-attached phenoxy alkyl chain on the pyrrole ring are synthesized from BTP-BO-4F. Thereafter, we construct four asymmetric NFAs by introducing different lengths of linear/branched alkoxy chains on the β-position of the thienothiophene units of BTP-PBO-4F. The resulting NFAs, named L10-PBO, L12-PBO, B12-PBO, and B16-PBO (L = linear and B = branched alkoxy side chains), are collectively called OR-PBO-series. Unexpectedly, all OR-PBO NFAs exhibit strong edge-on molecular packing and weaker π-π interactions in the film state, which diminish the charge transfer in organic solar cell (OSC) devices. As a consequence, the optimal devices of OR-PBO-based binary blends show poor photovoltaic performances [power conversion efficiency (PCE) = 6.52-9.62%] in comparison with 2O-BO-4F (PCE = 12.42%) and BTP-PBO-4F (PCE = 15.30%) reference blends. Nevertheless, the OR-PBO-based binary devices show a higher Voc and smaller Vloss. Especially, B12-PBO- and B16-PBO-based devices achieve Voc over 1.00 V, which is the highest value of Y-series OSC devices to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, by utilizing higher Voc of OR-PBO binary blends, B12-PBO and B16-PBO are incorporated into the PM6:BTP-PBO-4F-based binary blend and fabricated ternary devices. As a result, the PM6:BTP-PBO-4F:B12-PBO ternary device delivers the best PCE of 15.60% with an increasing Voc and FF concurrently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hsin Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Manohar Reddy Busireddy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ci Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Hebing Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuo Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yong Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Huan Meng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tsung Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30073, Taiwan
| | - Markus C Scharber
- Linz Institute of Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Jiun-Tai Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Chain-Shu Hsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rood, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao J, Chesman ASR, Yan J, Sutherland LJ, Jasieniak J, Lu J, Mao W, Bach U. Precursor Engineering of Lead Acetate-Based Precursors for High-Open-Circuit Voltage Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:18800-18807. [PMID: 37032480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskites have great potential for inclusion in efficient tandem solar cells, but large open-circuit voltage losses have limited device performance to date. Here, we show that a high-quality WBG perovskite, FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3, with enlarged grain sizes and improved crystallinity can be achieved by incorporating lead chloride (PbCl2) into a lead acetate (PbAc2)-based precursor. The improved film quality resulted in the suppression of nonradiative recombination and a reduction in defect density. Efficient WBG perovskite solar cells (1.66 eV) with an efficiency of 19.3% and a high Voc of 1.22 V were fabricated using a facile one-step spin-coating method without the need for an antisolvent. Notably, the unencapsulated devices retained 90% of their initial power conversion efficiency after storage in a dry box (10% humidity) for 800 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - Junlin Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Luke J Sutherland
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jacek Jasieniak
- ARC Center of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan 528216, China
| | - Wenxin Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Udo Bach
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deng M, Xu X, Duan Y, Yu L, Li R, Peng Q. Y-Type Non-Fullerene Acceptors with Outer Branched Side Chains and Inner Cyclohexane Side Chains for 19.36% Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2210760. [PMID: 36599710 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Raising the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of Y-type non-fullerene acceptors can increase the open-circuit voltage (Voc ) and thus the photovoltaic performance of the current top performing polymer solar cells (PSCs). One of the viable routes is demonstrated by the successful Y6 derivative of L8-BO with the branched alkyl chains at the outer side. This will introduce steric hindrance and reduce intermolecular aggregation, thus open up the bandgap and raise the LUMO energy level. To take further advantages of the steric hindrance influence on optoelectronic properties of Y6 derivatives, two Y-type non-fullerene acceptors of BTP-Cy-4F and BTP-Cy-4Cl are designed and synthesized by adopting outer branched side chains and inner cyclohexane side chains. An outstanding Voc of 0.937 V is achieved in the D18:BTP-Cy-4F binary blend devices along with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.52%. With the addition of BTP-eC9 to extend the absorption spectral coverage, a remarkable PCE of 19.36% is realized finally in the related ternary blend devices, which is one of the highest values for single-junction PSCs at present. The results illustrate the great potential of cyclohexane side chains in constructing high-performance non-fullerene acceptors and their PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Liyang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Lab, Suffolk, Upton, NY, 11 973, USA
| | - Qiang Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Zhou D, Zhuang X, Sun R, Zhang H, Liang J, Jia Y, Liu D, Song H. Interfacial Engineering of Au@Nb 2CT x-MXene Modulates the Growth Strain, Suppresses the Auger Recombination, and Enables an Open-Circuit Voltage of over 1.2 V in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:3961-3973. [PMID: 36637003 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Defects at the interface of charge transport layers can cause severe charge accumulation and poor charge transferability, which greatly affect the efficiency and stability of stannic oxide (SnO2)-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a new type of MXene (Nb2CTx-MXene) is applied to the interface of SnO2 layers to passivate the interfacial defects and promote charge transport. Nb2CTx-MXene in PSCs realizes the role of boosting the conductivity, reducing the tin vacancies in the interstitial void of the SnO2 layer, decreasing the defect density, and aligning the bandgap. Afterward, Nb2CTx-MXene is decorated with gold nanospheres, which has the ability to modulate the tensile strain of perovskites and suppress the Auger recombination. Eventually, the Au@Nb2CTx-MXene-modified device yields an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.78% with a relatively high open-circuit voltage of 1.215 V (Eg ∼ 1.60 eV). The unencapsulated devices maintain 90% of their initial PCE values after storage in the air with a relative humidity of 40% for 1000 h and remain above 80% of their initial efficiency after operation at the maximum power point for 500 h under 1 sun illumination. Our work provides an avenue to fabricate high-efficiency and stable PSCs with MXene adapting to commercial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuainan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Donglei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmeng Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hugang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Dali Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zuo K, Dai T, Guo Q, Wang Z, Zhong Y, Mengzhen D, Wang H, Tang A, Zhou E. PTB7-Th-Based Organic Photovoltaic Cells with a High VOC of over 1.0 V via Fluorination and Side Chain Engineering of Benzotriazole-Containing Nonfullerene Acceptors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:18764-18772. [PMID: 35416024 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PTB7-Th is considered one of the most classic donor polymers for organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PTB7-Th-based OPV is lagging behind that of other promising polymers mainly because of the relatively low open-circuit voltage (VOC). To increase the VOC and PCE of PTB7-Th-based OPV, the development of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) and studies of structure-property-performance relationship are vital. Here, three A2-A1-D-A1-A2-type acceptors, namely BTA45, F-BTA45, and F-BTA5, were developed by fluorination on the benzotriazole (BTA) unit and regulating alkoxy or alkyl phenyl side chains. Compared with BTA45, light absorption and π-π packing can be simultaneously improved for the two fluorinated BTA acceptors, resulting in an increased JSC and FF. Moreover, the F-BTA5-based blend film exhibits better phase separation morphology and electron transport than those of BTA45 and F-BTA45, which contribute to a device efficiency of 10.36% with a VOC of 1.03 V. In addition, the ΔE2 values of the three blends are less than 0.15 eV, together with their moderate ΔE3, efficiently decreasing their energy loss. These results highlight the importance of fluorination and side chain engineering for NFAs to boost the VOC and PCE for low-band gap photovoltaic polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunyuan Zuo
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tingting Dai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zongtao Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yufei Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Du Mengzhen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Helin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ailing Tang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Erjun Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kini GP, Han YW, Jeon SJ, Lee EJ, Lee YJ, Goh M, Moon DK. Tailoring microstructure and morphology via sequential fluorination to enhance the photovoltaic performance of low-cost polymer donors for organic solar cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200070. [PMID: 35298093 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For utilizing the organic solar cells for commercial applications, reducing the overall cost of the photo absorbent materials is also very crucial, along with the realization of high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and excellent stability. Herein, we tried to address such challenge by synergistically controlling the amount of fluorine (F)-substituents (n = 2, 4) on easily scalable, low-cost wide-bandgap molecular design involving alternate fluorinated-thienyl benzodithiophene donor and 2,5-difluoro benzene (2FBn) or 2,3,5,6 tetrafluorobenzene (4FBn) to form two new polymer donors PBDT-2FBn and PBDT-4FBn, respectively. As expected, sequential fluorination causes lowering of the frontier energy levels and planarization of polymer backbone via F···S and C-H···F noncovalent molecular locks, which results in more pronounced molecular packing and enhanced crystallinity from PBDT-2FBn to PBDT-4FBn. By mixing with IT-4F acceptor, PBDT-2FBn:IT-4F-based blend demonstrated favorable molecular orientation with shorter π-π stacking distance, higher carrier mobilities with good trade-off ratio and desirable nanoscale morphology, hence delivered good PCE of 9.3% than PBDT-2FBn:IT-4F counterpart (8.6%). Furthermore, pairing PBDT-2FBn with BTP-BO-4Cl acceptor further improved absorption range and promoted privileged morphology with ideal domain sizes for efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport, resulting in further improvement of PCE to 10.2% with remarkably low energy loss of 0.46 eV, which is seldomly reported in NF-OSCs. Consequently, this study provides valuable guidelines for designing efficient and low-cost polymer donors for organic solar cell applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj P Kini
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Yong Woon Han
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Jeon
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Eui Jin Lee
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Munju Goh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Doo Kyung Moon
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen S, Wang J, Ran G, Pan Q, Liu L, Zhao C, Tang J, Zhao M, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Jiu T. Control of the Surface Disorder by Ion-Exchange to Achieve High Open-Circuit Voltage in HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cell. Small Methods 2021; 5:e2101079. [PMID: 34928012 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ionic nature of organic trihalide perovskite leads to structural irregularity and energy disorder at the perovskite surface, which seriously affects the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells. Here, the origin of the perovskite surface disorder is analyzed, and a facial ion-exchange strategy is designed to regulate the surface chemical environment. By the reconstruction of terminal irregular Pb-I bonds and random cations, the repaired surface is characteristic of the reduced band tail states, consequent to the suppression of the uplift of quasi-Fermi level splitting and photocarrier scattering. The optimized device gets a high open-circuit voltage and operational stability. These findings fully elaborate the underlying mechanism concerning perovskite surface problem, giving guidance on tailoring the energy disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guangliu Ran
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qingyan Pan
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Le Liu
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chengjie Zhao
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jin Tang
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Tonggang Jiu
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kini GP, Lee EJ, Jeon SJ, Moon DK. Understanding the Critical Role of Sequential Fluorination of Phenylene Units on the Properties of Dicarboxylate Bithiophene-Based Wide-Bandgap Polymer Donors for Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000743. [PMID: 33644922 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Design and development of wide bandgap (WBG) polymer donors with low-lying highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) are increasingly gaining attention in non-fullerene organic photovoltaics since such donors can synergistically enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE) by simultaneously minimizing photon energy loss (Eloss ) and enhancing the spectral response. In this contribution, three new WBG polymer donors, P1, P2, and P3, are prepared by adding phenylene cores with a different number of fluorine (F) substituents (n = 0, 2, and 4, respectively) to dicarboxylate bithiophene-based acceptor units. As predicted, fluorination effectively aides in the lowering of HOMO energy levels, tailoring of the coplanarity and molecular ordering in the polymers. Thus, fluorinated P2 and P3 polymers show higher coplanarity and more intense interchain aggregation than P1, leading to higher charge carrier mobilities and superior phase-separated morphology in the optimized blend films with IT-4F. As a result, both P2:IT-4F and P3:IT-4F realize the best PCEs of 6.89% and 7.03% (vs 0.16% for P1:IT-4F) with lower Eloss values of 0.65 and 0.55 eV, respectively. These results signify the importance of using phenylene units with sequential fluorination in polymer backbone for modifying the optoelectronic properties and realizing low Eloss values by synergistically lowering the HOMO energy levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj P Kini
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Jin Lee
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Jeon
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Kyung Moon
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kang X, Li X, Liu H, Liang Z, Chen W, Zheng N, Qiao S, Yang R. Aggregation Tuning with Heavily Fluorinated Donor Polymer for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:49849-49856. [PMID: 33103902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fluorination/sulfofication-induced effect in the photovoltaic polymer solar cells (PSCs) needs to be paid much attention. In this work, a new donor polymer PBDB-PS2F was synthesized by heavily fluorinated and decorated S atom on the side chain of benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) unit to explore the internal combined effect of F&S on the photoelectric performance. It was found that the heavy fluorination on the side chain could make PBDB-PS2F achieve a low highest occupied molecule orbital (HOMO) energy level of -5.72 eV and weaken the torsion of the main chain and effectively increase the intermolecular π-π* transition. Encouragingly, compared with the counterpart polymer PBDB-PS without the fluorination, PBDB-PS2F exhibited a much intense aggregation at room temperature but showed a tendency of reduced aggregation at high temperatures. This feature gives excellent solution processability and uniform morphology in the active layer of a PBDB-PS2F-based device, enabling an outstanding photovoltaic performance with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.56% (VOC = 0.90 V, JSC = 21.53 mA/cm2, FF = 69.68%). Compared with that of the counterpart polymer PBDB-PS with no heavy fluorination, the VOC of PBDB-PS2F increased by 15.4% and the PCE increased by 30.9%. Thus, the heavy-fluorination-induced effect to construct photovoltaic polymers could be used to improve the performance of polymer solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Kang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haining Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zezhou Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weichao Chen
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shanlin Qiao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang X, Qian Y, Ling X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Shi J, Shi Y, Yuan J, Ma W. α-CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Quantum Dots for Application in Semitransparent Photovoltaics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:27307-27315. [PMID: 32452206 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As effective light absorbers in solar cells, CsPbI3 all-inorganic perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have received increasing attention, benefitting from their suitable optical band gap and thermal stability. However, the easy cubic to yellow orthorhombic phase transition hinders their further application in stable photovoltaic devices. CsPbBr3 QDs have been targeted as a promising material for ultrahigh voltage and stable solar cells. In this work, we first develop a simple yet efficient post-treatment method using guanidinium thiocyanate (GASCN), which is able to exchange the native capping ligands of CsPbBr3 QDs, thus improving the carrier transport properties through enhanced electrical coupling between QDs. Additionally, the morphology and crystalline properties of solid QD films are also improved. Therefore, simultaneously improved open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), and fill factor (FF) were obtained in the corresponding CsPbBr3 QD devices. Finally, the QD solar cells based on optimal hole-transporting layers delivered the highest efficiency exceeding 5% together with an ultrahigh Voc of 1.65 V, representing the most efficient CsPbBr3 QD solar cells to date. More importantly, the CsPbBr3 perovskite QD solar cells developed here exhibit excellent stability, ultrahigh voltage, and high transparency over the entire visible spectrum region, demonstrating their great potential in applications like solar windows of greenhouse and hydrogen generation driven by perovskite solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuliang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuli Qian
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xufeng Ling
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Junwei Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yao Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianyu Yuan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wanli Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu C, Qiu N, Sun Y, Ke X, Zhang H, Li C, Wan X, Chen Y. All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells Based on a Fluorinated Small Molecule Donor With High Open-Circuit Voltage of 1.07 V. Front Chem 2020; 8:329. [PMID: 32411669 PMCID: PMC7198867 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new small molecule donor with an acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) structure, namely DRTB-FT, has been designed and synthesized for all-small-molecule organic solar cells (ASM-OSCs). By introducing fluorine atoms on the thienyl substituent of the central benzodithiophene unit, DRTB-FT shows a low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of -5.64 eV. Blending with an A-D-A type acceptor F-2Cl, DRTB-FT based ASM-OSCs gave a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.66% with a high open-circuit voltage (V oc) of 1.070 V and a low energy loss of 0.47 eV. The results indicate that high V oc of ASM-OSC devices can be obtained through careful donor molecular optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Nailiang Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Yanna Sun
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Ke
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangjian Wan
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kang X, Zhou D, Wang Q, Zhu D, Bao X, Yuan X, Liu F, Li Y, Qiao S, Yang R. Rational Design of Low Band Gap Polymers for Efficient Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage: The Profound Effect of Me and Cl Substituents with a Similar van Der Waals Radius. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:48155-48161. [PMID: 31777242 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Generally, low band gap material-based photovoltaic devices have reduced open circuit voltage (VOC), and realizing the trade-off between the low band gap (Eg < 1.6 eV) and high VOC (>0.9 V) could be critical to give efficient polymer solar cells, especially for high-performance semitransparent PSCs and tandem solar cells. Although lots of efforts have been made to address the issue, most results have not been gratifying. In this work, the polymer PTBTz-Cl based on the chlorination method and efficient thiazole-induced strategy was designed and synthesized, aiming at the deep HOMO energy level, and the enhanced backbone planarity caused by the weak noncovalent Cl···S interaction. In addition, the methyl-substituted polymer PTBTz-Me was constructed as the reference due to the similar van der Waals radius of the side chain (CH3: 0.20 nm vs Cl: 0.18 nm). Encouragingly, in comparison with that of PTBTz-2, the newly synthesized polymers exhibit the red-shifted absorption spectra ranging from 300 to 770 nm, with an obviously reduced Eg of ∼1.6 eV. However, the function of Cl and Me substituents is different. Compared to the polymer PTBTz-Me, PTBTz-Cl exhibits a lower HOMO value, stronger crystallinity, and more compact intramolecular interactions. Consequently, the polymer PTBTz-Cl exhibits excellent photovoltaic performance with a notable VOC of 0.94 V and a power conversion efficiency of 10.35%, which is ∼11% higher than the 9.12% efficiency based on PTBTz-Me, and is also one of the highest values among polymer/fullerene solar cells. Moreover, a smaller photo energy loss (Eloss) of 0.64 eV is achieved, which is rare among the current high-performance polymer systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Kang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhuang 050018 , China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , China
| | - Di Zhou
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qian Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , China
| | - Dangqiang Zhu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , China
| | - Xichang Bao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Xiyue Yuan
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , China
| | - Fushuai Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , China
| | - Yonghai Li
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , China
| | - Shanlin Qiao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhuang 050018 , China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu W, Xu CY, Niu LB, Elseman AM, Wang G, Liu DB, Yao YQ, Liao LP, Zhou GD, Song QL. High Open-Circuit Voltage of 1.134 V for Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with Sodium Citrate-Doped PEDOT:PSS as a Hole Transport Layer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:22021-22027. [PMID: 31140268 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) plays an important role in inverted planar perovskite solar cells (IPPSCs) as an efficient hole extraction and transfer layer (HTL). The IPPSCs based on PEDOT:PSS normally display inferior performance with a reduced open-circuit voltage. To address this problem, here sodium citrate-doped PEDOT:PSS is adopted as an effective HTL for improving the performance of IPPSCs. Sodium citrate-doped PEDOT:PSS HTL improves the conversion efficiency of IPPSCs from 15.05% of reference cells to 18.39%. The large increase of the open-circuit voltage ( VOC) from 1.057 to 1.134 V is the main source for this performance enhancement. With the help of characterization analysis of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, etc., the higher work function of the doped PEDOT:PSS film and the uniform crystallinity of the perovskite film on it are disclosed as the reasons for the increased VOC and the consequent performance enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Cun Yun Xu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Lian Bin Niu
- College of Physics and Electronics Engineering , Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing 401331 , P. R. China
| | - Ahmed Mourtada Elseman
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
- Electronic & Magnetic Materials Department, Advanced Materials Division , Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI) , Helwan , P.O. Box 87, Cairo 11421 , Egypt
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - De Bei Liu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Yan Qing Yao
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Li Ping Liao
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Guang Dong Zhou
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Qun Liang Song
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim DH, Heo JH, Im SH. Hysteresis-Less CsPbI 2Br Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells with a High Open-Circuit Voltage Exceeding 1.3 V and 14.86% of Power Conversion Efficiency. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:19123-19131. [PMID: 31070346 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-performance and hysteresis-less mesoscopic CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are demonstrated by adapting hole-transporting materials (HTMs) with controlled highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) values. The used model HTMs are poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), poly-triarylamine (P-TAA), poly-fluoren-8-triarylamine (PF8-TAA), and poly-indenofluoren-8-triarylamine (PIF8-TAA), and their HOMO energy levels position to -4.98, -5.09, -5.45, and -5.52 eV, respectively. By controlling the HOMO of the HTMs, the average open-circuit voltages of 25 mesoscopic CsPbI2Br PSCs are controllable from 1.11 ± 0.030 V for a P3HT HTM-based device to 1.17 ± 0.023, 1.21 ± 0.027, and 1.27 ± 0.028 V for P-TAA, PF8-TAA, and PIF8-TAA HTM-based devices. As a result, the PIF8-TAA HTM-based mesoscopic PSC exhibits the highest open-circuit voltage of 1.31 V and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.20% for the forward scan condition and 14.86% for the reverse scan condition under 1 sun illumination (100 mW/cm2 AM 1.5G). In addition, the unencapsulated mesoscopic CsPbI2Br PSCs exhibited 10-14% of PCE degradation compared to their initial efficiency in maximum power point tracking under continuous 1 sun light soaking at 85 °C for 1000 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do Hun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyuck Heo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Im
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luo W, Wu C, Wang D, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Qi X, Zhu N, Guo X, Qu B, Xiao L, Chen Z. Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cell with High Open-Circuit Voltage by Dimensional Interface Modification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:9149-9155. [PMID: 30715841 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-efficiency organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have experienced rapid development and attracted significant attention in recent years. However, instability to an ambient environment such as moisture is a facile challenge for the application of perovskite solar cells. Herein, 1,8-octanediammonium iodide (ODAI) is employed to construct a two-dimensional modified interface by in situ combined with residual PbI2 on the formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite surface. The ODA2+ ion seems to lie horizontally on the surface of a three-dimensional perovskite due to its substitution for two FA+ ions, which could protect the bulk perovskite more effectively. The unencapsulated perovskite solar cells showed notably improved stability, which remained 92% of its initial efficiency after storing in an ambient environment for 120 days. In addition, a higher open-circuit voltage of 1.13 V compared to that of the control device (1.04 V) was obtained due to the interface energy level modification and defect passivation. A champion power conversion efficiency of 21.18% was therefore obtained with a stabilized power output of 20.64% at the maximum power point for planar perovskite solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Cuncun Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Duo Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Zehao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Xuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Lixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang Y, Wang J, Xu H, Zhan X, Chen X. Nonfullerene Acceptor with "Donor-Acceptor Combined π-Bridge" for Organic Photovoltaics with Large Open-Circuit Voltage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:18984-18992. [PMID: 29761703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a kind of "donor-acceptor (D-A) combined π-bridge" based on the regioselective reactivity of monofluoro-substituted benzothiadiazole (FBT) to link a thiophene ring has been designed to construct a new A-π-D-π-A-type small molecular acceptor (IDT-FBTR) with indacenodithiophene (IDT) as a central core (D) and 3-octyl-2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)rhodanine as an electron-withdrawing terminal group (A). Because of the strong intramolecular push-pull electron effect, the IDT-FBTR shows a strong and broad intramolecular charge-transfer absorption band in the range of 500-750 nm. Especially, as an electron-deficient FBT unit (A') and an electron-rich thiophene ring (D') in "D-A combined π-bridge" exert an "offset effect" to regulate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of the molecule, a relatively high LUMO energy level can be maintained for IDT-FBTR that is helpful to enhance the open-circuit voltage ( Voc) for highly efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). Therefore, the optimized OSC device based on IDT-FBTR as the acceptor and PTB7-Th as the donor shows a much high Voc of 1.02 V with a relatively low Eloss of 0.56 eV and a best power conversion efficiency of 9.14%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Han Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xingguo Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tang A, Chen F, Xiao B, Yang J, Li J, Wang X, Zhou E. Utilizing Benzotriazole and Indacenodithiophene Units to Construct Both Polymeric Donor and Small Molecular Acceptors to Realize Organic Solar Cells With High Open-Circuit Voltages Beyond 1.2 V. Front Chem 2018; 6:147. [PMID: 29765938 PMCID: PMC5938601 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Devolopment of organic solar cells with high open-circuit voltage (VOC) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) simutaniously plays a significant role, but there is no guideline how to choose the suitable photovoltaic material combinations. In our previous work, we developed "the Same-Acceptor-Strategy" (SAS), by utilizing the same electron-accepting segment to construct both polymeric donor and small molecular acceptor. In this study, we further expend SAS to use both the same electron-accepting and electron-donating units to design the material combination. The p-type polymer of PIDT-DTffBTA is designed by inserting conjugated bridge between indacenodithiophene (IDT) and fluorinated benzotriazole (BTA), while the n-type small molecules of BTAx (x = 1, 2, 3) are obtained by introducing different end-capped groups to BTA-IDT-BTA backbone. PIDT-DTffBTA: BTAx (x = 1-3) based photovolatic devices can realize high VOC of 1.21-1.37 V with the very small voltage loss (0.55-0.60 V), while only the PIDT-DTffBTA: BTA3 based device possesses the enough driving force for efficient hole and electron transfer and yields the optimal PCE of 5.67%, which is among the highest value for organic solar cells (OSCs) with a VOC beyond 1.20 V reported so far. Our results provide a simple and effective method to obtain fullerene-free OSCs with a high VOC and PCE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Erjun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang L, Liu H, Huai Z, Yang S. Wide Band Gap and Highly Conjugated Copolymers Incorporating 2-(Triisopropylsilylethynyl)thiophene-Substituted Benzodithiophene for Efficient Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:28828-28837. [PMID: 28792202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a rapid progress in the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of non-fullerene polymer solar cells (NF PSCs). However, the donor materials accordingly used are typical low or medium band gap polymers, some of which possess badly overlapped absorption spectra relative to the low band gap n-type acceptors, for example, 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)indanone)-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene) (ITIC). To obtain polymers simultaneously owning a wide band gap, a highly extended π-conjugation system, and a low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), a polymer (PBDTSi-TA) incorporating 2-(triisopropylsilylethynyl)thiophene substituted benzodithiophene (BDTSi) and fluorinated benzotriazole (FTAZ) units was designed and synthesized. PBDTSi-TA (Egopt = 1.92 eV) exhibits strong molecular aggregation properties and a lower-lying HOMO energy level compared to its structural analogues. When blended with ITIC and after device optimization with solvent vapor annealing in combination with a developed PDIN/BCP/Ag cathode structure, PSCs yielded a PCE of 7.51%, with Voc = 0.96 V. Moreover, a rather small energy loss (Eloss) of 0.6-0.63 eV was determined. For comparison, another polymer (PBDTSi-Qx) with a more-electron-deficient quinoxaline-based acceptor unit was also synthesized and applied to NF PSCs. Charge generation rate, exciton dissociation probabilities, dark leakage current, nanoscale morphology, and charge carrier mobilities have been evaluated to probe the reasons for the differentiated performances. The results suggest that PBDTSi-TA is a promising donor material for NF PSCs, and the molecular design strategy demonstrated here would be helpful for pursuing high-performance polymers for PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Haifen Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxiang Huai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shaopeng Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu Y, Renna LA, Bag M, Page ZA, Kim P, Choi J, Emrick T, Venkataraman D, Russell TP. High Efficiency Tandem Thin-Perovskite/Polymer Solar Cells with a Graded Recombination Layer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:7070-6. [PMID: 26918708 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-containing tandem solar cells are attracting attention for their potential to achieve high efficiencies. We demonstrate a series connection of a ∼ 90 nm thick perovskite front subcell and a ∼ 100 nm thick polymer:fullerene blend back subcell that benefits from an efficient graded recombination layer containing a zwitterionic fullerene, silver (Ag), and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). This methodology eliminates the adverse effects of thermal annealing or chemical treatment that occurs during perovskite fabrication on polymer-based front subcells. The record tandem perovskite/polymer solar cell efficiency of 16.0%, with low hysteresis, is 75% greater than that of the corresponding ∼ 90 nm thick perovskite single-junction device and 65% greater than that of the polymer single-junction device. The high efficiency of this hybrid tandem device, achieved using only a ∼ 90 nm thick perovskite layer, provides an opportunity to substantially reduce the lead content in the device, while maintaining the high performance derived from perovskites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Conte Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Lawrence A Renna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Monojit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology , Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Conte Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Conte Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jaewon Choi
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Conte Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Conte Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - D Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Conte Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Edri E, Kirmayer S, Kulbak M, Hodes G, Cahen D. Chloride Inclusion and Hole Transport Material Doping to Improve Methyl Ammonium Lead Bromide Perovskite-Based High Open-Circuit Voltage Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:429-433. [PMID: 26276587 DOI: 10.1021/jz402706q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost solar cells with high VOC, relatively small (EG - qVOC), and high qVOC/EG ratio, where EG is the absorber band gap, are long sought after, especially for use in tandem cells or other systems with spectral splitting. We report a significant improvement in CH3NH3PbBr3-based cells, using CH3NH3PbBr3-xClx, with EG = 2.3 eV, as the absorber in a mesoporous p-i-n device configuration. By p-doping an organic hole transport material with a deep HOMO level and wide band gap to reduce recombination, the cell's VOC increased to 1.5 V, a 0.2 V increase from our earlier results with the pristine Br analogue with an identical band gap. At the same time, in the most efficient devices, the current density increased from ∼1 to ∼4 mA/cm(2).
Collapse
|
21
|
Sukeguchi D, Singh SP, Reddy MR, Yoshiyama H, Afre RA, Hayashi Y, Inukai H, Soga T, Nakamura S, Shibata N, Toru T. New diarylmethanofullerene derivatives and their properties for organic thin-film solar cells. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:7. [PMID: 19513189 PMCID: PMC2693951 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of diarylmethanofullerene derivatives were synthesized. The cyclopropane ring of the derivatives has two aryl groups substituted with electron-withdrawing and -donating groups, the latter with long alkyl chains to improve solubility in organic solvents, an important property in processing cells. First reduction potentials of most derivatives were less negative than that of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), which is possibly ascribed to their electron-withdrawing nature. Organic thin-film photovoltaic cells fabricated with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the electron-donor and diarylmethanofullerene derivatives as the electron-acceptor material were examined. The {(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl[bis(octyloxy)phenyl]methano}fullerene showed power conversion efficiency as high as PCBM, but had higher solubility in a variety of organic solvents than PCBM. The V(oc) value was higher than that of PCBM, which is derived from the electron-donating (octyloxy)phenyl group, possibly raising the LUMO level. Photovoltaic effects of the devices fabricated with the derivatives having some electron-withdrawing groups were also examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sukeguchi
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| | - Surya Prakash Singh
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| | - Mamidi Ramesh Reddy
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshiyama
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| | - Rakesh A Afre
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inukai
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Soga
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakamura
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toru
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|